St. Johnsbury and Lamoille County Railroad

Last updated
St. Johnsbury and Lamoille County Railroad
St. Johnsbury and Lamoille County Railroad
Overview
Reporting mark SJL
Locale Vermont
Dates of operation1948 (1948)1995 (1995)
Predecessors Ogdensburg and Lake Champlain Railroad,
St. Johnsbury and Lake Champlain Railroad
SuccessorLamoille Valley Rail Trail
Technical
Track gauge 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Length193.7 miles (311.7 km)
Route map

Contents

BSicon numN060.svg
mi
BSicon exKHSTa.svg
193.7
Maquam
BSicon exABZgl.svg
BSicon exdCONTfq.svg
BSicon exHST.svg
96.10
Swanton
BSicon dCONTgq.svg
BSicon xKRZ+xl.svg
BSicon dCONTfq.svg
BSicon exhbKRZWae.svg
BSicon exHST.svg
94.73
East Swanton
BSicon exdCONTgq.svg
BSicon exKRZ+xlr.svg
BSicon exdCONTfq.svg
Central Vermont Railway
to Fonda Junction│to Saint-Jean
BSicon exSKRZ-G4u.svg
BSicon exHST.svg
90.91
Highgate
BSicon exHST.svg
87.40
East Highgate
BSicon exHST.svg
84.56
Sheldon Junction
BSicon exdCONTgq.svg
BSicon exKRZxl+xr.svg
BSicon exdCONTfq.svg
BSicon exhbKRZWae.svg
BSicon exHST.svg
83.05
Sheldon
BSicon exHST.svg
78.44
Fairfield
BSicon exHST.svg
74.24
East Fairfield
BSicon exHST.svg
68.81
Fletcher
BSicon exhbKRZWae.svg
BSicon exlvHST@F-.svg
BSicon exdCONTg@G.svg
BSicon exSTR.svg
Jeffersonville
BSicon exSTR~L.svg
BSicon exvSHI3l-.svg
BSicon exSTR~R.svg
BSicon exHST.svg
64.26
Cambridge Junction
BSicon exHST.svg
East Cambridge
BSicon exHST.svg
56.35
Johnson
BSicon exhbKRZWae.svg
BSicon exHST.svg
51.56
Hyde Park
BSicon exhbKRZWae.svg
BSicon exHST.svg
48.88
Morrisville
BSicon exhbKRZWae.svg
BSicon exhbKRZWae.svg
BSicon exhbKRZWae.svg
BSicon exHST.svg
41.03
Wolcott
BSicon exhbKRZWae.svg
BSicon exdSTRc2.svg
BSicon exABZg3.svg
Granite Junction
BSicon exdCONT1-.svg
BSicon exSTR+c4.svg
BSicon exhbKRZWae.svg
BSicon exHST.svg
34.73
Hardwick
BSicon exhbKRZWae.svg
BSicon exHST.svg
East Hardwick
BSicon exHST.svg
27.80
Greensboro
BSicon exhbKRZWae.svg
BSicon exHST.svg
23.87
Dows Crossing
BSicon exHST.svg
67.10
Walden
BSicon exHST.svg
16.40
Joe’s Pond
BSicon exHST.svg
14.85
West Danville
BSicon exHST.svg
11.48
Danville
BSicon exSKRZ-G4u.svg
BSicon exhbKRZWae.svg
BSicon dCONTgq.svg
BSicon xABZg+r.svg
BSicon eHST.svg
0.00
St. Johnsbury
Union Station
BSicon xABZgl.svg
BSicon dCONTfq.svg
BSicon exCONTf.svg
mi

The St. Johnsbury and Lamoille County Railroad (StJ&LC) was a railroad located in northern Vermont. It provided service to rural parts of the state for over a century, until track deterioration and flood damage made the line unusable and uneconomical to repair, which forced the line to close in 1995. Vermont is in the process of converting the roughly 96-mile route from St. Johnsbury to Swanton into a rail trail, known as the Lamoille Valley Rail Trail. Once completed it will be the longest rail trail in New England. [1]

