List of media during the Turkish War of Independence

First page of the magazine Güleryüz, an example of magazines that supported the Turkish National Movement

Media during the Turkish War of Independence refers to the political attitudes of newspapers and magazines that were published in Anatolia and Constantinople during the Turkish War of Independence between the Armistice of Mudros (1919) and the Treaty of Lausanne (1923).

Background

After the World War I, the Ottoman Empire was partitioned by the Entente. The Turkish National Movement in Anatolia culminated in the formation of the Grand National Assembly (GNA; Turkish: Büyük Millet Meclisi [BMM]) by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues. After the end of the Turkish–Armenian, Franco-Turkish and Greco-Turkish fronts (often referred to as the Eastern Front, the Southern Front, and the Western Front of the war, respectively), the Treaty of Sèvres was abandoned and the Treaties of Kars (October 1921) and Lausanne (July 1923) were signed. The Allies left Anatolia and Eastern Thrace, and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (which remains Turkey's primary legislative body today) declared the Republic of Turkey on 29 October 1923.

During this period, an important amount of newspapers and magazines published in region supported the Turkish National Movement. Initially, because of the occupation of city, the mass media in Istanbul was unable to write subjects such as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Kuva-yi Milliye, War of Independence and Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Some newspapers even openly supported the occupation by trying to convince the people to not resist. ^[1] There were also many newspapers and magazines owned by minorities who mostly supported a mandate rule over Anatolia and named Kuva-yi Milliye "irresponsible gangs". ^[2]

List

Media that was in support of the Turkish National Movement

Constantinople

Name	Center	Type	Frequency	Notes
Ahvâl	Constantinople	Newspaper	Irregular
Akbaba	Constantinople	Newspaper	Twice per week
Akşam	Constantinople	Newspaper	Daily	Formed by Necmettin Sadak and Ali Naci
Alay	Constantinople	Newspaper	Weekly	Formed by Ercüment Ekrem Talu and Aka Gündüz
Asildar	Constantinople	Newspaper	Daily
Asker Hocası	Constantinople	Newspaper	Biweekly
Aydede	Constantinople	Newspaper	Weekly
Âyine	Constantinople	Magazine
Aydınlık	Constantinople	Newspaper	Weekly
Beşer ve Tabiat	Constantinople	Newspaper	Weekly
Bugün	Constantinople	Newspaper	Monthly
Büyük Mecmua	Constantinople	Magazine	Biweekly
Cadı	Constantinople	Newspaper	Twice per week
Ceride-i Havadis	Constantinople	Newspaper	Daily
Ceride-i Şikâyât	Constantinople	Newspaper	Weekly
Dergâh	Constantinople	Magazine	Biweekly
Dersaadet	Constantinople	Newspaper	Daily
Diken	Constantinople	Newspaper	Weekly
Edebî Mecmua	Constantinople	Magazine	Weekly
Efkâr-ı Umumiye	Constantinople	Newspaper	Biweekly
Fırtına	Constantinople	Newspaper	Weekly
Güleryüz	Constantinople	Newspaper	Weekly	Launched by Sedat Simavi
Habl-i Metin	Constantinople	Magazine
Hâdisât	Constantinople	Newspaper	Daily
Halk Sadâsı	Constantinople	Newspaper	Daily
Hukuk-ı Beşer	Constantinople	Newspaper	Daily
İdrâk	Constantinople	Newspaper	Daily
İfhâm	Constantinople	Newspaper	Daily
İkdam	Constantinople	Newspaper	Everyday	Established by Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu, Hüseyin Cahit (Yalçın) and Hüseyin Rahmi
İleri	Constantinople	Newspaper	Daily	Established by Celal Nuri İleri
İstiklâl	Constantinople	Newspaper	Irregular
Karagöz	Constantinople	Magazine	Biweekly	It published 4785 issues between the Second Constitutional Era and 1955 and supported the Turkish National Movement.
Memleket	Constantinople	Newspaper	Daily
Millî Mecmua	Constantinople	Magazine	Biweekly
Minber	Constantinople	Newspaper	Daily
Müşterek Newspaper	Constantinople	Newspaper	Daily
Resimli Newspaper	Constantinople	Newspaper	Weekly
Sebilürreşad	Istanbul-Kayseri-Ankara	Constantinople	Irregular	Established by Mehmet Akif (Ersoy)
Servet-i Fünun	Constantinople	Newspaper-Magazine	Weekly
Tanin	Constantinople	Newspaper	Daily	Formed by Hüseyin Cahit
Tercüman-ı Hakikat	Constantinople	Newspaper	Everyday
Tevhid-i Efkâr (Tasvir-i Efkâr)	Constantinople	Newspaper	Daily
Türk Dünyası	Constantinople	Newspaper	Weekly
Vakit	Constantinople	Newspaper	Daily	Established by Ahmet Emin Yalman and Mehmet Asım Us
Vatan	Constantinople	Newspaper	Daily
Yarın	Constantinople	Magazine	Weekly
Yeni Mecmua	Constantinople	Magazine	Weekly

