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An endospore is a dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure produced by some bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes. The name "endospore" is suggestive of a spore or seed-like form, but it is not a true spore. It is a stripped-down, dormant form to which the bacterium can reduce itself. Endospore formation is usually triggered by a lack of nutrients, and usually occurs in gram-positive bacteria. In endospore formation, the bacterium divides within its cell wall, and one side then engulfs the other. Endospores enable bacteria to lie dormant for extended periods, even centuries. There are many reports of spores remaining viable over 10,000 years, and revival of spores millions of years old has been claimed. There is one report of viable spores of Bacillus marismortui in salt crystals approximately 250 million years old. When the environment becomes more favorable, the endospore can reactivate itself from the vegetative state. Most types of bacteria cannot change to the endospore form. Examples of bacterial species that can form endospores include Bacillus cereus, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus thuringiensis, Clostridium botulinum, and Clostridium tetani.
Sporosarcina pasteurii formerly known as Bacillus pasteurii from older taxonomies, is a gram positive bacterium with the ability to precipitate calcite and solidify sand given a calcium source and urea; through the process of microbiologically induced calcite precipitation (MICP) or biological cementation. S. pasteurii has been proposed to be used as an ecologically sound biological construction material. Researchers studied the bacteria in conjunction with plastic and hard mineral; forming a material stronger than bone. It is a commonly used for MICP since it is non-pathogenic and is able to produce high amounts of the enzyme urease which hydrolyzes urea to carbonate and ammonia.
Microbulbifer mangrovi is a polysaccharide-degrading bacterium isolated from an Indian mangrove, hence its name. It is rod-shaped, Gram-negative, non-motile, aerobic and non-endospore forming, its type strain designated DD-13(T).
Sporosarcina globispora, formerly known as Bacillus globisporus, is a Gram-positive, aerobic, round spore-forming bacillus. Strains of this species were originally described in 1967 and were found to be fairly similar to the species Bacillus pantothenticus. The species was later reassigned to the genus Sporosarcina along with the species Bacillus psychrophilus and Bacillus pasteurii.
Sporosarcina ureae is a type of bacteria of the genus Sporosarcina, and is closely related to the genus Bacillus. S. ureae is an aerobic, motile, spore-forming, Gram-positive coccus, originally isolated in the early 20th century from soil. S. ureae is distinguished by its ability to grow in relatively high concentrations of urea through production of at least one exourease, an enzyme that converts urea to ammonia. S. ureae has also been found to sporulate when environmental conditions become unfavorable, and can remain viable for up to a year.
Sporosarcina is a genus of bacteria.
Sporosarcina aquimarina is a rod-shaped bacterium of the genus Sporosarcina.
Alicyclobacillus contaminans is a species of Gram positive, strictly aerobic, bacterium. The bacteria are acidophilic and produce endospores. It was first isolated during a survey from both orange juice, and soil in Fuji City, Japan. The species was first described in 2007, and the name is derived from the Latin contaminans (contaminating).
Alicyclobacillus fastidiosus is a species of Gram positive, strictly aerobic, bacterium. The bacteria are acidophilic and produce endospores. It was first isolated from apple juice. The species was first described in 2007, and the name refers to the fastidious nature of the organism; the bacteria would start to die off after 7 days when plated on typical agar for isolating Alicyclobacillus. Additionally, the species produced fewer spores than other members of its genus, and took much longer to produce the spores.
Alicyclobacillus kakegawensis is a species of Gram positive, strictly aerobic, bacterium. The bacteria are acidophilic and produce endospores. It was first isolated from soil in Kakegawa, Japan. The species was first described in 2007, and the named after the city from which it was first isolated.
Alicyclobacillus macrosporangiidus is a species of Gram positive, strictly aerobic, bacterium. The bacteria are acidophilic and produce endospores. It was first isolated from soil in a crop field in Fujieda, Japan. The species was first described in 2007, and the name is derived from the Latin macros (big) and sporangium (sporangia), referring to the large spores produced by the organism.
Alicyclobacillus sacchari is a species of Gram positive, strictly aerobic, bacterium. The bacteria are acidophilic and produce endospores. It was first isolated from liquid sugar. The species was first described in 2007, and the name is derived from the Latin sacchari.
Alicyclobacillus shizuokensis is a species of Gram positive, strictly aerobic, bacterium. The bacteria are acidophilic and produce endospores. It was first isolated from soil in a crop field in Shizuoka, Japan. The species was first described in 2007, and the name refers to the city from which it was first isolated.
Alicyclobacillus disulfidooxidans a species of Gram positive, strictly aerobic, bacterium. The bacteria are acidophilic and produced endospores. It was first isolated from waterwater sludge in Blake Lake City, Quebec, Canada. The species was first identified in 1996, but was classified as Sulfobacillus disulfidooxidansis. It was reclassified as Alicyclobacillus in 2005. The name is derived from the Latin duplus (double), sulfur (sulfur), and oxido (oxidize), referring to the bacterium's ability to oxidize disulfide.
Sporosarcina contaminans is a Gram-positive and endospore-forming bacterium from the genus of Sporosarcina which has been isolated from an industrial clean-room floor from Göteborg in Sweden.
Sporosarcina newyorkensis is a Gram-positive and endospore-forming bacterium from the genus of Sporosarcina which has been isolated from human blood and raw cow milk.
Sporosarcina soli is a Gram-positive, aerobic and spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Sporosarcina which has been isolated from soil from Suwon in Korea.
Paenisporosarcina indica is a psychrophilic, Gram-positive, aerobic, spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Paenisporosarcina which has been isolated from soil near the Pindari glacier in the Himalayas.
Alicyclobacillus pomorum is a species of Gram positive, strictly aerobic, bacterium. The bacteria are acidophilic and produced endospores. It was first isolated from spoiled mixed fruit juice (containing fresh orange, apple, mango, pineapple, and raspberry juice). The species was first described in 2003, and the name is derived from Latin pomorum.
Kushneria phosphatilytica is a Gram-negative, phosphate-solubilizing, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-endospore-forming, halophilic and motile bacterium from the genus of Kushneria which has been isolated from sediments from the Jimo-Daqiao saltern in China.
References
- 1 2 "Sporosarcina". LPSN .
- 1 2 "Sporosarcina saromensis". www.uniprot.org.
- ↑ An, S.-Y.; Haga, T.; Kasai, H.; Goto, K.; Yokota, A. (1 August 2007). "Sporosarcina saromensis sp. nov., an aerobic endospore-forming bacterium". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 57 (8): 1868–1871. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.64962-0 . PMID 17684272.