History

The railroad began construction in December 1869 as part of the Vermont Division of the Portland and Ogdensburg Railway to connect the Great Lakes with the seaport of Portland, Maine. It would be completed on July 17, 1877, with Governor Horace Fairbanks driving in the silver spike in Fletcher. Although the railroad had plans on expansion to Lake Ontario, the line originally ended at Swanton. The Vermont Division was extended to Rouses Point in 1883, allowing it to connect to the Ogdensburg and Lake Champlain Railroad and provide a direct connection to the Great Lakes. [1]

The eastern end of the Vermont Division was leased to the Maine Central Railroad in 1912, and the remainder of the line became a subsidiary of the Boston and Maine Railroad. The Boston & Maine operated their segment as the St. Johnsbury and Lake Champlain Railroad after 1925. This segment was reorganized as the St. Johnsbury and Lamoille County Railroad in 1948. [2]

Freight traffic was 30% inbound commodities, 20% outbound dairy products to Boston, 15% outbound forest products, and 25% outbound limestone, talc and asbestos. The remaining 10% was bridge line traffic (westbound paper and eastbound feed) for the Maine Central Railroad Mountain Division. Six 70-ton General Electric Diesel locomotives replaced steam locomotives.[ when? ] Passenger service ended in 1956. Trucks had taken all of the milk traffic by 1961, but bridge line traffic had increased six-fold following the 1953 dissolution of Maine Central's joint operating agreement with Boston and Maine Railroad. Light-duty rail and covered bridges prevented the line from accepting new heavier "incentive" freight car loadings. The covered bridges were replaced or reinforced so worn out light diesel locomotives could be replaced by larger locomotives; but track conditions deteriorated under the heavier loads. [3]

The State of Vermont purchased the line from Samuel Pinsly in 1973. The line was then operated by Morrison-Knudsen as the Vermont Northern Railroad for a time. In 1978, local shippers took over the operation and it became the Lamoille Valley Railroad. In 1989, the line was leased to a Florida company and was operated by them until major flooding in 1995 and 1997 damaged the line so much that it was not profitable to repair the track. In 2002, the state of Vermont started converting the 96-mile route into a recreational trail and created the Lamoille Valley Rail Trail, under a railbanking arrangement. This process was completed in May 2023.

Rail trail

The State of Vermont created the Lamoille Valley Rail Trail Committee in 1997 to begin the conversion of the old route into a recreational trail. In 2002 the federal Surface Transportation Board allowed the decommissioning of the old right of way into a trail, with then representative Bernie Sanders earmarking over $5 million in federal funding for its construction. Work began in 2006, with work slowly progressing with funding availability and the labor-intensive rehabilitation of old stone supports and bridges. [1] As of 2023, construction of the 93 mile trail has been completed, from downtown St. Johnsbury to downtown Swanton, tracing the course of the Lamoille River and the Sleepers River. [4] [5]

Route and Station listing

MilepostTown / CityStationImageNotePosition
0.0 St. Johnsbury St. Johnsbury St. Johnsbury Welcome Center St. Johnsbury VT July 2018.jpg Interchange with Maine Central Railroad and Canadian Pacific Railway. [6]
1.4 Fairbanks Scales factory [6]
11.48 Danville Danville [6]
14.85West Danville
16.30Joe's Pond
19.7 Walden Walden [7]
23.87Dow
27.80 Greensboro Greensboro [7] GreensboroVT FormerDepot.jpg In the village of Greensboro Bend, so named for the large arc of the track as it turned south to follow the Lamoille River.
31.0 Hardwick East Hardwick
34.73Hardwick98-foot covered bridge built 1909 over the Lamoille River burned 1959. [8]
35.7Granite JunctionJunction with Hardwick and Woodbury Railroad.
39.0 Wolcott Fisher Covered Railroad Bridge Wolcott (Vermont), Fisher Covered Bridge.jpg Preserved 90-foot bridge built in 1908 over the Lamoille River. It was strengthened in 1968 to be the last covered railroad bridge in service. [9]
120-foot covered bridge built 1909 over the Lamoille River. Replaced by Baltimore Truss steel bridge about 1917 [9]
41.03Wolcott
48.88 Morrisville Morrisville [10]
51.56 Hyde Park Hyde Park
56.35 Johnson Johnson JohnsonRRDepot.jpg
64.26 Cambridge Cambridge JunctionJunction with Central Vermont Railroad. 113-foot covered bridge built 1899 over the Lamoille River replaced by steel bridge about 1968. [8]
68.81FletcherFletcher
74.24 Fairfield East Fairfield
78.44Fairfield [11]
83.05 Sheldon Sheldon [11]
84.56Sheldon JunctionJunction with the Missisquoi Railroad line [11]
87.40 Highgate East Highgate
90.91Highgate [11]
94.73 Swanton East Swanton
Swanton Covered Railroad Bridge SwantonCoveredRRBridge.jpg Three-span 369-foot covered bridge over the Missisquoi River built in 1898 was on the main line between East Swanton and Swanton. It was preserved by routing StJ&LC trains over the Central Vermont Railroad. [12]
96.10SwantonStation now houses Swanton Historical Society
Fonda JunctionSwanton Lime Works and interchange with Central Vermont Railroad [11]

