Sylvain Simard

Last updated

2008 Quebec general election: Richelieu
Sylvain Simard
Member of the National Assembly of Quebec for Richelieu
In office
September 12, 1994 –2012
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Parti Québécois Sylvain Simard 11,59146.99+8.96
Liberal Christian Cournoyer 8,55234.67+10.43
Action démocratique Patrick Fournier 3,12612.67−18.70
Québec solidaire Paul Martin 7052.86+0.27
Green Patrick Lamothe 6932.81−0.48
Total valid votes24,667100.00
Rejected and declined votes554
Turnout25,22161.75−13.36
Electors on the lists40,842
Parti Québécois hold Swing −0.73
Source: Official Results, Le Directeur général des élections du Québec.
2007 Quebec general election : Richelieu
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Parti Québécois Sylvain Simard 11,41138.03−8.33
Action démocratique Philippe Rochat9,41331.37+18.26
Liberal Gilles Salvas7,27524.24−13.89
Green François Desmarais 9863.29–
Québec solidaire Éric Noël 7782.59
Independent Normand Philibert 1450.48
Total valid votes30,008100.00
Rejected and declined votes389
Turnout30,39775.11+2.18
Electors on the lists40,468
Parti Québécois hold Swing −13.30
Source: Official Results, Le Directeur général des élections du Québec.
2003 Quebec general election : Richelieu
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Parti Québécois Sylvain Simard 13,28646.36−9.95
Liberal Benoît Lefebvre 10,92738.13+10.46
Action démocratique Micheline Ulrich 3,75613.11−1.31
Bloc Pot Marie-Hélène Charbonneau 4071.42
Independent Nidal Joad 1090.38
Independent Steve Ritter 1000.35
Christian Democracy Florette Villemure Larochelle 740.26
Total valid votes28,659100.00
Rejected and declined votes484
Turnout29,14372.93
Electors on the lists39,961
Parti Québécois hold Swing −10.21
Source: Official Results, Le Directeur général des élections du Québec.
1998 Quebec general election : Richelieu
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Parti Québécois Sylvain Simard 17,74556.31+1.22
Liberal Gilles Ferlatte 8,71827.66−12.22
Action démocratique Patrick Gauthier 4,54314.42
Independent Michel Groleau 2610.83
  Socialist Democracy Isabelle Latour 2460.78
Total valid votes31,513100.00
Rejected and declined votes689
Turnout32,20280.99−2.24
Electors on the lists39,762
Parti Québécois hold Swing +6.72
Source: Official Results, Le Directeur général des élections du Québec.
1994 Quebec general election : Richelieu
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Parti Québécois Sylvain Simard 17,18655.09+12.84
Liberal Albert Khelfa 12,44139.88−13.49
Independent Marcel Cloutier 1,5705.03
Total valid votes31,197100.00
Rejected and declined votes1,003
Turnout32,20083.23+3.42
Electors on the lists38,688
Source: Official Results, Le Directeur général des élections du Québec.
1989 Quebec general election : Rosemont
PartyCandidateVotes%
Liberal Guy Rivard (incumbent)13,12146.97
Parti Québécois Sylvain Simard 12,98846.50
New Democratic Pierre Dion6202.22
Progressive Conservative Lyse T. Giguère2981.07
Parti indépendantiste Richard Belleau2781.00
Workers Régis Beaulieu2560.92
Commonwealth of Canada Normand Bélanger1340.48
United Social Credit Jean-Paul Poulin 920.33
Marxist–Leninist France Tremblay790.28
Socialist Movement Jean-Yves Desgagnés 670.24
Total valid votes27,933
Rejected and declined votes862
Turnout28,795 75.65
Electors on the lists38,064
Source: Official Results, Le Directeur général des élections du Québec.

