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Yoga is a group of physical,mental,and spiritual practices or disciplines that originated in ancient India,aimed at controlling body and mind to attain various salvation goals,as practiced in the Hindu,Jain,and Buddhist traditions.
Nyāya,literally meaning "justice","rules","method" or "judgment",is one of the six orthodox (Āstika) schools of Hindu philosophy. Nyāya's most significant contributions to Indian philosophy were systematic development of the theory of logic,methodology,and its treatises on epistemology.
Vedanta,also known as Uttara Mīmāṃsā,is one of the six orthodox (āstika) traditions of textual exegesis and Hindu philosophy. The word Vedanta means 'conclusion of the Vedas',and encompasses the ideas that emerged from,or aligned and reinterpreted,the speculations and enumerations contained in the Upanishads,focusing,with varying emphasis on devotion and knowledge,and liberation. Vedanta developed into many traditions,all of which give their specific interpretations of a common group of texts called the Prasthānatrayī,translated as 'the three sources':the Upanishads,the Brahma Sutras,and the Bhagavad Gita.
Hindu philosophy or Vedic philosophy is the set of Indian philosophical systems that developed in tandem with early Hindu religious traditions during the iron and classical ages of India. In Indian tradition,the word used for philosophy is Darshana,from the Sanskrit root 'दृश' meaning 'to see,to experience'.
Vaisheshika is one of the six schools of Hindu philosophy from ancient India. In its early stages,Vaiśeṣika was an independent philosophy with its own metaphysics,epistemology,logic,ethics,and soteriology. Over time,the Vaiśeṣika system became similar in its philosophical procedures,ethical conclusions and soteriology to the Nyāya school of Hinduism,but retained its difference in epistemology and metaphysics.
Samkhya or Sankhya is a dualistic orthodox school of Hindu philosophy. It views reality as composed of two independent principles,Puruṣa and Prakṛti.
Mīmāṁsā is a Sanskrit word that means "reflection" or "critical investigation" and thus refers to a tradition of contemplation which reflected on the meanings of certain Vedic texts. This tradition is also known as Pūrva-Mīmāṁsā because of its focus on the earlier (pūrva) Vedic texts dealing with ritual actions,and similarly as Karma-Mīmāṁsā due to its focus on ritual action (karma). It is one of six Vedic "affirming" (āstika) schools of Hindu philosophy. This particular school is known for its philosophical theories on the nature of Dharma,based on hermeneutics of the Vedas,especially the Brāḥmanas and samhitas. The Mīmāṃsāschool was foundational and influential for the Vedāntic schools,which were also known as Uttara-Mīmāṁsāfor their focus on the "later" (uttara) portions of the Vedas,the Upanishads. While both "earlier" and "later" Mīmāṃsāinvestigate the aim of human action,they do so with different attitudes towards the necessity of ritual praxis.
Indian philosophy consists of philosophical traditions of the Indian subcontinent. The philosophies are often called darśana meaning,"to see" or "looking at." Ānvīkṣikīmeans “critical inquiry”or “investigation." Unlike darśana,ānvīkṣikīwas used to refer to Indian philosophies by classical Indian philosophers,such as Chanakya in the Arthaśāstra.
In Indian philosophy and religions,jñāna is "knowledge".
The Yoga Sutras of Patañjali is a collection of Sanskrit sutras (aphorisms) on the theory and practice of yoga –195 sutras and 196 sutras. The Yoga Sutras were compiled in the early centuries CE,by the sage Patanjali in India who synthesized and organized knowledge about yoga from much older traditions.
Ishvara is a concept in Hinduism,with a wide range of meanings that depend on the era and the school of Hinduism. In ancient texts of Hindu philosophy,depending on the context,Ishvara can mean supreme Self,ruler,lord,king,queen or husband. In medieval era Hindu texts,depending on the school of Hinduism,Ishvara means God,Supreme Being,personal God,or special Self. In Shaivism,Ishvara is an epithet of Shiva. In Vaishnavism it is synonymous with Vishnu,like in his epithet of Venkateswara. In traditional Bhakti movements,Ishvara is one or more deities of an individual's preference (Iṣṭa-devatā) from Hinduism's polytheistic canon of deities. In modern-day sectarian movements such as Arya Samaj and Brahmoism,Ishvara takes the form of a monotheistic God. In the Yoga school of Hinduism,it is any "personal deity" or "spiritual inspiration". In Advaita Vedanta,Ishvara is the manifested form of Brahman.
The Nyāya Sūtras is an ancient Indian Sanskrit text composed by Akṣapāda Gautama,and the foundational text of the Nyaya school of Hindu philosophy. The date when the text was composed,and the biography of its author is unknown,but variously estimated between 6th-century BCE and 2nd-century CE. The text may have been composed by more than one author,over a period of time. The text consists of five books,with two chapters in each book,with a cumulative total of 528 aphoristic sutras,about rules of reason,logic,epistemology and metaphysics.
In Hindu Philosophy and some Indian religions,samskaras or sanskaras are mental impressions,recollections,or psychological imprints that forms the basis for the development of karma theory.
