The Sugar refinery of Tienen (Dutch: Tiense Suikerraffinaderij; French: Raffinerie Tirlemontoise), a subsidiary of Raffinerie Tirlemontoise Group (RT Group), is a Belgiansugar producing company. The company whose headquarters is located in Tienen (Belgium) has four business units: sugar activities, Orafti, Surafti and PPE, which together employ more than 1,800 people.
The company Raffinerie Tirlemontoise operates two beet sugar factories in Belgium: The factory in Tienen has a capacity of 12,500 tons of beets per day, Wanze Sugar Factory can process 16,500 tons of beets per day. The latter is fed beet juice by the Râperie de Longchamps, the last operational râperie in the world. Sugar specialties are produced in Antwerp (Candico), in Oostkamp (Lebbe Sugar Specialties), and in Wijchen, the Netherlands (Rafti B.V.).[1]
No sugar refinery
Judging by the name 'Raffinerie Tirlemontoise', one would expect that the company also operates a sugar refinery, but that is not the case.[1] When the name Raffinerie Tirlemontoise was given to the company in 1887, it was rare for beet sugar factories to refine their own product to a quality comparable to a sugar refiner's work. In 1878 the company was named in a list of only 12 Belgian sugar refiners.[2] The same work listed over 150 sugar factories.[3] So at the time, the Vinckenbosch company was really considered to own a refinery. At the time, the factory was even mentioned explicitly as a factory with refinery.[4]
In the 20th century, almost every sugar factory began to refine its own product. Giving a different name to a sugar factory that also refined then became useless. However, the company name Raffinerie Tirlemontoise has not changed. Like the company itself, the current owner of the company, Südzucker, consistently refers to the company Raffinerie Tirlemontoise and its two sugar factories.[5]
From 1815 to 1830, Belgium was part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. The kingdom preferred raw cane sugar from its colony Java over raw sugar made from sugar beet. This policy was actually very profitable for the Southern Netherlands. The superior harbor of Antwerp made that shipping lines preferred to ship the Java raw sugar over there, instead of to the harbors of the former Dutch Republic.
After the 1830 Belgian Revolution, the Belgians regained Antwerp in December 1832 after a long siege. In spite of now possessing one of the best harbors of Europe, the Belgians did not gain access to a source of cheap raw cane sugar. In general, the powers which had colonies that produced raw cane sugar took all kinds of customs and fiscal measures that directed raw sugar shipments to their home ports. In turn they protected their domestic refineries by a high tariff on imported refined sugar.
The conflict with the Netherlands also meant that Belgium wanted to get its own connections to Germany. For this it pressed the construction of railways. One of the first was the line from Leuven to Tienen, which opened on 22 September 1837. The railways would become very important for the growth of Tienen as a center for sugar production and other industries.[6]
In 1837 the colossal Waterloo sugar factory opened, supported by the Belgian haute finance.
Predecessor companies
The Rectorswoning is a remnant of Barberendal convent
On 16 May 1836 the municipality of Tienen issued two permits to operate a sugar factory. The requests had been made by Jozef Van den Berghe de Binckum and Pierre-Antoine Vanden Bossche.[7]
The factory founded by Van den Berghe de Binckum would become the nucleus of the Raffinerie Tirlemontoise.[8] It was built near the Begijnhof along the Borggracht.[9] It started to operate on 18 November 1836 and then had 90 employees.[7] The company also cultivated the required sugar beet.[10] In April 1838 the factory concluded trials between different methods of slicing sugar beet.[11] In the early years production was about 10 sacks of raw sugar per day. In 1844 the Van den Berghe factory had 4atm high pressure steam engine(s) of 10hp.[12] On 3 November 1847 four employees of the sugar factory of Mr. Vandenberghe de Binckum got a gold medal for their courage during a fire that hit the Vandenberghe factory.[13] In 1855 Joseph Vandenbergh de Binckom sold his factory to Henri Vinckenbosch.[8]
