Susie Wood

Last updated

Susie Wood
Susie Wood (002).jpg
Born1976
Lower Hutt, New Zealand
NationalityNew Zealander
Education
  • B.Sc Hons (First Class) 1999
  • PhD (Biology) 2006
  • Post-Doctoral Fellowship. Foundation for Research, Science and Technology, 2006–2009
Alma materVictoria University of Wellington
Scientific career
FieldsBiology – natural toxins, microalgae and microbiology
InstitutionsCawthron Institute

Susanna Wood is a New Zealand scientist whose research focuses on understanding, protecting and restoring New Zealand's freshwater environments. One of her particular areas of expertise is the ecology, toxin production, and impacts of toxic freshwater cyanobacteria in lakes and rivers. Wood is active in advocating for the incorporation of DNA-based tools such as metabarcoding, genomics and metagenomics for characterising and understanding aquatic ecosystems and investigating the climate and anthropogenic drivers of water quality change in New Zealand lakes. She has consulted for government departments and regional authorities and co-leads a nationwide programme Lakes380 that aims to obtain an overview of the health of New Zealand's lakes using paleoenvironmental reconstructions. Wood is a senior scientist at the Cawthron Institute. She has represented New Zealand internationally in cycling.

Contents

Career

Wood has a PhD from Victoria University of Wellington, with a thesis on microcystins in New Zealand freshwater organisms. [1] From 2006 to 2009, Wood worked as a Foundation for Research, Science and Technology (FRST) Post-Doctoral Researcher (Cawthron and Waikato University). [2] [3] She has held honorary positions as a lecturer as Waikato University (2007–2011), and as honorary research associate, biological sciences, Victoria University (2010). Wood was senior research fellow, biological sciences, at Waikato University from 2011 to 2017, and since 2018 has been a senior adjunct fellow, Waterways Centre for Freshwater Management, University of Canterbury. [4] Wood was employed at Cawthron Institute as a scientist in 2005 as scientist, Freshwater & Biotechnology groups in 2005, and from 2014 has been a senior scientist, Coastal & Freshwater group, Cawthon. [2]

Selected research

Identifying and understanding toxic cyanobacteria

A report co-authored by Wood on the survey of cyanotoxins in New Zealand water bodies between 2001 and 2004, noted that "contamination of drinking and recreational water bodies by toxic cyanobacteria is a significant water management issue in many countries...[with]...potential for a significant threat to human and animal health". [5]

Earlier research by Wood while she was a PhD student had identified microcystin toxins from more than 80 water bodies in New Zealand and in 2003, this was published in a newsletter with a focus on the issue of cyanobacterial bloom in several New Zealand lakes. In the newsletter, Wood explained the difficulties of detecting and monitoring cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins and because algal blooms can appear or disappear very quickly, stressed the importance of continuous monitoring of bodies of water with known problems. [6]

In November 2005 the stomach contents of one of five dogs that had died rapidly after contact with water from the Hutt River were examined. Wood participated in research that provided evidence, for the first time, that homoanatoxin-a and anatoxin-a, two toxic cyanobacteria, were likely to have caused the sudden death of the dog. The report concluded that further detection of these cyanotoxins in other rivers in the Wellington region and instances of the unexpected death of stock gave reason for concern about the health risk to animals and humans. [7] Wood explained in a later news article that finding the contents in the stomach of dogs had confirmed the need for research to inform people that Cyanobacteria was often present in rivers and while it should always be treated as potentially toxic, it was most dangerous when it formed mats. Wood noted that there may be "tens of kilometres of New Zealand rivers covered with cyanobacteria mats producing the potentially lethal neurotoxin...[and]...in certain regions it [posed] a huge health risk". [8]

Advocation for molecular detection techniques

Wood has been a strong advocate for the use of DNA-based tools to analyse samples and is a member of the Environmental Metagenomics team. [9]

Further research focused on the value of these tools, and in 2015 Wood co-authored a journal article which concluded that genomics "provides an exciting new avenue to explore the genetic basis of toxin synthesis in complex environmental samples". [10]

Wood participated in a 2016 case study that evaluated two high-throughput sequencing methods of biomonitoring using DNA techniques on samples collected from 12 New Zealand rivers. [11]