Anatolia

Name	Center	Type	Frequency	Notes
Ferda	Adana	Newspaper	Twice every week
Hayat	Adana	Newspaper	Thrice every week
Millî Mefkure	Adana	Magazine	Once every 15 days
Tok Söz	Adana	Newspaper	Everyday
Adapazarı	Adapazarı	Newspaper	Once every week
Afyon'da Nur	Afyonkarahisar	Magazine	Once every month
İkâz	Afyonkarahisar	Newspaper	Everyday
Söz Birliği	Afyonkarahisar	Newspaper	Irregular
Amasya'da Emel	Amasya	Newspaper	Once every week
Ana Türk Yurdu	Ankara	Magazine	Once every 15 days
Anadolu Duygusu	Ankara	Magazine	Once every 15 days
Anadolu Terbiye Mecmuası	Ankara	Magazine	Once every month
Anadolu'da Peyâm-ı Sabah	Ankara	Newspaper	Once every week
Anadolu'da Yeni Gün	Ankara	Newspaper	Everyday	It was later renamed to Cumhuriyet
Anavatan Mecmuası	Ankara	Magazine	Once every 15 days
Bozkurt	Ankara	Magazine	Once every week
Hakimiyet-i Milliye	Ankara	Newspaper	Everyday	Established by Atatürk in 1920. It was the semi-official newspaper of TBMM. It was renamed Ulus in 1934. The first editor was Ahmet Ağaoğlu. [3] [4] [5]
Kavânîn Mecmuası	Ankara	Magazine	Irregular
Mefkure	Ankara	Magazine	Once every week
Millî Ordu	Ankara	Magazine	Once every month
Şark'ın Sesi	Ankara	Newspaper	Everyday
Anadolu'da Kalem	Ankara	Newspaper	Once every week
Yeşil Yuva	Ardahan	Magazine	Once every month
Aydın İli	Aydın	Newspaper	Once every two days
Doğru Söz	Balıkesir	Newspaper	Once every week
İzmir'e Doğru	Balıkesir	Newspaper	Twice every week
Zafer-i Millî	Balıkesir	Newspaper	Thrice every week
Dertli	Bolu	Newspaper	Once every week
Gamlı	Bolu	Magazine	Once every week
Millî Gaye	Bolu	Magazine	Once every 15 days
Türkoğlu	Bolu	Newspaper	Irregular
Arkadaş	Bursa	Newspaper	Irregular
Bursa Mecmuası	Bursa	Magazine	Once every 15 days
Ertuğrul	Bursa	Newspaper	Once every week
Hakikat	Bursa	Newspaper	Thrice every week
İntibah	Bursa	Newspaper	Everyday
Kardeş	Bursa	Newspaper	Once every week
Millet Yolu	Bursa	Newspaper	Twice every week
Peyâm-ı Sabah	Bursa			Published a single issue
Halk Yolu	Çankırı	Magazine	Once every 15 days
Nazikter	Daday	Newspaper	Once every week
Küçük Mecmua	Diyarbakır	Magazine	Once every week
Arda	Edirne	Newspaper	Twice every week
İtilâf	Edirne	Newspaper	Everyday
Paşaeli-Trakya	Edirne	Newspaper	Once every week
Satvet-i Milliyye	Elazığ	Newspaper	Once every week
Albayrak	Erzurum	Newspaper	Twice every week
Ahrar	Eskişehir	Newspaper	Once every week