Vachaspati Mishra,was a ninth or tenth century Indian Hindu philosopher of the Advaita Vedanta tradition,who wrote bhashya (commentaries) on key texts of almost every 9th-century school of Hindu philosophy. He also wrote an independent treatise on grammar,Tattvabindu, or Drop of Truth,which focuses on Mīmāṃsātheories of sentence meaning.
The Navya-Nyāya or Neo-Logicaldarśana of Indian logic and Indian philosophy was founded in the 13th century CE by the philosopher Gangeśa Upādhyāya of Mithila and continued by Raghunatha Siromani of Nabadwipa in Bengal. It was a development of the classical Nyāya darśana. Other influences on Navya-Nyāya were the work of earlier philosophers Vācaspati Miśra and Udayana. It remained active in India through to the 18th century.
The Tattva-saṃgraha is a text written by the 8th century Indian Buddhist pandit Śāntarakṣita. The text belongs to the 'tenets' genre and is an encyclopedic survey of Buddhist and non-Buddhist philosophical systems in the 8th century.
This is a list of articles in Eastern philosophy.
Praśastapāda was an ancient Indian philosopher. He wrote the Padārtha-dharma-saṅgraha and a commentary,titled Praśastapāda Bhāṣya,on the Vaisheshika Sutras of Kanada;both texts are comprehensive books in physics. In these texts Prashastapada discusses the properties of motion. Ganganath Jha had translated Praśastapāda Bhāṣya which was published in 1916. Prashasta or Praśasta means praised or praiseworthy,lauded or laudable,commended or commendable or eulogized.
Yoga philosophy is one of the six major important schools of Hindu philosophy,though it is only at the end of the first millennium CE that Yoga is mentioned as a separate school of thought in Indian texts,distinct from Samkhya. Ancient,medieval and most modern literature often refers to Yoga-philosophy simply as Yoga. A systematic collection of ideas of Yoga is found in the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali,a key text of Yoga which has influenced all other schools of Indian philosophy.
Tattvachintamani is a treatise in Sanskrit authored by 14th-century CE Indian logician and philosopher Gangesa. The title may be translated into English as "A Thought-jewel of Truth." The treatise is also known as Pramāṇa-chintāmaṇi.
References
- 1 2 3 "Stephen Phillips–University of Texas".
- ↑ "Stephen H Phillips–School of Undergraduate Studies".
- ↑ "Stephen H. Phillips–University of Texas at Austin".
- ↑ "Yoga, karma, and rebirth : a brief history and philosophy / Stephen H. Phillips".
- ↑ "Epistemology in classical India : the knowledge sources of the Nyāya school".
- ↑ "Nyāya sūtra = On philosophical method : Sanskrit text, translation, and commentary".
- ↑ "God and the world's arrangement : readings from Vedānta and Nyāya philosophy of religion".
- ↑ "Stephen H. Phillips, "Aurobindo's Philosophy of Brahman" (Book Review)". ProQuest .
- ↑ "Reviewed Work: Classical Indian Metaphysics: Refutations of Realism and the Emergence of the "New Logic" Stephen H. Phillips". JSTOR 1400211.
- ↑ "Book Review: Yoga, Karma and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy". 10 November 2009.
- ↑ "A Review of Stephen Phillips' Yoga, Karma and Rebirth". 24 August 2009.
- ↑ "Epistemology Of Perception: Gaṅgeśa's Tattvacintāmaṇi, Jewel Of Reflection On The Truth(About Epistemology): The Perception Chapter (Pratyakṣa-khaṇḍa), Transliterated Text,Translation, And Philosophical Commentary. B" (PDF).
- ↑ Gaṅgeśa. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2024.
- ↑ Ratnakīrti (2011). Ratnakīrti's proof of momentariness by positive correlation : Kṣaṇabhaṅgasiddhi anvyātmikā ; transliteration, translation, and philosophic commentary / by Joel Feldman and Stephen Phillips. Treasury of the Buddhist sciences series. ISBN 978-1-935011-06-4.
- ↑ "Epistemology in Classical India: The Knowledge Sources of the Nyāya School".
- ↑ Siderits, Mark (2018). "The Nyāya-sūtra: Selections with Early Commentaries trans. by Matthew Dasti and Stephen Phillips (review)". Philosophy East and West. 68 (3): 1–3. doi:10.1353/pew.2018.0093.
- ↑ "Considering Certification". Philosophy East and West. 73 (2): 486–498. 2023. doi:10.1353/pew.2023.a898082.
- ↑ Williams, Michael (2023). "Philosophy East and West". pp. 510–519.
- ↑ Guhe, Eberhard (2023). "Philosophy East and West". pp. 498–510.
- ↑ God and the World's Arrangement: Readings from Vedanta and Nyaya Philosophy of Religion. Hackett Publishing Company. 2021.
- ↑ Narasimhananda, Swami (2023). "God and the World's Arrangement: Readings from Vedānta and Nyāya Philosophy of Religion by Nirmalya Guha, Matthew Dasti, and Stephen Phillips (review)". Philosophy East and West. 73 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1353/pew.2023.0015.
- ↑ "The Metaphysics of Meditation: Sri Aurobindo and Adi-Sakara on the Isa Upanisad".