Locomotives

NumberBuilderTypeDateWorks numberNotes
11 Baldwin Locomotive Works 2-6-0190933394ex-Montpelier and Wells River Railroad #11 purchased 1926 [13]
21 ALCO Manchester 0-6-0190946339ex-Boston and Maine Railroad #286 purchased 1947 scrapped 1949 [13]
22 ALCO Manchester 0-6-0190946338ex-Boston and Maine Railroad #285 then Montpelier and Wells River Railroad 2nd #11 purchased 1944 [13]
23 ALCO Manchester 0-6-0190845125ex-Boston and Maine Railroad #272 then Montpelier and Wells River Railroad 2nd #9 purchased 1940 sold 1944 [13]
24 ALCO Manchester 0-6-0190845131ex-Boston and Maine Railroad #278 purchased 1930 scrapped 1949 [13]
25 ALCO Manchester 0-6-0190845118ex-Boston and Maine Railroad #265 purchased 1929 scrapped 1941 [13]
26 ALCO Manchester 2-6-0190638990ex-Boston and Maine Railroad #1419 purchased 1929 [13]
1st #27 ALCO Manchester 2-6-0191047629ex-Boston and Maine Railroad #1485 purchased 1929 [13]
2nd #27 Baldwin Locomotive Works 0-6-0192356033ex-McKeesport Connecting Railroad #27 purchased 1949 scrapped 1955 [13]
28 ALCO Manchester 2-6-0191048961ex-Boston and Maine Railroad #1491 purchased 1929 [13]
30 Baldwin Locomotive Works 0-6-0192438990ex-McKeesport Connecting Railroad #30 purchased 1949 scrapped 1953 [13]
31 Schenectady Locomotive Works 4-6-018995171ex-Boston and Maine Railroad #2040 purchased 1929 [13]
32 Schenectady Locomotive Works 4-6-018984714ex-Boston and Maine Railroad #2035 purchased 1930 [13]
33 ALCO Schenectady 2-8-0190125052ex-Boston and Maine Railroad #2350 purchased 1930 wrecked 1944 [13]
34 ALCO Schenectady 2-8-0191149001ex-Boston and Maine Railroad #2421 purchased 1930 [13]
35 ALCO Schenectady 2-8-0191149007ex-Boston and Maine Railroad #2427 purchased 1930 scrapped 1938 [13]
36 ALCO Schenectady 2-8-0191047648ex-Boston and Maine Railroad #2404 purchased 1932 scrapped 1949 [13]
37 ALCO Schenectady 2-8-0191149005ex-Boston and Maine Railroad #2425 purchased 1932 [13]
38 ALCO Schenectady 2-8-0190225073ex-Boston and Maine Railroad #2357 purchased 1934 wrecked 1944 [13]
39 ALCO Schenectady 2-8-0190225072ex-Boston and Maine Railroad #2356 purchased 1936 [13]
40 ALCO Schenectady 2-8-0191149000ex-Boston and Maine Railroad #2420 then Montpelier and Wells River Railroad #18 purchased 1939 [13]
41 ALCO Schenectady 2-8-0190742843ex-Boston and Maine Railroad #2388 purchased 1946 scrapped 1948 [14]
42 ALCO Schenectady 2-8-0191047645ex-Boston and Maine Railroad #2401 then Montpelier and Wells River Railroad #19 then Barre and Chelsea Railroad #19 purchased 1946 [14]
43 ALCO Schenectady 2-8-0191047656ex-Boston and Maine Railroad #2412 then Barre and Chelsea Railroad #22 purchased 1947 [14]
44 ALCO Schenectady 2-8-0191149003ex-Boston and Maine Railroad #2423 then Montpelier and Wells River Railroad #20 then Barre and Chelsea Railroad #20 purchased 1947 [14]
46 General Electric 70-ton194829297sold Montpelier and Barre Railroad 1973 [15]
47 General Electric 70-ton194829298sold Montpelier and Barre Railroad 1956 [15]
48 General Electric 70-ton194829299sold Montpelier and Barre Railroad 1973 [15]
49 General Electric 70-ton194830022scrapped 1963 [15]