The factory founded by Pierre-Antoin Vanden Bossche and his business partner Jean-Joseph Janssens was on Gilainstraat.[9] It started to operate on 16 May 1836, the same day that it got a permit to do so.[7] In 1844, the sugar factory of the Brothers Janssens and Mr. Vandenbosche had 4atm high pressure steam engine(s) of 10hp.[12] In 1882 the sugar factory of the Van den Bossche brothers and Janssens was on the Rue de Diest. In 1863 the power of its steam engine had been increased to 20hp. The factory had a warehouse for bones, three ovens for making bone char, and four ovens for its revification. The company also had a distillery with a steam engine of 5hp.[4] The Vanden Bosscche sugar factory would remain independent till 1905.[9]
A third sugar factory was that of Pierre-Louis Vinckenbosch. It was in the former convent of Barberendal on the Molenstraat.[14] Pierre-Louis and Henri Vinckenbosch were nephews.[9] In 1841 the Notary Pierre-Louis Vinckenbosch came to own the former convent Oriënte in Geetbets. In 1842 he got a permit to operate a distillery on the premises.[15] This was a distillery of potatoes, melasse and cereals.[16]
A fourth sugar factory that was founded much later was that of Messrs. Blyckaerts. It had started as a factory for potato starch built on the Molenstraat in Haendoren along the Borchgracht. In 1856 a sugar beet distillery was added to it, which was soon transformed into a sugar factory. In 1882 this factory was also described as having ovens to produce and revive bone char.[4] It would be merged into Vinckenbosch & Cie in 1886.[7]
Vinckenbosch & Cie
In 1855 Henri Vinckenbosch bought the factory of Vandenbergh de Binckom.[8] In 1862 Pierre Louis Vinckenbosch bougth the small factories of Pierco and Raeymaekers.[16] In 1862 the partnership Vinckenbosch & Cie was founded. That same year the factories of the nephews Henri and Pierre-Louis were merged. The mergers were a crucial step for the company which now began to develop more quickly.[17]
From 1838 till 1875 the focus of the company was on agriculture. On 1,200 hectares, a dozen farms produced enough beet to feed a factory that could produce 30 t of sugar per day. A serious problem for the factories was that by nature sugar beet exhausts the soil. A regular cultivation of sugar beet only became possible after the invention of chemical fertilizers. By 1875, production capacity rose to 150 t per day.[18]
In 1874 Victor Beauduin became director of the company. He would leave the cultivation of sugar beet to independant farmers and concentrate on the development of the industrial components of the company.[19]
In 1876 the partnership Vinckenbosch & Cie was renewed. The division of shares gives some insight in how Vinckenbosch & Cie had grown. Edmond Vinckenbosch, Louis Vinckenbosch, and Victor Beauduin could sign for the partnership. The heirs of J.H. Vinckenbosch had 152 shares; Louis Vinckenbosch had 38 shares for himself; Louis Halflants 57; Pierre Pierco 38; Bonaventure Raeymaekers 38; Jean Pierco widow of Eugénie Raeymaekers and their heirs, amongst them Marie, wife of Victor Beauduin 38; Corneille Denis-Janssen and heirs 19; Victor Bauduin 24 shares for himself.[20]
In 1882 the company was described as that of Messrs. Vinckenbosch & Cie in the Haendoren suburb. It had two steam engines, a sugar factory with refinery, four ovens for making bone char, four ovens to revive it, and a bone warehouse.[4]
In 1886 Vinckenbosch & Cie bought neighboring sugar factory of Blyckaerts-Verlat. The old factory on the terrain Van den Berghe now became Factory I, while the Blyckaerts factory became Factory II.[16]
On 17 September 1887 Edmond Vinckenbosch founded the public company La Raffinerie Tirlemontoise.[21][22] In January 1888 Finance minister Auguste Beernaert and officials from his ministry visited the company. They took great interest in the extraction of sugar from molasses by separation and refining. The measuring devices and the contract to determine the amount of taxation were probably of even more interest.[23]
Public company Raffinerie Tirlemontoise
Paul Wittouck and his brother, Frans owned a sugar factory in Wanze. In 1894 they took over Vinckenbosch & Cie, owner of the sugar refinery of Tienen, and turned it into a limited company.[24] The brothers faced fierce competition from other sugar manufacturers in Belgium, but emerged as the dominant firm.[24] Through a series of technical innovations and improvement the volume of sugar produced in Tienen rose from 7,000 tonnes in 1894 to 62,000 tonnes in 1913. The company began to export sugar and to take over other Belgian companies.[24]
In 1931, the Chadbourne Agreement was a major international agreement on the production of sugar.[25] However, due to the continued international overproduction the situation of the sugar industry remained difficult until the end of World War II.
