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The Austronesian languages are a language family widely spoken throughout Maritime Southeast Asia,parts of Mainland Southeast Asia,Madagascar,the islands of the Pacific Ocean and Taiwan. They are spoken by about 328 million people. This makes it the fifth-largest language family by number of speakers. Major Austronesian languages include Malay,Javanese,Sundanese,Tagalog,Malagasy and Cebuano. According to some estimates,the family contains 1,257 languages,which is the second most of any language family.
The Formosan languages are a geographic grouping comprising the languages of the indigenous peoples of Taiwan,all of which are Austronesian. They do not form a single subfamily of Austronesian but rather up to nine separate primary subfamilies. The Taiwanese indigenous peoples recognized by the government are about 2.3% of the island's population. However,only 35% speak their ancestral language,due to centuries of language shift. Of the approximately 26 languages of the Taiwanese indigenous peoples,at least ten are extinct,another four are moribund,and all others are to some degree endangered. They are national languages of Taiwan.
The Andamanese languages are the various languages spoken by the indigenous peoples of the Andaman Islands in the Indian Ocean. There are two known Andamanese language families,Great Andamanese and Ongan,as well as two presumed but unattested languages,Sentinelese and Jangil.
The Austric languages are a proposed language family that includes the Austronesian languages spoken in Taiwan,Maritime Southeast Asia,the Pacific Islands,and Madagascar,as well as Kra–Dai and Austroasiatic languages spoken in Mainland Southeast Asia and South Asia. A genetic relationship between these language families is seen as plausible by some scholars,but remains unproven.
Rukai is a Formosan language spoken by the Rukai people in Taiwan. It is a member of the Austronesian language family. The Rukai language comprises six dialects,which are Budai,Labuan,Maga,Mantauran,Tanan and Tona. The number of speakers of the six Rukai dialects is estimated to be about 10,000. Some of them are monolingual. There are varying degrees of mutual intelligibility among the Rukai dialects. Rukai is notable for its distinct grammatical voice system among the Formosan languages.
Pazeh and Kaxabu are dialects of a partially extinct language of the Pazeh and Kaxabu,neighboring Taiwanese indigenous peoples. The language was Formosan,of the Austronesian language family. The last remaining native speaker of the Pazeh dialect died in 2010.
Saaroa or Lhaʼalua is a Southern Tsouic language spoken by the Saaroa (Hla'alua) people,an indigenous people of Taiwan. It is a Formosan language of the Austronesian family.
The Batanic languages are a dialect cluster of the Austronesian language family. They are spoken on Babuyan Island,just north of Luzon;three of the Batanes Islands,between the Philippines and Taiwan;and on Orchid Island of southern Taiwan.
The Qauqaut were a Taiwanese Indigenous people who lived primarily in the town of Su-ao in Yilan County. They spoke the Basay language,which is a Kavalanic language,an Austronesian language family of Taiwan. According to Japanese anthropologist InōKanori,the Qauqaut people had been assimilated by the Kavalan people by early 20th century. The Qauqaut people are not recognised by the government of Taiwan.
Ongan,also called Angan,Jarawa–Onge,or ambiguously South Andamanese,is a language family which comprises two attested Andamanese languages spoken in the southern Andaman Islands.
The Great Andamanese languages are a nearly extinct language family of half a dozen languages once spoken by the Great Andamanese peoples of the northern and central Andaman Islands in the Indian Ocean,and part of the Andamanese sprachbund.
Robert A. Blust was an American linguist who worked in several areas,including historical linguistics,lexicography and ethnology. He was Professor of Linguistics at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. Blust specialized in the Austronesian languages and made major contributions to the field of Austronesian linguistics.
The Tsouic languages are three Formosan languages,Tsou proper and the Southern languages Kanakanavu and Saaroa. The Southern Tsouic languages of Kanakanavu and Saaroa have the smallest phonemic inventories out of all the Formosan languages,with each language having only 13 consonants and 4 vowels. These two languages are highly endangered,as many Southern Tsouic speakers are shifting to Bunun and Mandarin Chinese.
The Northern Formosan languages is a proposed grouping of Formosan languages that includes the Atayalic languages,the Western Plains languages,and the Northwest Formosan languages.
Sino-Austronesian or Sino-Tibetan-Austronesian is a proposed language family suggested by Laurent Sagart in 1990. Using reconstructions of Old Chinese,Sagart argued that the Austronesian languages are related to the Sinitic languages phonologically,lexically and morphologically. Sagart later accepted the Sino-Tibetan languages as a valid group and extended his proposal to include the rest of Sino-Tibetan. He also placed the Tai–Kadai languages within the Austronesian family as a sister branch of Malayo-Polynesian. The proposal has been largely rejected by other linguists who argue that the similarities between Austronesian and Sino-Tibetan more likely arose from contact rather than being genetic.
Luilang,or ambiguously Ketagalan,was a Formosan language spoken south of modern-day Taipei in northern Taiwan by one of several peoples that have been called Ketagalan. The language probably went extinct in the mid-20th century and it is very poorly attested.
Professor Anvita Abbi is an Indian linguist and scholar of minority languages,known for her studies on tribal languages and other minority languages of South Asia. In 2013,she was honoured with the Padma Shri,the fourth highest civilian award by the Government of India for her contributions to the field of linguistics.
Lexicase is a type of dependency grammar originally developed beginning in the early 1970s by Stanley Starosta at the University of Hawaii. Dozens of Starosta's graduate students also contributed to the theory and wrote at least 20 doctoral dissertations using Lexicase to analyze numerous languages of Asia,Europe,and Africa.
The East Asian languages are a language family proposed by Stanley Starosta in 2001. The proposal has since been adopted by George van Driem and others.
Sirayaic languages is one of the sub-branches of the Formosan branch,under the Austronesian languages family. Both Blust (1999) and Li (2010) considers Proto-Siraya belongs to East Formosan languages,along with Kavalanic and Amis languages.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 Bender, Byron Wilbur (2002). "In Memoriam, Stanley Starosta 1939-2002". Oceanic Linguistics. 41 (2). Project MUSE: 255–274. doi:10.1353/ol.2002.0002. ISSN 1527-9421.
- ↑ Miller, J. E. (1990). "S. Starosta, The case for Lexicase. An outline of Lexicase grammatical theory. London & New York: Pinter Publishers, 1988. Pp. ix + 273". Journal of Linguistics. 26 (1). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 235–241. doi:10.1017/s0022226700014523. ISSN 0022-2267.
- ↑ Starosta, Stanley (2005). "Proto-East Asian and the origin and dispersal of languages of east and southeast Asia and the Pacific". In Sagart, Laurent; Blench, Roger; Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia (eds.). The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics . London: Routledge Curzon. pp. 182–197. ISBN 978-0-415-32242-3.
- ↑ O’Grady, William (2003-12-11). "Professor Stanley Starosta (1939–2002)". Functions of Language. 10 (1). John Benjamins Publishing Company: 105–107. doi:10.1075/fol.10.1.06ogr. ISSN 0929-998X.
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