50 General Electric 70-ton194930184sold Montpelier and Barre Railroad 1957 [15]
51 General Electric 70-ton195130844sold Frankfort and Cincinnati Railroad 1972 [15]
52 General Electric 70-ton194729087ex-Barre and Chelsea Railroad #13 purchased 1955 sold Montpelier and Barre Railroad 1973 [15]
53 General Electric 70-ton195131168ex-Mississippi Export Railroad #48 purchased 1958 sold 1960 [15]
54 General Electric 70-ton195331724ex-Mississippi Export Railroad #50 purchased 1958 sold Montpelier and Barre Railroad 1973 [15]
55 General Electric 70-ton194930175ex-Lakeside and Marblehead Railroad #11 purchased 1963 sold Montpelier and Barre Railroad 1973 [15]
56 General Electric 44-ton194317929ex-Carnegie-Illinois Steel Company #5 purchased 1965 sold 1966 [15]
1st #200 General Electric 70-ton194729092ex-Unadilla Valley Railroad #200 purchased 1960 scrapped 1965 [15]
2nd #200 EMD GP9 195620973ex-New York Central Railroad #5960 purchased 1967 sold 1973 [15]
201 EMD GP9 195723589ex-New York Central Railroad #6056 purchased 1967 sold 1973 [15]
202 American Locomotive Company RS-3 195178937ex-Reading Railroad #523 purchased 1968 sold Montpelier and Barre Railroad 1973 [15]
203 American Locomotive Company RS-3 195380498ex-Great Northern Railway #229 purchased 1968 sold Montpelier and Barre Railroad 1973 [15]
204 American Locomotive Company RS-3 195078292ex-Lehigh and Hudson River Railroad #4 purchased 1970 [15]
205 American Locomotive Company RS-3 195078369ex-Lehigh and Hudson River Railroad #10 purchased 1971 sold Montpelier and Barre Railroad 1973. [15] In 1976 it was sold to the Vermont Railway as #605, and in 1984 it was sold to Batten Kill Railroad as #605.
206 American Locomotive Company RS-3 195280163ex-Delaware and Hudson Railroad #4073 purchased 1972 [15]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boston and Maine Railroad</span> Former railroad in New England

The Boston and Maine Railroad was a U.S. Class I railroad in northern New England. Originally chartered in 1835, it became part of what was the Pan Am Railways network in 1983.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cambridge, Vermont</span> Town in Vermont, United States

Cambridge is a town in Lamoille County, Vermont, United States. The population was 3,839 at the 2020 United States Census. Cambridge includes the villages of Jeffersonville and Cambridge.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rutland Railroad</span> Defunct US rail company

The Rutland Railroad was a railroad in the northeastern United States, located primarily in the state of Vermont but extending into the state of New York at both its northernmost and southernmost ends. After its closure in 1961, parts of the railroad were taken over by the State of Vermont in early 1963 and are now operated by the Vermont Railway.

The Northeast Kingdom is the northeast corner of the U.S. state of Vermont, approximately comprising Essex, Orleans and Caledonia counties and with a population of 64,764 at the 2010 census. The term "Northeast Kingdom" is attributed to George D. Aiken, former Governor of Vermont and a U.S. senator, who first used the term in a 1949 speech.