Related Research Articles

The Parti Québécois is a sovereignist and social democratic provincial political party in Quebec, Canada. The PQ advocates national sovereignty for Quebec involving independence of the province of Quebec from Canada and establishing a sovereign state. The PQ has also promoted the possibility of maintaining a loose political and economic sovereignty-association between Quebec and Canada. The party traditionally has support from the labour movement; however, unlike most other social democratic parties, its ties with organized labour are informal. Members and supporters of the PQ are nicknamed péquistes, a French word derived from the pronunciation of the party's initials in Quebec French.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bernard Landry</span> Premier of Quebec from 2001 to 2003

Bernard Landry was a Canadian politician who served as the 28th premier of Quebec from 2001 to 2003. A member of the Parti Québécois (PQ), he led the party from 2001 to 2005, also serving as the leader of the Opposition from 2003 to 2005.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">André Boisclair</span> Canadian politician and sex offender

André Boisclair is a former Canadian politician and convicted sex offender in Quebec, Canada. He was the leader of the Parti Québécois, a social democratic and sovereigntist party in Quebec.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2005 Parti Québécois leadership election</span>

The Parti Québécois leadership election of 2005 was held from November 13 to November 15, 2005 to elect the new leader of the Parti Québécois, the main sovereigntist and social democratic political party in Quebec, Canada.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pauline Marois</span> Premier of Quebec from 2012 to 2014

Pauline Marois is a retired Canadian politician, who served as the 30th premier of Quebec from 2012 to 2014. Marois had been a member of the National Assembly in various ridings since 1981 as a member of the Parti Québécois (PQ), serving as party leader from 2007 to 2014. She is the first female premier of Quebec.

Louis Plamondon is a Canadian politician who served as the interim speaker of the House of Commons of Canada from September 27 to October 3, 2023. A member of the Bloc Québécois, he has represented Bécancour—Nicolet—Saurel since 1984. As the longest-serving current member of the House of Commons, Plamondon is Dean of the House, and holds the record as Canada's longest-serving dean.

Nicolas Girard is a politician in Quebec, Canada, and former member of the National Assembly of Quebec. He was elected to the National Assembly in a by-election as a Parti Québécois member on September 20, 2004 in riding of Gouin in the Montreal region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joseph Facal</span> Canadian politician

Joseph Facal is a Canadian politician, academic, and journalist in the province of Quebec. He was a Parti Québécois member of the National Assembly of Quebec from 1994 to 2003 and was a cabinet minister in the governments of Lucien Bouchard and Bernard Landry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Michel Vastel</span>

Michel Vastel was a Quebec journalist and columnist for Le Journal de Montréal and other medias. He was born in Saint-Pierre-de-Cormeilles, Eure, France and immigrated to Canada in 1970.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Benoît Pelletier</span> Canadian politician

Benoît Pelletier is lawyer, academic, and politician in the Canadian province of Quebec. He was a Liberal member of the National Assembly of Quebec from 1998 to 2008 and was a prominent cabinet minister in the government of Jean Charest. He is best known for promoting the concept of "asymmetric federalism" to incorporate Quebec nationalism into a decentralized Canadian federal structure.

Éric Dorion is an administrator and politician in the Canadian province of Quebec. He served in the National Assembly of Quebec from 2007 to 2008, representing Nicolet-Yamaska as a member of the Action démocratique du Québec (ADQ).

Robert Perreault is a Canadian politician and administrator in the province of Quebec. He was a prominent city councillor in Montreal from 1982 to 1994, a Parti Québécois member of the National Assembly of Quebec from 1994 to 2000, and a cabinet minister in the government of Lucien Bouchard.

Jacques Léonard is a Canadian accountant, educator, and politician in the province of Quebec. He served in the National Assembly of Quebec from 1976 to 1985 and again from 1989 to 2001 and was a cabinet minister in the governments of René Lévesque, Jacques Parizeau, and Lucien Bouchard. Léonard is a Quebec sovereigntist and a member of the Parti Québécois (PQ) and Bloc Québécois (BQ).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2012 Quebec general election</span>

The 2012 Quebec general election took place in the Canadian province of Quebec on September 4, 2012. Lieutenant Governor Pierre Duchesne dissolved the National Assembly on August 1, 2012, following Premier Jean Charest's request. The Parti Québécois were elected to a minority government, with Pauline Marois becoming the first woman to be Premier of Quebec. The Quebec Liberal Party took second place, with Premier Jean Charest losing his seat. The newly formed party Coalition Avenir Québec led by François Legault took third place, while Québec solidaire took 2 seats out of the 125.

Louise Laurin was an educator and activist in Quebec. She was a prominent supporter of both secular education and Quebec sovereignty.