Hatif	Eskişehir	Newspaper	Irregular
İmdad	Eskişehir	Newspaper	Irregular
İstiklâl	Eskişehir	Newspaper	Once every week
Metanet	Eskişehir	Newspaper	Irregular
Gedikkaya	Giresun	Newspaper	Once every week
Işık	Giresun	Magazine	Once every 15 days
Karadeniz	Giresun	Newspaper	Once every week
Yeni Giresun	Giresun	Newspaper	Thrice every week
Güzel İnebolu	İnebolu	Newspaper	Once every week
	İnebolu
Ahenk	İzmir	Newspaper	Everyday
Akdeniz	İzmir	Newspaper	Once every week
Anadolu	İzmir	Newspaper	Everyday
Antalya'da Anadolu	İzmir	Newspaper	Everyday
Cumartesi	İzmir	Newspaper	Once every week
Efe	İzmir	Newspaper	Irregular
Halka Doğru Mecmuası	İzmir	Magazine	Once every 15 days
Hilâl	İzmir	Newspaper	Everyday
Hukuk-ı Beşer	İzmir	Newspaper	Everyday
Islahat	İzmir	Newspaper	Everyday
Sulh ve Selâmet	İzmir	Newspaper	Everyday
Şark	İzmir	Newspaper	Everyday
Yeni İzmir	İzmir	Magazine	Once every 15 days
Açıksöz	Kastamonu	Newspaper	Everyday
Gençlik	Kastamonu	Magazine	Once every 15 days
Kastamonu	Kastamonu	Newspaper	Once every week
Kayseri Gazetesi	Kayseri	Newspaper	Once every week
Misâk-ı Millî	Kayseri	Newspaper	Everyday
Babalık	Konya	Newspaper	Twice every week
Hak Yolu	Konya	Magazine	Once every 10 days
Halk	Konya	Newspaper	Everyday
İntibah	Konya	Newspaper	6 times every week
Öğüt	Konya	Newspaper	Everyday
Wilson	Manisa	Newspaper	Irregular
Amâl-i Milliye	Kahramanmaraş	Newspaper	Twice every week
Tecelli	Merzifon	Newspaper	Once every 15 days
Menteşe	Muğla	Newspaper	Twice every week
Azim	Ordu	Newspaper	Twice every week
Güneş	Ordu	Magazine	Once every 15 days
Muvaffakiyet-i Milliyye	Ordu	Newspaper	Twice every week
Ordu Bucak	Ordu	Newspaper	Twice every week
Yeni Adana	Pozantı	Newspaper	Everyday
Ahâli	Samsun	Newspaper	Irregular
Aks-i Sadâ	Samsun	Newspaper	Thrice every week
Fırtına	Samsun	Newspaper	Once every week
Hayat	Samsun	Newspaper	Everyday
Samsun'da Hilâl	Samsun	Newspaper	Twice every week
Varlık	Sarıkamış	Newspaper	Twice every week
Birlik	Sivas	Newspaper	Once every week
Dilek	Sivas	Newspaper	Once every 15 days
Gaye-i Milliye	Sivas	Newspaper	Everyday
İrâde-i Milliye	Sivas	Newspaper	Everyday
Fecir	Trabzon	Magazine	Once every 15 days
Güzel Trabzon	Trabzon	Newspaper	Thrice every week
Hak	Trabzon	Newspaper	Irregular
İkbâl	Trabzon	Newspaper	Twice every week
İstikbal	Trabzon	Newspaper	Twice every week
Zafer	Trabzon	Magazine	Once every week