The Central Vermont Railway was a railroad that operated in the U.S. states of Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont, as well as the Canadian province of Quebec.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad</span> Railroad in northern New England

The St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad, known as St-Laurent et Atlantique Quebec in Canada, is a short-line railway operating between Portland, Maine, on the Atlantic Ocean, and Montreal, Quebec, on the St. Lawrence River. It crosses the Canada–US border at Norton, Vermont, and Stanhope, Quebec, and is owned by short-line operator Genesee & Wyoming.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boston and Lowell Railroad</span> Former railroad in Massachusetts, United States

The Boston and Lowell Railroad was a railroad that operated in Massachusetts in the United States. It was one of the first railroads in North America and the first major one in the state. The line later operated as part of the Boston and Maine Railroad's Southern Division.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maine Central Railroad</span> Defunct American Class I railway

The Maine Central Railroad was a U. S. class 1 railroad in central and southern Maine. It was chartered in 1856 and began operations in 1862. By 1884, Maine Central was the longest railroad in New England. Maine Central had expanded to 1,358 miles (2,185 km) when the United States Railroad Administration assumed control in 1917. The main line extended from South Portland, Maine, east to the Canada–United States border with New Brunswick, and a Mountain Division extended west from Portland to St. Johnsbury, Vermont, and north into Quebec. The main line was double track from South Portland to Royal Junction, where it split into a "lower road" through Brunswick and Augusta and a "back road" through Lewiston, which converged at Waterville into single track to Bangor and points east. Branch lines served the industrial center of Rumford, a resort hotel on Moosehead Lake and coastal communities from Bath to Eastport.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Portland and Ogdensburg Railway</span>

The Portland & Ogdensburg Railroad was a railroad planned to connect Portland, Maine to Ogdensburg, New York. The plan failed, and in 1880 the Vermont section was reorganized and leased by the Boston & Lowell Railroad. In 1886, the Maine and New Hampshire section was reorganized as the Portland & Ogdensburg Railway. That part was leased to the Maine Central Railroad in 1888, and in 1912 the Maine Central leased the eastern part of the Vermont section from the Boston & Maine Railroad, the successor to the B&L.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">U.S. Route 2 in Vermont</span> Section of Numbered Highway in Vermont, United States

U.S. Route 2 (US 2) is a part of the United States Numbered Highway System that is split into two segments. Its eastern segment runs from Rouses Point, New York, to Houlton, Maine. In Vermont, US 2 extends 150.518 miles (242.235 km) from the New York state line in Alburgh to the New Hampshire state line in Guildhall. West of Vermont, US 2 continues into New York for another 0.87 miles (1.40 km) to an intersection with US 11 in Rouses Point. US 2 passes through the cities of Burlington and Montpelier as it traverses the state. The highway parallels Interstate 89 (I-89) between these two cities. The Burlington to Montpelier route was first laid out as a toll road in the early 19th century. It was later incorporated into the transcontinental auto trail known as the Theodore Roosevelt International Highway in 1919 before being designated as part of US 2 in 1926.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vermont Railway</span> Vermont railroad

The Vermont Railway is a shortline railroad in Vermont and eastern New York, operating much of the former Rutland Railway. It is the main part of the Vermont Rail System, which also owns the Green Mountain Railroad, the Rutland's branch to Bellows Falls. The trackage is owned by the Vermont Agency of Transportation except in New York, where VTR operates a line owned by the Boston and Maine Corporation. The rail line employs about 150 people in Vermont.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rouses Point station</span> Intercity rail station in New York, US

Rouses Point station is an Amtrak intercity train station in Rouses Point, New York, served by the single daily round trip of the Adirondack. The station building is a former Delaware and Hudson Railway constructed in 1889, with a one low-level side platform on the east side of the track. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 as Rouses Point Railroad Station.