Jean-Yves Desgagnés is a political activist in the Canadian province of Quebec. He has worked for many years on behalf of people receiving social assistance and has sought election to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec four times. Desgagnés is a member of Québec solidaire.

Michel Pagé was a Canadian businessman and politician in the province of Quebec. He served in the National Assembly of Quebec from 1973 to 1992 as a Liberal and was a cabinet minister in the government of Robert Bourassa.

Pierre Bélanger is a Canadian lawyer and politician in the province of Quebec. Bélanger was a Parti Québécois (PQ) member of the National Assembly of Quebec from 1992 to 1998 and was a cabinet minister in the government of Lucien Bouchard.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2014 Quebec general election</span>

The 2014 Quebec general election was held on April 7, 2014 to elect members to the National Assembly of Quebec. The incumbent Parti Québécois which had won a minority government in 2012 was defeated by the Quebec Liberal Party under Philippe Couillard who won a majority government of 70 seats, while the incumbent Parti Québécois finished second with 30 seats, becoming the first single-term government since Jean-Jacques Bertrand's Union Nationale government was defeated in 1970. Pauline Marois electoral defeat marked the shortest stay of any Quebec provincial government since the Canadian Confederation. It marked the lowest seat total for the Parti Québécois since 1989 and its smallest share of the popular vote since its inaugural run in 1970, as Premier Pauline Marois lost her own riding. The Coalition Avenir Québec under François Legault made minor gains in terms of seats despite receiving a smaller share of the popular vote than in the previous election. Québec solidaire won an additional seat, though co-spokesperson Andrés Fontecilla failed to win his riding. This election saw the return of the Liberals to power 2 years after their defeat in 2012. To date this is the last election where the Liberal Party won a majority of seats in the Quebec Assembly.

Polls leading up to the 2000 Canadian federal election.