In 2017, research led by Wood noted the importance of developing molecular techniques – such as quantitative polymerase chain reaction – to identify blue-green algal cyanobacterial cells (Phormidium) in water and distinguish toxic from nontoxic genotypes in microbial mat communities. [12]

A 2020 paper, co-authored by Wood, summarised the work done since 2013 on toxic freshwater benthic cyanobacteria. It covered areas such as knowledge about the identification and distribution of toxin-producing benthic freshwater cyanobacteria and how to build an understanding of the factors that affect this; the effects of toxic benthic cyanobacteria on the ecosystem and animal health; and studies on toxic benthic cyanobacteria which had used -omics techniques such as metabarcoding, genomics and metagenomics. [13]

Because of the uneven distribution of cyanobacterial cells and toxins on lake sediment, Wood and her team in 2020, made the case for employing molecular techniques – such as metabarcoding – to reconstruct historical cyanobacteria communities, as opposed to taking one sample which may not be representative of the whole lake. The paper held this would provide long term data that relates historical change with the prevalence of cyanobacterial bloom. [14]

A 2021 study looked at the use of HSP-based metabarcoding and metagenomics, to characterize and assess the effects of fish farming on benthic ecosystems. The paper, co-authored by Wood, concluded that both approaches – although providing different functional profiles – are effective tools for providing data on the effects of fish farming on benthic ecosystems. [15]

Impact of climate change on algal blooms

Wood was involved in a 2014 investigation into the nature of microcystins in New Zealand waterways that considered the likelihood of anthropogenic eutrophication of lakes, ponds and oceans creating favourable conditions for the rapid growth of some cyanobacterial species, including microcystin. [16] She also contributed to the publication Impacts of Climate Change for New Zealand (2017), a document that contained a summary of how climate change can impact the potential harm from algal blooms. [17]

A review of the impact of climate change on New Zealand lakes, co-authored by Wood, identified that New Zealand freshwater ecosystems were vulnerable to climate change impacts and increased levels of CO2 can alter the biogeochemical processes that affect the dynamics of cyanobacteria specifically blooms. [18]

In 2014, Wood noted that studies have looked at variables such as water quality, temperature, oxygen content, and pH values, yet she concluded it was not contaminated waterways due to dairying that caused blooms of cyanobacterial mats in rivers, but more likely the felling of trees close to a river which caused a runoff resulting in high amounts of sediments. Wood has suggested that leaving uncut forest buffer zones of 100 metres beside rivers could make "a huge difference" to the amount of sediment washed in by rain. [8]

Another study in which Wood was involved, looked into the potential effects of climate change on cyanobacterial communities. The study found "a positive relationship was identified between microcystin quotas and surface water temperature...[and]...these results highlight[ed] the complex successional interplay of cyanobacteria species and demonstrated the importance of climate through its effect on nutrient concentrations, water temperature, and stratification". [19] Wood co-authored a paper in 2019 that reviewed research on understanding cyanobacteria within global changes resulting from climate change. The review noted cyanobacteria do play an important part in environmental cycles and food webs but stressed that this anthropogenic eutrophication played a major role in the increased production of toxins that have adverse effects on water quality and fish and "whole-system and multiple-system studies are needed to improve confidence in models predicting impacts of climate change and anthropogenic over-enrichment and hydrological modifications". [20]

In a media interview on 17 January 2022, Wood made the case that rising water temperatures within New Zealand waterways could result in an increase of Cynobacteria containing cynatoxins, causing possible long-term health issues for people. She noted the danger of these toxins building up in food such as fish, crayfish and shellfish which if eaten, according to Wood, "could cause irreversible liver damage in humans, and even promote liver damage". [21] Wood said that recreational water users in New Zealand were at risk because of the algal blooms on riverbanks or in water which could be accidentally swallowed. Wood concluded that "algal blooms are a symptom of human impact on the landscape...[and]...the flow-on effects from cleaning up our waterways would be important in managing the risks long-term". [21] In the same article it was explained that New Zealand Councils had monitoring systems in place which informed people about which swimming spots were safe for swimming, [22] and in a later interview on the same topic, Wood said that while councils were doing a good job with the monitoring, people must bring any areas of concern about local swimming areas to their regional council. [23]

