Stylus

This article is about a writing utensil. For the pointing device, see Stylus (computing). For other uses, see Stylus (disambiguation).

"Stylus pen" redirects here. Not to be confused with Digital pen.

Wax tablet and a Roman stylus

A stylus ^[a] is a writing utensil or tool for scribing or marking into softer materials. Different styluses were used to write in cuneiform by pressing into wet clay, and to scribe or carve into a wax tablet. Very hard styluses are also used to engrave metal, and the slate and stylus system is used to punch out dots to write in Braille. ^[2]

Styluses are held in the hand and thus are usually a narrow elongated shape, similar to a modern ballpoint pen. Many styluses are heavily curved to be held more easily.

The word stylus is also used to describe computer styluses used to assist in navigating or providing more precision when using touchscreens.

Etymology

Four examples of medieval styluses for writing on wax tablets. Two are made of iron, one brass and one bone stylus.

Stylus comes from the Latin stilus—the spelling stylus arose from an erroneous connection with Greek stylos (στύλος), 'pillar'. ^[3]

The Latin word had several meanings, including "a long, sharply pointed piece of metal; the stem of a plant; a pointed instrument for incising letters; the stylus (as used in literary composition), 'pen'". ^[3] The last meaning is the origin of style in the literary sense. The Latin word is probably derived from the Indo-European root *stei- 'to prick', also found in the words stimulus 'a goad, stimulus' and instigare 'to incite, instigate'. ^[4]

Cuneiform

Reproduction of a Roman-style wax tablet with three styluses

Styluses were first used by the ancient Mesopotamians in order to write in cuneiform. They were mostly made of reeds and had a slightly curved trapezoidal section. ^{[5] [6] [7]} Egyptians (Middle Kingdom) and the Minoans of Crete (Linear A and Cretan Hieroglyphic) made styluses in various materials: reeds that grew on the sides of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and in marshes and down to Egypt where the Egyptians used styluses from sliced reeds with sharp points; bone and metal styluses were also used. Cuneiform was entirely based on the "wedge-shaped" mark that the end of a cut reed made when pushed into a clay tablet; from Latin cuneus 'wedge'. The linear writings of Crete in the first half of the second millennium BC which were made on clay tablets that were left to dry in the sun until they became "leather-hard" before being incised by the stylus. The linear nature of the writing was also dictated by the use of the stylus.

In Western Europe styluses were widely used until the late Middle Ages. For learning purposes, the stylus was gradually replaced by a writing slate. From the mid-14th century improved water-powered paper mills produced large and cheap quantities of paper and the wax tablet and stylus disappeared completely from daily life.

Use in arts

Styluses are still used in various arts and crafts, for example in: rubbing off dry transfer letters, tracing designs onto a new surface with carbon paper, and hand embossing. Styluses are also used to engrave into materials like metal or clay.

Styluses are used to make dots as found in folk art and Mexican pottery artifacts. Oaxaca dot art is created using styluses.

Smartphones and computing

Styluses for different PDAs

Main article: Stylus (computing)

Modern day devices, such as phones, can often be used with a stylus to accurately navigate through menus, send messages etc. Today, the term stylus often refers to an input tool usually used with touchscreen-enabled devices, such as Tablet PCs, to accurately navigate interface elements, send messages, etc. This also prevents smearing the screen with oils from one's fingers. Styluses may also be used for handwriting, or for drawing using graphics tablets.

Many new phones have a built-in stylus which tucks in behind the back cover. Some styluses may extend and contract into small, pen-like cylinders, which are easy to put away.

Styluses come in both passive and active versions.

A passive or capacitive stylus is a stylus that acts just like a finger when touching a device screen. There is no electronic communication between a passive stylus and a device, and the device treats the stylus the same as a finger. Passive styluses are considered less accurate than active styluses.

An active stylus includes electronic components that communicate with a device's touchscreen controller, or digitizer. Active pens are typically used for note taking, on-screen drawing/painting, and electronic document annotation. They help prevent the problem of one's fingers or hands accidentally contacting the screen.

As in ancient styluses, the stylus is pointed or rounded at one end and is made to fit in the grip of a hand comfortably. These styluses can be found in many different styles.

Since many modern tablets make use of multi-touch recognition, some stylus and app manufactures have created palm rejection technologies into their products. This works to turn off the multi-touch feature allowing the palm to rest on the tablet while still recognizing the stylus.

Other than the types above, a haptic stylus is a stylus that simulates, through haptic technology, realistic physical sensations which can be felt while writing on paper. The sensation is sometimes enhanced by the combination of auditory and tactile illusions, such as with RealPen. ^[8]

Scientific instruments

A stylus is also an instrument used to scribe a recording into smoked foil or glass. In various scientific instruments this method may be employed instead of a pen for recording as it has the advantage of being able to operate over a wide temperature range, does not clog or dry prematurely, and has nearly negligible friction in comparison to other methods. These characteristics were useful in certain types of early seismographs and in recording barographs that were once used to verify sailplane records. The styluses used in scanning tunneling microscopes have only a single atom at the tip; these are effectively the sharpest styluses possible.

See also

• Active pen
• Digital ink
• List of pen types, brands and companies
• Phonograph stylus
• Slate and stylus

Notes

1. Plural: styli or styluses ^[1]

References

1. "Stylus – Define Stylus at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.com.
2. "What is Braille?". American Foundation for the Blind. Archived from the original (web) on 2007-11-19. Retrieved 2008-04-02.
3. Oxford Latin Dictionary , s.v. "stilus" (2012).
4. Oxford Latin Dictionary, s.v. "stimulus" (2012).
5. Cammarosano, Michele (2014). "The Cuneiform Stylus". Mesopotamia. XLIX: 53–90 – via osf.io/dfng4/.
6. Bramanti, Armando (2015). "The Cuneiform Stylus. Some Addenda". Cuneiform Digital Library Notes. 2015 (12).
7. Cammarosano, Michele. "Cuneiform Writing Techniques". cuneiform.neocities.org. Retrieved 2018-07-18.
8. Cho, Youngjun; Bianchi, Andrea; Marquardt, Nicolai; Bianchi-Berthouze, Nadia (October 16, 2016). "RealPen: Providing Realism in Handwriting Tasks on Touch Surfaces using Auditory-Tactile Feedback". Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 195–205. arXiv: 1803.02307 . doi:10.1145/2984511.2984550 – via ACM Digital Library.