References

  1. ↑ Yves Blais was designated as the regional delegate for the Outaouais in the government of Jacques Parizeau and was not a government minister.
  2. ↑ Rolland Chaussé was president of the MNQ from the late 1980s to 1990. In late 1988, he urged Quebec premier Robert Bourassa to defend the province's Charter of the French Language against a decision by the Supreme Court of Canada that struck down three of its more contentious provisions. See Patricia Poirier, "Groups urge Premier to override ruling," Globe and Mail, 16 December 1988, A10. During the 1992 Canadian referendum, Chaussé wrote, photocopied, and distributed a letter opposing the Charlottetown Accord. He was subsequently fined one hundred dollars for illegal campaigning, a decision that many regarded as unduly harsh. See Tu Thanh Ha, "Strict regulations govern referendum campaigns," Globe and Mail, 4 October 1995, A4. At the time of the 1992 campaign, Chaussé was described as a forty-eight-year-old councillor in the small community of Saint-Jacques-le-Mineur, Quebec.
  3. ↑ John Hare, "Ex-minister's witty, anecdotal account of Quebec's diplomatic role," Ottawa Citizen, 15 August 1987, C2.
  4. ↑ Norman Delisle, "Le Parti québécois compte tirer des leçons de l'élection de lundi," La Presse Canadienne, 24 January 2006, 4:15 pm.
  5. ↑ Margot Gibb-Clark and Victor Malarek, "Quebec won't play with dice loaded, Levesque tells PQ," Globe and Mail, 5 December 1981, 1.
  6. ↑ "PQ plan to protest constitution arrival with street march," Globe and Mail, 5 April 1982, 20; "PQ calls march start of separation drive," Globe and Mail, 14 April 1982, 8.
  7. ↑ "Ottawa receives PQ request to make party status federal," Globe and Mail, 1 July 1982, 4.
  8. ↑ Jeff Sallot, "NDP will oppose PQ bid for entry to socialist club," Globe and Mail, 2 April 1983, 15.
  9. ↑ Joyce Napier, "Province studying reform of polling system," Globe and Mail, 5 December 1983, 9.
  10. ↑ Margot Gibb-Clark, "Party needs new blood, PQ officials state," Globe and Mail, 13 January 1984, N3.
  11. ↑ Graham Fraser, "Public regard for Broadbent pushing NDP up in Quebec," Globe and Mail, 16 July 1987, A8.
  12. ↑ Jack Aubry, "Vandals splash paint on pro-Bill 101 signs," Ottawa Citizen, 9 January 1987, C1.
  13. ↑ Jeff Heinrich, "Gatineau group won't field mayoral candidate," 24 September 1987, B1. After the election, Simard accused him of being in a conflict-of-interest situation due to his part ownership of an office building near the city's planned downtown core. See David Gamble, "Quebec lawyer feels Cousineau broke no rules," Ottawa Citizen, 15 December 1987, C1. Cousineau rejected the claim and described Simard's charges as a smear campaign. See Sharon Trottier, "Gatineau mayor says citizen group waging 'smear campaign' with conflict charge," Ottawa Citizen, 18 December 1987, B4; Philip Authier, "Cousineau critic enters race for Gatineau mayor," Ottawa Citizen, 22 March 1988, D5. Simard stood by his criticism of the mayor, later saying that Cousineau's investment was inappropriate even though it was not technically illegal. See David Gamble, "Simard would return 'democracy' to Gatineau's city hall if elected," Ottawa Citizen, 20 May 1988, C3.
  14. ↑ David Gamble, "Simard would return 'democracy' to Gatineau's city hall if elected," Ottawa Citizen, 20 May 1988, C3.
  15. ↑ "Put cultural centre to vote, Gatineau mayoral candidate says," Ottawa Citizen, 19 April 1988, C3; David Gamble, "Simard wants candidates to disclose interests," Ottawa Citizen, 21 April 1988, B3.
  16. ↑ David Gamble, "Labine wins tight race for mayor in Gatineau," Ottawa Citizen, 6 June 1988, A1. Labine later sued Simard for libel over statements made during the campaign. Simard described the lawsuit as an attempt to muzzle criticism. See Tu Thanh Ha, "Gatineau mayor suing rival for libel," Ottawa Citizen, 8 June 1988, B1. Newspaper reports do not indicate how the matter was resolved.
  17. ↑ "Ethnic mix in Montreal worries separatist," Toronto Star, 17 February 1991, A6.
  18. ↑ Pauline Couture, "Quebecois voices," Globe and Mail, 22 May 1991, A15.
  19. ↑ Andre Picard, "Debate flares over Quebec icon," Globe and Mail, 24 June 1993, A7.
