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Leukemia is a group of blood cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and produce high numbers of abnormal blood cells. These blood cells are not fully developed and are called blasts or leukemia cells. Symptoms may include bleeding and bruising,bone pain,fatigue,fever,and an increased risk of infections. These symptoms occur due to a lack of normal blood cells. Diagnosis is typically made by blood tests or bone marrow biopsy.
The Philadelphia chromosome or Philadelphia translocation (Ph) is a specific genetic abnormality in chromosome 22 of leukemia cancer cells. This chromosome is defective and unusually short because of reciprocal translocation,t(9;22)(q34;q11),of genetic material between chromosome 9 and chromosome 22,and contains a fusion gene called BCR-ABL1. This gene is the ABL1 gene of chromosome 9 juxtaposed onto the breakpoint cluster region BCR gene of chromosome 22,coding for a hybrid protein:a tyrosine kinase signaling protein that is "always on",causing the cell to divide uncontrollably by interrupting the stability of the genome and impairing various signaling pathways governing the cell cycle.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a cancer of the lymphoid line of blood cells characterized by the development of large numbers of immature lymphocytes. Symptoms may include feeling tired,pale skin color,fever,easy bleeding or bruising,enlarged lymph nodes,or bone pain. As an acute leukemia,ALL progresses rapidly and is typically fatal within weeks or months if left untreated.
Asparaginase is an enzyme that is used as a medication and in food manufacturing. As a medication,L-asparaginase is used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL). It is given by injection into a vein,or muscle. A pegylated version is also available. In food manufacturing it is used to decrease acrylamide.
Lymphoid leukemias are a group of leukemias affecting circulating lymphocytes,a type of white blood cell. The lymphocytic leukemias are closely related to lymphomas of the lymphocytes,to the point that some of them are unitary disease entities that can be called by either name. Such diseases are all lymphoproliferative disorders. Most lymphoid leukemias involve a particular subtype of lymphocytes,the B cells.
Dasatinib,sold under the brand name Sprycel among others,is a targeted therapy medication used to treat certain cases of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Specifically it is used to treat cases that are Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+). It is taken by mouth.
Minimal residual disease (MRD),also known as Molecular residual disease,is the name given to small numbers of cancer cells that remain in a person either during or after treatment when the patient is in remission. Sensitive molecular tests are either in development or available to test for MRD. These can measure minute levels of cancer cells in tissue samples,sometimes as low as one cancer cell in a million normal cells,either using DNA,RNA or proteins.
Forodesine is a transition-state analog inhibitor of purine nucleoside phosphorylase studied for the treatment of patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and for treatment of B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (B-ALL).
Blinatumomab,sold under the brand name Blincyto,and known informally as blina, is a biopharmaceutical medication used as a second-line treatment for Philadelphia chromosome-negative relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It belongs to a class of constructed monoclonal antibodies,bi-specific T-cell engagers (BiTEs),that exert action selectively and direct the human immune system to act against tumor cells. Blinatumomab specifically targets the CD19 antigen present on B cells. In December 2014,it was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration under the accelerated approval program;marketing authorization depended on the outcome of clinical trials that were ongoing at the time of approval. Blinatumomab is given via intravenous infusion.
Childhood leukemia is leukemia that occurs in a child and is a type of childhood cancer. Childhood leukemia is the most common childhood cancer,accounting for 29% of cancers in children aged 0–14 in 2018. There are multiple forms of leukemia that occur in children,the most common being acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) followed by acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Survival rates vary depending on the type of leukemia,but may be as high as 90% in ALL.
Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) is the transfer of cells into a patient. The cells may have originated from the patient or from another individual. The cells are most commonly derived from the immune system with the goal of improving immune functionality and characteristics. In autologous cancer immunotherapy,T cells are extracted from the patient,genetically modified and cultured in vitro and returned to the same patient. Comparatively,allogeneic therapies involve cells isolated and expanded from a donor separate from the patient receiving the cells.
Autologous immune enhancement therapy (AIET) is a treatment method in which immune cells are taken out from the patient's body which are cultured and processed to activate them until their resistance to cancer is strengthened and then the cells are put back in the body. The cells,antibodies,and organs of the immune system work to protect and defend the body against not only tumor cells but also bacteria or viruses.
Ponatinib,sold under the brand name Iclusig,is a medication used for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia and Philadelphia chromosome–positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It was developed by Ariad Pharmaceuticals. It is a multi-targeted tyrosine-kinase inhibitor. Some forms of chronic myeloid leukemia,those that have the T315I mutation,are resistant to current therapies such as imatinib. Ponatinib has been designed to be effective against these types of tumors.
Prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) is a technique used to combat the occurrence of metastasis to the brain in highly aggressive cancers that commonly metastasize to brain,most notably small-cell lung cancer. Radiation therapy is commonly used to treat known tumor occurrence in the brain,either with highly precise stereotactic radiation or therapeutic cranial irradiation. By contrast,PCI is intended as preemptive treatment in patients with no known current intracranial tumor,but with high likelihood for harboring occult microscopic disease and eventual occurrence. For small-cell lung cancer with limited and select cases of extensive disease,PCI has shown to reduce recurrence of brain metastases and improve overall survival in complete remission.
David G. Maloney is an oncologist and researcher at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and the University of Washington who specializes in developing targeted immunotherapies for the treatment of blood cancers.
Crystal L. Mackall is an American physician and immunologist. She is currently the Ernest and Amelia Gallo Family Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine at Stanford University. She is the founding director of the Stanford Center for Cancer Cell Therapy.
Nirali N. Shah is an American physician-scientist and pediatric hematologist-oncologist,serving as head of the hematologic malignancies section of the pediatric oncology branch at the National Cancer Institute. She researches the translation of immunotherapeutic approaches to treat high-risk hematologic malignancies in children,adolescents and young adults.
Stephen Patrick Hunger is an American pediatric oncologist. He is the Chief of the Division of Oncology,Director of the Center for Childhood Cancer Research,and holder of the Jeffrey E. Perelman Distinguished Chair in the Department of Pediatrics at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP).
Mary Violet Relling is an American pharmacogeneticist. Relling's research focuses on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in children and how genome variability influences a child's response to cancer chemotherapy.
Cellular adoptive immunotherapy is a type of immunotherapy. Immune cells such as T-cells are usually isolated from patients for expansion or engineering purposes and reinfused back into patients to fight diseases using their own immune system. A major application of cellular adoptive therapy is cancer treatment,as the immune system plays a vital role in the development and growth of cancer. The primary types of cellular adoptive immunotherapies are T cell therapies. Other therapies include CAR-T therapy,CAR-NK therapy,macrophage-based immunotherapy and dendritic cell therapy.
References
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{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - 1 2 "CHOP Pediatric Oncologist Honored as Citizen Diplomat". pjvoice.org. Philadelphia Jewish Voice. June 10, 2018. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ↑ "Stephan A. Grupp". med.upenn.edu. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- 1 2 "Daniel Drake Medal 2019". med.uc.edu. University of Cincinnati. 2019. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ↑ "Children's Hospital of Philadelphia appoints section chief". healio.com. Healio. May 17, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ↑ "Stephan Grupp, MD, PhD, Elected to the National Academy of Medicine". newswise.com. October 21, 2019. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ↑ "MIS-C different from severe COVID-19 in children". sciencedaily.com. Science Daily. July 30, 2020. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ↑ "Cookies for Kids Cancer Awards $200,000 to Oncology Research at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia". PRWeb . May 13, 2011. Archived from the original on June 23, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ↑ "CHOP Opens Clinical Trial for Pediatric Leukemia". chop.edu. October 17, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ↑ "CAR-T Pioneer Dr. Stephan A. Grupp to Join Cellectis Clinical Advisory Board". cellectis.com. September 19, 2018. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- 1 2 "Five Years Later, First Pediatric Recipient of CAR T-Cell Therapy Remains Cancer-free". chop.edu. July 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ↑ "New Immune Cell Therapy Reverses an Aggressive ALL". chop.edu. February 5, 2013. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ↑ "T-Cell Therapy Kills an Aggressive Leukemia in Two Children". chop.edu. March 25, 2013. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ↑ "CHOP Oncologist Leads First Pediatric Dream Team". chop.edu. April 7, 2013. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ↑ "Personalized Cellular Therapy Achieves Complete Remission in 90 Percent of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patients Studied". chop.edu. October 15, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ↑ "The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Honored with Pennsylvania Bio's Patient Impact Award". PRWeb . March 27, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ↑ "2015 AWARD RECIPIENTS" (PDF). aspho.org. American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 2015. p. 5. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ↑ Singh, Nathan; Frey, Noelle E.; Grupp, Stephan A.; Maude, Shannon L. (June 2016). "CAR T Cell Therapy in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Potential for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia". Current Treatment Options in Oncology. 17 (6): 28. doi:10.1007/s11864-016-0406-4. PMID 27098534. S2CID 44503609 . Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ↑ "In Clinical Trials, CAR T-Cell Immunotherapy Continues to Yield Complete Responses in Children & Young Adults with Relapsed and Refractory Leukemia". chop.edu. December 5, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ↑ "STEPHAN GRUPP: Winner". phillygeekawards.com. Philly Geek Awards. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ↑ "T-cell Therapy Pioneered at CHOP Shows Persistent Benefits in Young Leukemia Patients". chop.edu. February 1, 2018. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ↑ "Immunotherapy: What's Next for CAR-T Therapy". chop.edu. January 24, 2019. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