By 1933 or earlier, the company operated the first continuous diffuser, invented by Julien Bergé.[26] It marked the company's leadership in innovation. The horizontal type of rotating continuous diffuser is named "RT" after Raffinerie Tirlemontoise.
In 1949, F. Baerts, J. Dedek and G. Tibo of the Sugar refinery of Tienen invited several scientists form the European sugar industry to Brussels on 18 September 1949. This would lead to the foundation of the Commission Internationale Technique de Sucrerie (CITS).[27]
In 1950, the production of white sugar started with 399,000 tonnes produced that year. After the establishment of the European Union in 1958, the common agricultural policy led to the regulation of the European sugar market in 1968. In 1987 25 percent of the shares of the company were registered on the Brussels Stock Exchange and in 1989 Südzucker bought all shares of the company. In 1999 the company decided to install a seed magma preparation installation in the Tienen plant to reduce production costs and to improve the quality of the sugar.[28]
Role of the railways
Former railway station in Grimde
The line 36 from Leuven to Tienen which opened on 22 September 1837 connected Tienen to Brussel and the sea. In 1842 this line was extended to Liège. The line from Tienen to Namur was opened in 1869. Line 22 to Diest followed in 1878, and line 23 to Tongeren in 1879.[29]
The railways would become very important for the growth of Tienen as a center for sugar production and other industries. Coal from Wallonia was cheap, because it only had to be transported by wagon from the station in Tienen to the sugar factories. For sugar beet the procedure was more complicated. It first had to be transported by wagon to a stop somewhere in the fields. After loading the beet on the train to Tienen, they were again loaded in wagons for the final stretch to the factory. This was costly, but it still meant a big increase in the area from which it was economical to transport beet to the factory.[6] This was very important, because sugar factories would require ever costlier machinery, and this could only be paid for by operating on a very large scale.
In 1886, a new station was built on line 22 at Grimde, now a suburb in the southeast of Tienen. This was much closer to the sugar factory and also had a classification yard. The company then built an material ropeway from the station straight to its Factory I. After the French téléphérique the locals called the containers telefrikskes. These transported coal and beet till 1914.[30] Near the station a large warehouse was built. In 1899 two narrow-gauge railways were built. One from the station to the beet reception area of Factory I and another from the station to Factory II. In 1905 a normal railway was laid between the two factories. This was 4km long, because it had to handle a height difference of about 10m. It went from Factory II to Piepelboom, Grimde station, along the The Three Tumuli and to the beet reception area of Factory I.[31]
In 1907 the light railway Buurtspoorweg 315 (NMVB) to Sint-Truiden was opened, followed by a section to Jodoigne. These trams went up to Factory I, and transported passengers and sugar beet. From Factory II, the beet carriages were then pulled to Factory I over the connecting normal railroad.[32]
Tienen is a city and municipality in the province of Flemish Brabant, in Flanders, Belgium. The municipality comprises Tienen itself and the towns of Bost, Goetsenhoven, Hakendover, Kumtich, Oorbeek, Oplinter, Sint-Margriete-Houtem and Vissenaken.
Carbonatation is a chemical reaction in which calcium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide and forms insoluble calcium carbonate:
A sugar refinery is a refinery which processes raw sugar from cane or sugar extracted from beets into white refined sugar.
Ferdinand "Fred" Chaffart was a Belgian]] businessman.
Citrique Belge or Citric Belge, located in Tienen is a Belgian biotech company and one of the biggest producers of citric acid. The company has a production capacity of 120,000 tonnes of citric acid per year. In 2020 it employed 340 people.
Südzucker AG is a German company, the largest sugar producer in the world, with an annual production of around 4.8 million tonnes.