Consultative work on National Guidelines

Wood contributed to a 2007 paper that identified risks associated with toxic planktonic cyanobacteria in drinking water, and highlighted the need for national guidance and policies for tackling the complex issues associated with benthic cyanobacteria which were not covered by the official government guidelines at the time,' Drinking-Water Standards for New Zealand 2005' and 'Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality Management for New Zealand 2005'. The document stressed that "further research is required in New Zealand to establish the extent and latent risks posed by benthic cyanobacteria, particularly in drinking water supplies." [7] In 2009, Wood co-authored the New Zealand Guidelines for Cyanobacteria in Recreational Fresh Waters – Interim Guidelines for the New Zealand government. The document aimed to provide a "monitoring framework for establishing the public health risk from cyanobacteria associated with contact recreation in lakes (mainly planktonic cyanobacteria) and rivers (mainly benthic cyanobacteria)". [24]

In an international publication, Current approaches to Cyanotoxin risk assessment, risk management and regulations in different countries (2012), Wood summarised the documents that were guiding the regulation and management of cyanobacteria in New Zealand at the time. The summary noted that research had shown planktonic cyanobacteria in New Zealand produced a range of cyanotoxins, including anatoxin-a which had been shown to cause the death of animals, and saxitoxins in benthic mats that were likely to have contributed to humans becoming sick using the water recreationally. These concerns, as well as those around the safety of drinking water, are addressed in the government guidelines revised in 2008. [25]

Wood co-authored a 2018 study commissioned by the NZ Ministry of the Environment to inform the development of a National Objectives Framework for the management of anatoxins in waters affected by Phormidium blooms. The report noted this study showed data would provide valuable information for the development of human health risk assessment models related to toxic blooms in rivers. [26] Another study for the Ministry of the Environment (2018), made recommendations to a review of the 'Interim New Zealand Guidelines for Cyanobacteria in Recreational Fresh Waters', including updating the cyanobacteria alert-level framework, conducting further research to identify the health risks of benthic cyanobacteria in lakes and addressing the knowledge gaps to determine the risk posed by anatoxin in rivers. [27]

Wood was invited to be a member of the NZ Ministry of Health, Drinking-water Advisory Committee (2018) which conducted a review of the regulations, leading to a reviewed set of Standards with a section on cyanotoxin compliance criteria. [28]

Lakes380 project

In 2017 Wood became joint programme leader for Our Lakes Health; past, present and future (Lakes380), a MBIE funded five-year research project that aimed to improve water quality in New Zealand lakes by using scientific tools to collect and analyse water samples, lake bottom sediment samples and cores which are natural archives of the environmental history of aquatic communities and water quality. The project is co-led by the Cawthron Institute and GNS Science. [29] Wood commented that the project would provide information to understand what was driving environmental change and to inform initiatives to restore the ecological vitality of New Zealand lakes. [30] On RNZ, Wood explained that the sediment cores would be analysed using DNA techniques to understand how and why the biological communities have changed, and gave an example of eDNA revealing the coinciding of cyanobacterial blooms in one lake with the introduction of introduced species of fish such as trout and European perch in the 1870s. This knowledge informed a restoration plan for the lake. [31]

Wood has acknowledged that the lakes in the project had cultural importance to the local iwi, because they were often "important sites for mahinga kai (traditional food gathering)". She said that working with Ngāti Kuri using environmental DNA and scanning techniques to measure the current and past biodiversity of past biodiversity of lakes in the far north of New Zealand, [was] "a unique opportunity to learn from their long association with these lakes and further enrich our knowledge of these precious places". [32] In 2020, it was announced that the Lakes380 Research Project would undertake the largest sampling of lakes ever undertaken in the Waikato area. Wood noted that during the sampling, there would be considerable engagement with local Iwi, [who are] "important partners in this project because one of our major goals is to ensure our lakes are valued and protected – now and for generations to come and our ability to do so is greatly enhanced by incorporating mātauranga Māori and indigenous knowledge into the research". [33]

While researching lakes in the Rotorua area, the Lakes380 Team worked with Partnership Through Collaboration to offer an educational opportunity for students to take part in the extraction and analysis of lake sediment. [34]

A collaboration between Lakes380 and researchers at the University of Windsor was confirmed in 2020 and Wood acknowledged it was an important opportunity to learn about their "metagenetic techniques" and how they could be used in New Zealand environments. [35]

