The Turkish War of Independence was a series of military campaigns and a revolution waged by the Turkish National Movement, after parts of the Ottoman Empire were occupied and partitioned following its defeat in World War I. It resulted in the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the abolition of the Ottoman monarchy and of the Islamic caliphate, and declaration of the Republic of Turkey in Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. The conflict was between the Turkish Nationalists against Allied and separatist forces over the application of Wilsonian principles, especially national self-determination, in post-war Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. In addition, it resulted in a transfer of vested sovereignty from the sultan-caliph to the nation, setting the stage of Republican Turkey's period of radical reform.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, or Mustafa Kemal Pasha until 1921, and Ghazi Mustafa Kemal from 1921 until 1934, was a Turkish field marshal, revolutionary statesman, author, and the founding father of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first president from 1923 until his death in 1938. He undertook sweeping progressive reforms, which modernized Turkey into a secular, industrializing nation. Ideologically a secularist and nationalist, his policies and socio-political theories became known as Kemalism. Due to his military and political accomplishments, Atatürk is regarded as one of the most important political leaders of the 20th century.
Nutuk was a speech delivered by Ghazi Mustafa Kemal from 15 to 20 October 1927, at the second congress of Republican People's Party. The speech covered the events between the start of the Turkish War of Independence on 19 May 1919, and the foundation of the Republic of Turkey, in 1923. It took thirty-six hours to be read by Atatürk, and became a foundation of Kemalist historiography. Nutuk marked a turning point of Turkish nationalism by introducing a series of new myths and concepts into the vernacular of public discourse, such as republic, democracy, sovereignty of the nation, and secularism. Atatürk designated these concepts as the 'most precious treasures' of Turkish people, the 'foundations' of their new state, and the preconditions of their future 'existence' in his speech.
Halide Edib Adıvar was a Turkish novelist, teacher, and a feminist intellectual. She was best known for her novels criticizing the low social status of Turkish women and what she saw from her observation as the lack of interest of most women in changing their situation. She was a Pan-Turkist and several of her novels advocated for the Turanism movement.
The Turkish National Movement included political and military activities of the Turkish revolutionaries that resulted in the creation and shaping of the modern Republic of Turkey, as a consequence of the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I and the subsequent occupation of Constantinople and partitioning of the Ottoman Empire by the Allies under the terms of the Armistice of Mudros. The Turkish revolutionaries rebelled against this partitioning and against the Treaty of Sèvres, signed in 1920 by the Ottoman government, which partitioned portions of Anatolia itself.
This chronology of the Turkish War of Independence is a timeline of events during the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923). The timeline also includes the background events starting with the end of the First World War. The events are classified according to the campaigns and parties involved. Pictures are included for the significant events.
Çerkes Ethem, known in English as Ethem the Circassian, was a Circassian Ottoman guerilla leader, social bandit, efe and soldier. He initially gained fame for establishing the Kuva-yi Seyyare and putting down multiple large-scale rebellions and gaining key major victories against the Greek armies invading Anatolia during the Turkish War of Independence.
The personal life of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk has been the subject of numerous studies. Atatürk founded the Republic of Turkey and served as its president from 1923 until his death on 10 November 1938. According to Turkish historian Kemal H. Karpat, Atatürk's recent bibliography included 7,010 different sources. Atatürk's personal life has its controversies, ranging from where he was born to his correct full name. The details of his marriage have always been a subject of debate. His religious beliefs were discussed in Turkish political life as recently as the Republic Protests during the 2007 presidential election.
Yahya Kemal Beyatlı, born Ahmet Âgâh, generally known by the pen name Yahya Kemal, was a leading Turkish poet and author, as well as a politician and diplomat.
Adnan Adıvar, also known as Adnan Bey, was a Turkish politician, writer, historian, and by profession a medical doctor. He undertook original research and wrote on the history of science. He was also an early supporter of the nascent feminist movement.
Fatma Seher Erden, known as Kara Fatma, was a female Turkish soldier who distinguished herself as a militia leader during the Turkish War of Independence.
Turkish women in academics refers to Turkish women who make scientific research or teach in the universities in Turkey and abroad.
Ateşten Gömlek is a 1923 black-and-white Turkish drama film, co-produced by Kemal Seden and Şakir Seden, written and directed by Muhsin Ertuğrul based on a memoir of the same title by Halide Edib Adıvar. The movie marks a milestone in the cinema of Turkey as for the first time ever Turkish Muslim actresses, namely Bedia Muvahhit and Neyyire Neyir, featured in a movie. It is in general about some events during the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923). Its remake with the same title was released in 1950, directed by Vedat Örfi Bengü.
Nakiye Elgün was a Turkish politician and teacher.
İzmir Women's Museum is a museum in İzmir, Turkey. It is at 38°25′15″N27°08′32″E in Konak secondary municipality of İzmir.
Zekeriya Sertel, also known as Mehmet Zekeriya Sertel, (1890–1980) was a Turkish journalist. He is the first director of state press department and founder and editor of various periodicals. From 1950 to 1980 Sertel lived in exile.
The MEB's 100 Fundamental Works, is a compiled book list recommendation by 59th Turkish Government Ministry of National Education (Turkey) to be taught to secondary schools students as curriculum course in Turkish Language and Literature, also as a reading activities for free times.
Dergâh was a literary magazine which was published during the final days of the Ottoman Empire in Istanbul from 1921 and 1922. This period witnessed the occupation of Istanbul by the Western forces and also, the Independence War.