Other

Name	Center	Type	Frequency	Notes
Azerbaycan	Baku	Newspaper	Irregular
Sadâ-i Millet	Batumi	Newspaper	Thrice every week
Kızıl Şark	Moscow	Magazine	Once every month
Nefir	Thessaloniki	Newspaper	Once every week
Ahâli	Sofia	Newspaper	Once every other day

Media that opposed the Turkish National Movement

Constantinople

Name	Center	Type	Frequency	Notes
Alemdar	Constantinople	Newspaper		It was published between 1909 and 1922. Supported British occupation. It was formed by Refi Cevat Ulunay and Rıza Tevfik Bölükbaşı
Peyam-ı Sabah	Constantinople	Newspaper		It was published between 1913 and 1922, when it was abolished by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The main writer of newspaper was Ali Kemal, and the newspaper was known for supporting British occupation.
Istanbul	Constantinople	Newspaper
Ümit	Constantinople	Magazine		Formed by Refik Halit Karay

Anatolia

Name	Center	Type	Frequency	Notes
Ferda	Adana			It was published between 1918 and 1921. Supported the French occupation. [6]
Adana Postası	Adana	Newspaper	Everyday	The newspaper was abolished when the French left the region. [7]
Rehber	Adana	Newspaper	Once every week	Financed by the French. [7]
Selamet	Trabzon
İrşat	Balıkesir
Köylü	İzmir			Supported the Greek occupation
Zafer	Kastamonu			Supported the Ottoman Empire in Istanbul

Minorities

Constantinople

Name	Center	Type	Frequency	Notes
Pontos	Constantinople	Newspaper		Greek newspaper. Supported an independent Pontus.
Rönesans	Constantinople	Newspaper		Armenian newspaper. Supported the Allied occupation, and it was known for calling the Kuva-yi Milliye "irresponsible gangs"
Journal d'Orient	Constantinople	Newspaper		Jewish newspaper. Did not support a specific occupation, but stated that it would accept any rule, as long as Jews had minority rights.

Anatolia

Name	Center	Type	Frequency	Notes
Telgrafos	İzmir	Newspaper		Greek newspaper. Supported Greek rule over Aidin Vilayet.
Patris	İzmir	Newspaper		Greek newspaper. Supported Greek rule over Aidin Vilayet.
Amolthia Kozmoz	İzmir	Newspaper		Greek newspaper. Supported Greek rule over Aidin Vilayet.
Estia	İzmir	Newspaper		Greek newspaper. Supported Greek rule over Aidin Vilayet.
Epota	Trabzon	Newspaper		Greek newspaper.
Pharos İanadolis	Trabzon	Newspaper		Greek newspaper.
Toros	Adana	Newspaper		Armenian newspaper.
Kilikya	Adana	Newspaper		Armenian newspaper.
Hayistan	Adana	Newspaper		Armenian newspaper.
Azadamard	Adana	Newspaper		Armenian newspaper.
Adana	Adana	Newspaper		Armenian owned newspaper. It was written in Turkish with an Armenian alphabet.
Davros	Adana	Newspaper		Armenian newspaper.
Haygagan Tsayn	Adana	Newspaper		Armenian newspaper.
Art	Adana	Newspaper		Armenian newspaper.
Sakank	Adana	Newspaper		Armenian newspaper.
Ararat	Adana	Newspaper		Armenian newspaper.
Nor Aşharn	Adana	Newspaper		Armenian newspaper.
Kilikya Surhantay	Adana	Newspaper		Armenian newspaper.
Nor Serunt	Adana	Newspaper		Armenian newspaper.

References

Citations

1. "Milli Mücadele Başlangıcında Basın ve Mustafa Kemal Paşa'nın Basınla İlişkileri". Archived from the original on 11 May 2015.
2. "Azınlıklar Milli Mücadele ve Sonrası Ekonomik, Eğitim-Kültür, Basın Faaliyetleri". www.filozof.net. Retrieved 2020-12-21.
3. Shissler, A. Holly (2003). Between Two Empires: Ahmet Agaoglu and the New Turkey. I.B.Tauris. p. 185. ISBN   9781860648557.
4. Schumann, Christoph (2008). Liberal Thought in the Eastern Mediterranean: Late 19th Century Until the 1960s. BRILL. p. 192. ISBN   9789004165489.
5. Shaw, Stanford J. (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 2, Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey 1808-1975, Volume 11. Cambridge University Press. p. 486. ISBN   9780521291668.
6. İslam, İbrahim. "Milli Mücadele'ye Muhalif Bir Gazete "Ferdâ" (PDF). www.zgefdergi.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 February 2016.
7. Akalın, Gülseren. "Kurtuluş Savaşı'nda Adana Basını". turkoloji.cu.edu.tr. Archived from the original on 5 September 2012.

Cited bibliography

• Koloğlu, Orhan, 1929- (1993). Türk basını : kuvayı milliye'den günümüze : 70. yılında Cumhuriyet basını (1. baskı ed.). Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı. ISBN   975-17-1356-0. OCLC   31180318.
• Özel, Mehmet. Cephelerden Kurtuluş Savaşına, İmparatorluktan Cumhuriyete. T.C.Kültür Bakanlığı Güzel Sanatlar Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları.
• "Kurtuluş Savaşı'nda Türk Basını". Archived from the original on 21 March 2015.
• Koloğlu, Orhan, 1929- (1993). Türk basını : kuvayı milliye'den günümüze : 70. yılında Cumhuriyet basını (1. baskı ed.). Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı. ISBN   975-17-1356-0. OCLC   31180318.