Affiliations

Presentations

2020: Keynote Speaker, as part of the Lakes380 team, at Weathering the Storm, a joint conference organised by the NZ Hydrological Society, Rivers Group and Freshwater Science Society, with papers covering all aspects of Hydrology, River System Management and Freshwater Science. [40]

2019: Keynote speaker, 11th International Toxic Cyanobacteria Conference, Poland. [41]

2019: Presented "Toxic Cyanobacteria: Ancient Organisms Thriving in the Anthropocene" at the Urbanization, Water and Food Security Gordon Research Conference. [42]

2018: Presented at the 6th Australian and New Zealand Cyanobacteria Workshop, 25 September 2018, UNSW Sydney. [43]

2016: Presented on the topic 'Risky rivers: identifying river susceptibility and factors that promote benthic Phormidium proliferations', at the Fifth National Cyanobacterial Workshop Brisbane, 29–30 September 2016. [44]

Awards

In 2019, Wood was the winner of the New Zealand Freshwater Sciences Society Medal, "For her outstanding contribution to freshwater science and management, and her leadership of women in science." [45]

Cycling achievements

Wood has represented New Zealand as a cyclist at the Commonwealth Games and World Cup in 2006. [46] [47] In 2009 she was second in the XTERRA New Zealand event, [48] and prior to taking part in a triathlon in Nelson in 2012, this success was acknowledged, with a local news article noting Wood was "strong on the road bike and can run pretty quickly on the flat". [49] Speaking at the Nelson Mail and Network Tasman Top Student Awards in 2012, Wood said that passion, making the most of opportunities and learning from experience were what had driven her as a cyclist. She noted in her talk [that] "opportunity is a bird that never perches...[and]...learn backwards from experiences, but live forwards". [50] Wood was a winner of the Reg Davies Memorial Trophy in 2014. [51]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyanobacteria</span> Phylum of photosynthesising prokaryotes that can produce toxic blooms in lakes and other waters

Cyanobacteria, also called Cyanobacteriota or Cyanophyta, are a phylum of autotrophic gram-negative bacteria that can obtain biological energy via photosynthesis. The name 'cyanobacteria' refers to their color, which similarly forms the basis of cyanobacteria's common name, blue-green algae, although they are not scientifically classified as algae. They appear to have originated in a freshwater or terrestrial environment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Microcystin</span> Cyanotoxins produced by blue-green algae

Microcystins—or cyanoginosins—are a class of toxins produced by certain freshwater cyanobacteria, commonly known as blue-green algae. Over 250 different microcystins have been discovered so far, of which microcystin-LR is the most common. Chemically they are cyclic heptapeptides produced through nonribosomal peptide synthases.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Florida Bay</span> The bay between the southern end of the Florida mainland and the Florida Keys in the United States

Florida Bay is the bay located between the southern end of the Florida mainland and the Florida Keys in the United States. It is a large, shallow estuary that while connected to the Gulf of Mexico, has limited exchange of water due to various shallow mudbanks covered with seagrass. The banks separate the bay into basins, each with its own unique physical characteristics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyanotoxin</span> Toxin produced by cyanobacteria

Cyanotoxins are toxins produced by cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria are found almost everywhere, but particularly in lakes and in the ocean where, under high concentration of phosphorus conditions, they reproduce exponentially to form blooms. Blooming cyanobacteria can produce cyanotoxins in such concentrations that they can poison and even kill animals and humans. Cyanotoxins can also accumulate in other animals such as fish and shellfish, and cause poisonings such as shellfish poisoning.

<i>Aphanizomenon flos-aquae</i> Species of bacterium

Aphanizomenon flos-aquae is a brackish and freshwater species of cyanobacteria of the genus Aphanizomenon found around the world, including the Baltic Sea and the Great Lakes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St. Lucie River</span> River in the United States of America

The St. Lucie River is a 35-mile-long (56 km) estuary linked to a coastal river system in St. Lucie and Martin counties in the U.S. state of Florida. The St. Lucie River and St. Lucie Estuary are an "ecological jewel" of the Treasure Coast, central to the health and well-being of the surrounding communities. The river is part of the larger Indian River Lagoon system, the most diverse estuarine environment in North America with more than 4,000 plant and animal species, including manatees, oysters, dolphins, sea turtles and seahorses.