  20. ↑ Pauline Couture, "Quebecois voices," Globe and Mail, 14 January 1992, A15.
  21. ↑ Rheal Seguin, "Bourassa accepts invitation to lunch," Globe and Mail, 30 July 1992, A1.
  22. ↑ Edison Stewart and Derek Ferguson, "Use of force to be avoided minister says," Toronto Star, 2 February 1996, A11.
  23. ↑ Rheal Seguin, "PQ wants to sell separatism through Canadian missions," Globe and Mail, 29 March 1996, A5.
  24. ↑ "Copps rebuffs separatists," Globe and Mail, 30 March 1996, A9; "It's Canada guys", Toronto Star, 1 April 1996, A16; David Olive, "Enough Is Enough", Globe and Mail, 31 May 1996, 12.
  25. ↑ Rheal Seguin and Jeff Sallot, "Quebec's bid for UN status quashed," Globe and Mail, 21 June 1997, A4.
  26. ↑ "Deadlock stalls deal on support payments," Globe and Mail, 11 November 1997, A6.
  27. ↑ Rheal Seguin, "Quebec threatens boycott, says Copps playing games," Globe and Mail, 20 March 1998, A4.
  28. ↑ Rod Mickleburgh, "Quebecker plays it cool in China," Globe and Mail, 7 September 1996, A11; "PRESS DIGEST - Vietnam - Sept 11," Reuters News, 11 September 1996; "Quebec business team winds up Senegal mission," Agence France-Presse, 5 March 1997; Marc Koffi, "LA CÔTE D'IVOIRE VEUT SÉDUIRE LES FIRMES QUÉBECOISES," Reuters - Les actualités en français, 6 March 1997, 10:22 am; "Funeral sparks more West Bank riots," Globe and Mail, 10 April 1997, A14; "Quebec, Lebanon should strengthen economic relations: Lebanese PM," Agence France-Presse, 14 April 1997; "Québec-Le ministre des Affaires internationales à Paris," Reuters - Les actualités en français, 7 July 1997, 10:38 am; "Zimbabwe, Canada to Increase Cooperation," Xinhua News Agency, 27 April 1998, 11:50 am.
  29. ↑ Heather Scoffield, "Nations seek to salvage MAI Without France," Globe and Mail, 19 October 1998, B4.
  30. ↑ "Nasty politics of language", Hamilton Spectator, 18 November 1996, A8.
  31. ↑ "Assemblée nationale du Québec - UN GROUPE DE TRAVAIL DE DEPUTES PROPOSE," Canada NewsWire, 16 June 2000.
  32. ↑ Norman Delisle, "Québec veut augmenter considérablement le nombre d'immigrants accueillis," La Presse Canadienne, 26 October 2000, 04:03 pm.
  33. ↑ "Quebec wants more immigrants to live in regions and integrate into society," Canadian Press, 26 October 2000, 06:39 pm.
  34. ↑ "Le profil de l'immigrant au Québec a changé; il est plus scolaris et plus francophone," Nouvelles Tele-Radio, 1 March 2001, 1:41 pm.
  35. ↑ Rheal Seguin, "Pequiste's anti-Jewish remarks condemned," Globe and Mail, 15 December 2000, A1.
  36. ↑ Don Macpherson, "Who's afraid of Lucien Bouchard?", Montreal Gazette, 20 February 2010, B7.
  37. ↑ Norman Delisle, "Débats d'idées et course au leadership semblent incompatibles, dit-on au PQ," La Presse Canadienne, 17 January 2001, 2:44 pm; Robert McKenzie, "Rivals topple in dirty PQ leadership race," Toronto Star, 21 January 2001, 1.
  38. ↑ Marie Tison, "Le gouvernement québécois augmentera ses dépenses de 3,1 pour cent," La Presse Canadienne, 29 March 2001, 5:19 pm.
  39. ↑ "Québec envisage des investissements pour contrer le ralentissement," La Presse Canadienne, 27 September 2001, 10:04 am.
  40. ↑ Michel Hébert, "Equité salariale: le gouvernement du Québec versera encore $220 millions," La Presse Canadienne, 21 November 2001, 5:43 pm.
  41. ↑ "Québec lance une vaste campagne de recrutement dans la fonction publique," Nouvelles Tele-Radio, 2 April 2001, 4:52 pm; "Fonction publique du Québec - Québec lance la plus vaste campagne de recrutement depuis 20 ans" [press release], Canada Newswire, 12 April 2001.
  42. ↑ "Conseil du trésor - Fonction publique du Québec" [press release], Canada Newswire, 15 June 2001; Michel Hébert, "La fonction publique du Québec ouvrira ses portes aux jeunes et aux minorités," 26 June 2001, 02:20 pm.
  43. ↑ "Québec confirme la création d'un comité interministériel sur l'amiante," Nouvelles Tele-Radio, 17 May 2001, 02:04 pm; "Utilisation de l'amiante chrysotile" [press release], Canada Newswire, 17 May 2001.