The Ogdensburg and Lake Champlain Railroad was founded in 1849 as the Northern Railroad running from Ogdensburg to Rouses Point, New York. The 118-mile (190 km) railroad was leased by rival Central Vermont Railroad for several decades, ending in 1896. It was purchased in 1901 by the Rutland Railroad and became its Ogdensburg Division.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mountain Division</span> Former railroad line owned and operated by the Maine Central Railroad

The Mountain Division is a railroad line that was once owned and operated by the Maine Central Railroad (MEC). It stretches from Portland, Maine on the Atlantic Ocean, through the Western Maine Mountains and White Mountains of New Hampshire, ending at St. Johnsbury, Vermont in the Northeast Kingdom. The line was abandoned in 1983 by MEC's successor, Guilford Transportation Industries (GTI). Guilford retained a stub between Portland and Westbrook. A section in New Hampshire remains in use by heritage railway Conway Scenic Railroad.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fisher Covered Railroad Bridge</span> United States historic place

The Fisher Covered Railroad Bridge is a covered bridge in Wolcott, Vermont. Built in 1908, it originally carried the St. Johnsbury and Lamoille County Railroad line over the Lamoille River. Now closed, it was the last covered bridge in Vermont to carry railroad traffic, and is a rare surviving example in the state of a double Town lattice truss. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

The Morrisville Depot located at 10 Depot Street in Morrisville, Vermont, is a decommissioned historic train station. Built in 1872 to serve the Portland and Ogdensburg Railway, the depot was known as the most important train station for the Vermont lumber industry, for its decorative architectural ornament, and for housing the headquarters of the St. Johnsbury and Lamoille County Railroad from 1959 to the early 1970s. It was subsequently converted into a restaurant. The Morrisville Depot was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 as building #15 in the Morrisville Historic District.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Swanton Covered Railroad Bridge</span> United States historic place

The Swanton Covered Railroad Bridge was a covered bridge in Swanton, Vermont. Built in 1898, it carried the St. Johnsbury and Lamoille County Railroad across the Missisquoi River just west of Swanton village. It was destroyed by fire in 1987, and its site is now occupied by the former West Milton Bridge. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, and has not been delisted despite its destruction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greensboro station (Vermont)</span> United States historic place

The Greensboro Depot is a historic railroad station on Main Street in the village of Greensboro Bend, Vermont. Built about 1872 by the Portland and Ogdensburg Railroad, it is a well-preserved example of that railroad's early station designs, and a reminder of the village's historic association with the railroad. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.

East Hardwick is an unincorporated village in the town of Hardwick, Vermont, United States. It is part of what is known as the Northeast Kingdom (NEK) of Vermont. The community is located on the Lamoille River and along Vermont Route 16, 16 miles (26 km) west-northwest of St. Johnsbury. East Hardwick has a post office with ZIP code 05836, which opened on October 10, 1810. According to a 1937 WPA Federal Writers Project Guidebook, East Hardwick is a "side hill village spilling from the level of a plateau down a sharp incline in the valley of the Lamoille. It is surrounded by rich farm lands, Maple groves and forests."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hardwick and Woodbury Railroad</span> American railway line

The Hardwick and Woodbury Railroad was a short-line railroad serving the towns of Hardwick and Woodbury, Vermont. Built to serve the local granite industry by bringing rough stone from the quarries to the cutting-houses, the railroad was about 7 miles (11 km) long, plus leased track, extended to about 11 miles (18 km) at its greatest extent. It connected with only one other railroad, the St. Johnsbury & Lake Champlain, in Hardwick.

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 "Welcome to The Lamoille Valley Rail Trail". vtvast.org. Retrieved 2020-01-14.
  2. Lewis (1974) pp.6-39
  3. Lewis (1974) pp.39-51
  4. "TRAIL MAPS". www.lvrt.org.
  5. Vermont Agency of Transportation (2023-06-06). "Lamoille Valley Rail Trail". Vermont Rail Trails. State of Vermont. Retrieved 2023-06-08.
  6. 1 2 3 Lewis (1974) p.113
  7. 1 2 Lewis (1974) p.114
  8. 1 2 Lewis (1974) pp.60&115
  9. 1 2 Lewis (1974) p.60
  10. Lewis (1974) p.115
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Lewis (1974) p.116
  12. Lewis (1974) pp.60&116
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Lewis (1974) p.123
  14. 1 2 3 4 Lewis (1974) p.124
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Lewis (1974) p.126