<i>Anabaena circinalis</i> Species of bacterium

Anabaena circinalis is a species of Gram-negative, photosynthetic cyanobacteria common to freshwater environments throughout the world. Much of the scientific interest in A. circinalis owes to its production of several potentially harmful cyanotoxins, ranging in potency from irritating to lethal. Under favorable conditions for growth, A. circinalis forms large algae-like blooms, potentially harming the flora and fauna of an area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anatoxin-a</span> Chemical compound

Anatoxin-a, also known as Very Fast Death Factor (VFDF), is a secondary, bicyclic amine alkaloid and cyanotoxin with acute neurotoxicity. It was first discovered in the early 1960s in Canada, and was isolated in 1972. The toxin is produced by multiple genera of cyanobacteria and has been reported in North America, South America, Central America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Oceania. Symptoms of anatoxin-a toxicity include loss of coordination, muscular fasciculations, convulsions and death by respiratory paralysis. Its mode of action is through the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAchR) where it mimics the binding of the receptor's natural ligand, acetylcholine. As such, anatoxin-a has been used for medicinal purposes to investigate diseases characterized by low acetylcholine levels. Due to its high toxicity and potential presence in drinking water, anatoxin-a poses a threat to animals, including humans. While methods for detection and water treatment exist, scientists have called for more research to improve reliability and efficacy. Anatoxin-a is not to be confused with guanitoxin, another potent cyanotoxin that has a similar mechanism of action to that of anatoxin-a and is produced by many of the same cyanobacteria genera, but is structurally unrelated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cylindrospermopsin</span> Chemical compound

Cylindrospermopsin is a cyanotoxin produced by a variety of freshwater cyanobacteria. CYN is a polycyclic uracil derivative containing guanidino and sulfate groups. It is also zwitterionic, making it highly water soluble. CYN is toxic to liver and kidney tissue and is thought to inhibit protein synthesis and to covalently modify DNA and/or RNA. It is not known whether cylindrospermopsin is a carcinogen, but it appears to have no tumour initiating activity in mice.

<i>Aphanizomenon</i> Genus of bacteria

Aphanizomenon is a genus of cyanobacteria that inhabits freshwater lakes and can cause dense blooms. They are unicellular organisms that consolidate into linear (non-branching) chains called trichomes. Parallel trichomes can then further unite into aggregates called rafts. Cyanobacteria such as Aphanizomenon are known for using photosynthesis to create energy and therefore use sunlight as their energy source. Aphanizomenon bacteria also play a big role in the Nitrogen cycle since they can perform nitrogen fixation. Studies on the species Aphanizomenon flos-aquae have shown that it can regulate buoyancy through light-induced changes in turgor pressure. It is also able to move by means of gliding, though the specific mechanism by which this is possible is not yet known.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nodularin</span> Chemical compound

Nodularins are potent toxins produced by the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena, among others. This aquatic, photosynthetic cyanobacterium forms visible colonies that present as algal blooms in brackish water bodies throughout the world. The late summer blooms of Nodularia spumigena are among the largest cyanobacterial mass occurrences in the world. Cyanobacteria are composed of many toxic substances, most notably of microcystins and nodularins: the two are not easily differentiated. A significant homology of structure and function exists between the two, and microcystins have been studied in greater detail. Because of this, facts from microcystins are often extended to nodularins.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harmful algal bloom</span> Population explosion of organisms that can kill marine life

A harmful algal bloom (HAB), or excessive algae growth, is an algal bloom that causes negative impacts to other organisms by production of natural algae-produced toxins, mechanical damage to other organisms, or by other means. HABs are sometimes defined as only those algal blooms that produce toxins, and sometimes as any algal bloom that can result in severely lower oxygen levels in natural waters, killing organisms in marine or fresh waters. Blooms can last from a few days to many months. After the bloom dies, the microbes that decompose the dead algae use up more of the oxygen, generating a "dead zone" which can cause fish die-offs. When these zones cover a large area for an extended period of time, neither fish nor plants are able to survive. Harmful algal blooms in marine environments are often called "red tides".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Microcystin-LR</span> Chemical compound

Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a toxin produced by cyanobacteria. It is the most toxic of the microcystins.