  44. ↑ "Le ministre Sylvain Simard fait part de ses idées pour améliorer l'éducation," Nouvelles Tele-Radio, 6 March 2002, 8:06 am; "Alliance Québec entend se battre pour maintenir l'accès à l'école anglaise," Nouvelles Tele-Radio, 6 March 2002, 11:33 am; "Quebec education minister ready to crack down on language loopholes," Canadian Press, 11 March 2002, 02:45 pm; Alexander Panetta, "Quebec to shut law loophole that allows children of rich into English schools," Canadian Press, 17 March 2002, 01:40 pm.
  45. ↑ "Québec débloque 91 millions$ pour l'éducation secondaire," Les actualités canadiennes de Reuters en français, 14 January 2003, 12:16 pm; Rheal Seguin, "Quebec tutorial program gets $91-million in funds," Globe and Mail, 15 January 2003, A2; "Quebec government announces spending to upgrade teachers, schools," Canadian Press, 14 January 2003, 11:18 pm.
  46. ↑ Lia Levesque, "Le ministre Sylvain Simard annonce son plan d'action contre le taxage," La Presse Canadienne, 23 January 2003, 05:42 pm.
  47. ↑ Marianne White, "Quebec separatists train guns on right-wing threat," Reuters News, 3 October 2002, 04:37 pm; "PQ talks aim at rival Liberals and Mario Dumont's ADQ at caucus meeting," Canadian Press, 3 October 2002, 7:22 pm.
  48. ↑ Rheal Seguin, "New Quebec cabinet not exactly hotbed for sovereignty push," Globe and Mail, 1 February 2002, A8.
  49. ↑ Norman Delisle, "Québec voudrait pouvoir compter sur 800 millions $ de plus en education," La Presse Canadienne, 7 February 2003, 5:29 pm.
  50. ↑ "Bernard Landry dévoile la composition de son cabinet fantôme," La Presse Canadienne, 1 May 2003, 10:32 am.
  51. ↑ Norman Delisle, "Sylvain Simard devient l'organisateur en chef du Parti québécois," La Presse Canadienne, 7 October 2004, 01:49 pm; Martin Ouellet, "Québec présente une version amendée du projet de loi sur les PPP," La Presse Canadienne, 1 December 2004, 05:17 pm.
  52. ↑ Les Perreaux, "Quebec guts economic development and cuts welfare, budget details reveal," Canadian Press, 13 June 2003, 5:20 pm; Norman Delisle, "Le ministère du Revenu met à pied 30 employés du service de pension alimentaire," La Presse Canadienne, 7 April 2004, 04:30 pm; Les Perreaux, "Quebec to shrink government by eliminating 16,000 posts in 10 years," Canadian Press, 5 May 2004, 3:56 pm; "L'opposition à la construction d'une prison en partenariat s'accentue," Nouvelles Tele-Radio, 19 January 2005, 5:25 pm.
  53. ↑ Sheryl Smolkin, "Pension guarantee fund proposed by Quebec private member," 20 April 2006, Vol. 3, No. 13.
  54. ↑ Rhéal Seguin, "Corbeil's allegations spark calls for inquiry," Globe and Mail, 23 April 2005, A13.
  55. ↑ Les Perreaux, "Senior Parti Quebecois members rally to once-embattled leader Bernard Landry," Canadian Press, 3 June 2005, 9:13 pm.
  56. ↑ "Sylvain Simard appuie Boisclair et critique les règles de mise en candidature," Nouvelles Tele-Radio, 30 August 2005, 3:45 pm.
  57. ↑ Philip Authier, "PQ to debate costly plan to extend school hours: 8 a.m. to 5 p.m", Montreal Gazette, 11 June 2006, A6.
  58. ↑ "Les péquistes appuyant Boisclair à 100% ne seraient plus qu'une poignée," La Presse Canadienne, 25 April 2007, 1:43 pm.
  59. ↑ Rhéal Seguin and Daniel LeBlanc, "Duceppe decides against PQ leadership bid," Globe and Mail, 12 March 2007 (breaking news).
  60. ↑ "PAULINE MAROIS PRÉSENTE LA NOUVELLE ÉQUIPE PARLEMENTAIRE DE L'OPPOSITION OFFICIELLE," Canada Newswire, 9 January 2009, 3:58 pm.
  61. ↑ Kevin Dougherty, "Hospital PPPs should be scrapped to save $4B: critic," Montreal Gazette, 28 March 2009, A6. See also Kevin Dougherty and Aaron Derfel, "Province on the hook for up to $1 billion; Advance for superhospitals: Private sector can only raise 55 per cent of cost," Montreal Gazette, 12 December 2009, A12.
  62. ↑ Kevin Dougherty, "Auditor general's latest report on cost of two new hospitals "most devastating" yet, critic says," Montreal Gazette, 9 June 2010.
  63. ↑ Philip Authier, "Marois firm on extending Bill 101 rules to CEGEPs," Montreal Gazette, 28 January 2011, A11; Les Perreaux, "PQ leader wins 93 per cent of vote," Globe and Mail, 18 April 2011, A5.
  64. ↑ Linda Gyulai, "City's whistleblower policy silences staff; Credibility of hotline called into question," Montreal Gazette, 10 May 2011, A3.
  65. ↑ Tommy Chouinard (27 June 2012). "Départ de Sylvain Simard, démissions dans Groulx". La Presse.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.