Corbion N.V., formerly Centrale Suiker Maatschappij (CSM) N.V., is a Dutch food and biochemicals company headquartered in Amsterdam, Netherlands. It produces bioingredient-based foods, chemicals derived from organic acids, and lactic acid based solutions for the food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The company was founded on August 21, 1919.
Paul Grégoire Pierre Wittouck was a Belgian industrialist. He and his brother Frantz Wittouck became the largest sugar manufacturers in Belgium in the period leading up to the Great War. He was the grandson of Lawyer and High Magistrate Guillaume Wittouck.
The Tiense Vechter, French: Combattant de Tirlemont, is a critically-endangered Belgian breed of gamecock. It dates from the late nineteenth century, and was bred specifically for cock-fighting. It named for its area of origin, that around the city of Tienen in Flemish Brabant, in eastern central Belgium. It is one of three Belgian breeds of fighting-cock, the others being the Brugse Vechter and the Luikse Vechter.
The Nederlandsche SuikerraffinaderijNV (NSR) was an Amsterdam sugar refining company that refined sugar cane to produce white sugar and other sugar products. After its demise, its main sugar refinery would become part of the "Amstel Suikerraffinaderij" and still later part of the "Wester Suikerraffinaderij".
A beet sugar factory or sugar factory, is a type of sugar production facility that produces sugar from sugar beet. Nowadays most sugar factories also act as a sugar refinery. The first beet sugar factory was founded in 1802.
The Zuckerraffinerie Braunschweig was a beet sugar refinery. Its early 20th century brick building on Frankfurter Straße in Braunschweig has been declared industrial heritage. Since 1996 it is part of the business center Artmax and houses offices and other commercial facilities.
The Eerste Nederlandsche Coöperatieve Beetwortelsuikerfabriek (CBS) was a company and beet sugar factory in Sas van Gent, Zeelandic Flanders. It processed sugar beet to produce white sugar. The factory operated from 1899 to 1989.
The Wester Suikerraffinaderij or Wester Sugar Refinery, was a major sugar refinery in Amsterdam founded by the company Wester Suiker-Raffinaderij N.V. The sugar refinery became part of the Centrale Suiker Maatschappij (CSM) in 1919 and was closed down in 1965. The public company Wester Suikerraffinaderij N.V., which held shares in CSM, survived into the 1990s.
Cosun Beet Company is a part of Royal Cosun. It produces white sugar and other refined sugar products. By acquiring the beet sugar division of Corbion in 2007 and Danisco Sugar GmbH in 2008, Cosun Beet Company became one of the five biggest European producers of sugar from sugar beet.
Sugar Factory Zeeland was a beet sugar factory in Bergen op Zoom, a city and municipality in the North Brabant province in the Southwestern Netherlands. It got its peculiar name when it was sold to the Coöperatieve Beetwortelsuikerfabriek Zeeland, a cooperative of sugar beet farmers from neighboring Zeeland province. The factory was in operation from 1863 to 1929. Some of the imposing factory buildings remain and are protected as industrial heritage. In 2012 a reconstruction started to change the old buildings to a large shopping mall called De Zeeland.
The Halfweg sugar factory is a now defunct beet sugar factory previously known as "Suikerfabriek Holland". It closed down in 1992 and was then repurposed to become 'Sugar City', an area with offices, retail shops and an event venue. The terrain measures 11 hectares, and is hemmed in by the Haarlemmerstraatweg (N200), the Ringvaart of the Haarlemmermeer polder, and the wide part of the Ringvaart that leads to the sluices and the former Zijkanaal F. Halfweg village is on the other side of the wide part of the Ringvaart.
The Waterloo sugar factory is a former sugar factory in Waterloo, in the south of the former Province of Brabant in Belgium. The building was a sugar factory from 1836 to 1871. Later it was used by a dairy company. The industrial area is now known as Waterloo Office Park.
The Wanze Sugar Factory was founded by the Sucreries Centrales SA. It is located in Wanze and is currently owned by Raffinerie Tirlemontoise. Wanze Sugar Factory is the only European sugar factory that still uses an outlying râperie connected by a pipeline. The râperie in Longchamps is located 23 km west of the central factory.
Ruytings, D. (2005), "Equipment and factory experiences with seed magma production by cooling crystallization", International sugar journal, 107: 666–667
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