<i>Planktothrix</i> Genus of bacteria

Planktothrix is a diverse genus of filamentous cyanobacteria observed to amass in algal blooms in water ecosystems across the globe. Like all Oscillatoriales, Planktothrix species have no heterocysts and no akinetes. Planktothrix are unique because they have trichomes and contain gas vacuoles unlike typical planktonic organisms. Previously, some species of the taxon were grouped within the genus Oscillatoria, but recent work has defined Planktothrix as its own genus. A tremendous body of work on Planktothrix ecology and physiology has been done by Anthony E. Walsby, and the 55.6 kb microcystin synthetase gene which gives these organisms the ability to synthesize toxins has been sequenced. P. agardhii is an example of a type species of the genus. P. agardhii and P. rubescens are commonly observed in lakes of the Northern Hemisphere where they are known producers of potent hepatotoxins called microcystins.

<i>Microcystis</i> Genus of bacteria

Microcystis is a genus of freshwater cyanobacteria that includes the harmful algal bloom-forming Microcystis aeruginosa. Many members of a Microcystis community can produce neurotoxins and hepatotoxins, such as microcystin and cyanopeptolin. Communities are often a mix of toxin-producing and nonproducing isolates.

<i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i> Species of bacterium

Microcystis aeruginosa is a species of freshwater cyanobacteria that can form harmful algal blooms of economic and ecological importance. They are the most common toxic cyanobacterial bloom in eutrophic fresh water. Cyanobacteria produce neurotoxins and peptide hepatotoxins, such as microcystin and cyanopeptolin. Microcystis aeruginosa produces numerous congeners of microcystin, with microcystin-LR being the most common. Microcystis blooms have been reported in at least 108 countries, with the production of microcystin noted in at least 79.

Cyanopeptolins (CPs) are a class of oligopeptides produced by Microcystis and Planktothrix algae strains, and can be neurotoxic. The production of cyanopeptolins occurs through nonribosomal peptides synthases (NRPS).

The Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute's (MBARI's) Environmental Sample Processor (ESP) is a "lab in a can" designed for autonomous deployment. The ESP—provides on-site collection and analysis of water samples from the subsurface ocean. The instrument is an electromechanical/fluidic system designed to collect discrete water samples, concentrate microorganisms or particles, and automate application of molecular probes which identify microorganisms and their gene products. The ESP also archives samples so that further analyses may be done after the instrument is recovered.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lakes380</span> New Zealand research programme

Lakes380 - Our Lakes' Health: past, present, future is a New Zealand limnology research project focussed on determining the health, wellness and history of about 10 per cent of New Zealand's 3800 lakes, by collecting surface water, sediment samples and sediment cores and using many different techniques including environmental DNA (eDNA), and other core scanning methods to analyze them. By drawing on both traditional Māori knowledge and biophysical science, it was intended to provide a public resource to assist the development of restoration and management plans for these lakes. The project is jointly led by GNS Science and the Cawthron Institute and works with a wide range of New Zealand and international participants and partners. It was initially a five-year (2017-2022) programme, funded by an Endeavour Fund grant from the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment.

Aphanizomenon ovalisporum is a filamentous cyanobacteria present in many algal blooms.

References

  1. ↑ Wood, Susanna (2004). Bloom Forming and Toxic Cyanobacteria in New Zealand Species Diversity and Distribution, Cyanotoxin Production and Accumulation of Microcystins in Selected Freshwater Organisms (Doctoral thesis). Open Access Repository Victoria University of Wellington, Victoria University of Wellington. doi: 10.26686/wgtn.16934902 .
  2. 1 2 "Susie Wood Freshwater Scientist – Microalgae and Algal Biotechnology" (People at Cawthron). Cawthron. 25 January 2021. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  3. ↑ "Dr Susie Wood". Science Learning Hub. 4 September 2012. Archived from the original on 23 April 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  4. 1 2 "About the Waterways Centre". Waterways Centre for Freshwater Management. Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  5. ↑ Wood, S.A.; et al. (2006). "Survey of cyanotoxins in New Zealand water bodies between 2001 and 2004". New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 40 (4): 585–597. doi:10.1080/00288330.2006.9517447. S2CID   84144452. Archived from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  6. ↑ Wood, Susie (March 2003). "Cyanobacteria in the Rotorua Lakes – a human health risk?". LakeScience Rotorua a Newsletter About Research on the Rotorua Lakes: 6–9. Archived from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  7. 1 2 Wood, Susanna A.; et al. (2007). "First report of homoanatoxin-a and associated dog neurotoxicosis in New Zealand". Toxicon. 50 (2). ELSEVIER: 292–301. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.03.025. PMID   17517427. Archived from the original on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  8. 1 2 Moore, Bill (18 March 2014). "On the trail of our rivers' mystery killer". Nelson Mail. stuff. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
  9. ↑ "About Genomics Aotearoa". genomics aotearoa. Archived from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  10. ↑ Harke, Matthew J.; et al. (2016). "A review of the global ecology, genomics, and biogeography of the toxic cyanobacterium, Microcystis spp" (PDF). Harmful Algae. 54: 4–20. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2015.12.007. PMID   28073480. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 July 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  11. ↑ Dowle, Eddy J.; et al. (2016). "Targeted gene enrichment and high-throughput sequencing for environmental biomonitoring: a case study using freshwater macroinvertebrates". Molecular Ecology Resources. 16 (5): 1240–1254. doi:10.1111/1755-0998.12488. PMID   26583904. S2CID   206947188. Archived from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  12. ↑ Wood, Susanna A.; et al. (March 2017). "Effect of river flow, temperature, and water chemistry on proliferations of the benthic anatoxin-producing cyanobacterium Phormidium". Freshwater Science. 36 (1): 63–76. doi:10.1086/690114. hdl: 10289/10900 . S2CID   56389544. Archived from the original on 11 March 2022.
  13. ↑ Wood, Susanna A.; et al. (11 June 2020). "Toxic benthic freshwater cyanobacterial proliferations: Challenges and solutions for enhancing knowledge and improving monitoring and mitigation". Freshwater Biology. 65 (10): 1824–1842. doi:10.1111/fwb.13532. PMC   8715960 . PMID   34970014. S2CID   225750086.
  14. ↑ Weisbrod, Barbara; Wood, Susanna A.; et al. (9 September 2020). "Is a Central Sediment Sample Sufficient? Exploring Spatial and Temporal Microbial Diversity in a Small Lake". Toxins. 12 (580): 580. doi: 10.3390/toxins12090580 . PMC   7551157 . PMID   32916957.
  15. ↑ Laroche, Olivier; Pochon, Xavier; Wood, Susanna A.; Keely, Nigel (10 May 2021). "Beyond taxonomy: Validating functional inference approaches in the context of fish-farm impact assessments". Molecular Ecology Resources. 21 (7): 2264–2277. doi: 10.1111/1755-0998.13426 . hdl: 11250/2977761 . PMID   33971078. S2CID   234361511.
  16. ↑ Puddick, Jonathan; et al. (2014). "High Levels of Structural Diversity Observed in Microcystins from Microcystis CAWBG11 and Characterization of Six New Microcystin Congeners". Marine Drugs. 12 (11): 5372–5395. doi: 10.3390/md12115372 . PMC   4245536 . PMID   25402827.
  17. ↑ Royal Society expert reference group (October 2017). Human Health Impacts of Climate Change for New Zealand: Evidence Summary (PDF). Royal Society Te Aparangi. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  18. ↑ Hamilton, David P.; et al. (2019). "The impact of climate change on New Zealand lakes: A review". Water. 8. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute: 2–28. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022.
  19. ↑ Wood, Susanna; et al. (23 June 2006). "Contrasting cyanobacterial communities and microcystin concentrations in summers with extreme weather events: insights into potential effects of climate change". Hydrobiologia. 778. Springer: 71–89. doi:10.1007/s10750-016-2904-6. S2CID   25200490. Archived from the original on 5 May 2022.
  20. ↑ Burford, M.A.; et al. (2020). "Perspective: Advancing the research agenda for improving understanding of cyanobacteria in a future of global change". Harmful Algae. 91: 101601. doi: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.04.004 . PMID   32057347. S2CID   146090834. Archived from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  21. 1 2 Allott, Amber (17 January 2022). "Fears climate change could tip toxic algae to deadly levels". Stuff. Archived from the original on 8 February 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  22. ↑ "Can I swim here?". Land Air Water Aotearoa (LAWA). 2022. Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  23. ↑ "Toxic Algae could pose real risk to humans in future". RNZ. From Summer Times 2021/2022. 18 January 2022. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
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