| TMEM239 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifiers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Aliases | TMEM239 , transmembrane protein 239 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | MGI: 1914016; HomoloGene: 122214; GeneCards: TMEM239; OMA:TMEM239 - orthologs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Wikidata | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Within mammalia, TMEM239 orthologs are found in organisms belonging to eutheria and metatheria, but not prototheria. No human paralogs for TMEM239 have been identified.
Based on human expressed sequence tag (EST) profiles, TMEM239 appears to be expressed in the testis and the brain. [5] According to PaxDb, the abundance of TMEM239 falls within the bottom 10% relative to all other proteins in both mice and humans. [6] Overall, expression of TMEM239 is limited. TMEM239 appears to be expressed at moderate levels in the testes, with low expression in a variety of other tissues, including the brain and submaxillary gland.
TMEM239 protein interactions appear to be implicated in cell signaling, membrane transport and immunology. Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 Protein TAX-1 (TAX) and Beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) were found to interact with TMEM239 through a host-pathogen yeast two hybrid screen. [7]
Additional TMEM239 protein interactions were identified through a human interactome mapping project. Synthenein-1 (SDCBP) is involved in the trafficking of transmembrane proteins, in addition to neuro and immunomodulation, exosome biogenesis and tumorigenesis. [8] SDCBP is regulated by TGFB1-mediated SMAD2/3. A number of other cell signaling proteins physically associated with TMEM239, including Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor (ATF-7), FYVE, RhoGEF and PH domain-containing protein 2 (FGD2) and Syndecan binding protein (SDCBP).
The Golgi SNAP receptor complex member 1 (GOS1) was found to associate with TMEM239. [9] A member of the super-family of proteins called t-SNAREs, GOS1 mediates transport from the ER to the Golgi apparatus. [10] Lastly, the protein Alpha-N-methyltransferease (TAE1) was found to interact with TMEM239. TAE1 catalyzes the methylation of alpha-amino groups of Alanine or Serine residues in [Ala/Ser]-Pro-Lys motifs and Pro-Pro-Lys motifs. TAE1 is also responsible for methylating a number of ribosomal proteins. [11]
SNP rs7360412, located in the 3’UTR of TMEM239, was identified in a genome-wide association study of quantitative phenotypes for bipolar disorder as a top marker for fractional anisotropy. [12] In this context, fractional anisotropy, as detected by diffusion tensor imaging, was used to assess white matter integrity. White matter integrity is highly heritable and reduced in both bipolar patients and their unaffected relatives.
RNA-seq was used to analyze the transcriptomes of human and Leishmania primary cutaneous lesions, in order to understand differences in host and parasitic factors influencing the progression of Localized Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (LCL) to Mucosal Leishmaniasis (ML). [13] Decreased expression of TMEM239 in a primary cutaneous lesions indicates a higher probability of ML development.
In molecular biology, an interactome is the whole set of molecular interactions in a particular cell. The term specifically refers to physical interactions among molecules but can also describe sets of indirect interactions among genes.
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form of leishmaniasis affecting humans. It is a skin infection caused by a single-celled parasite that is transmitted by the bite of a phlebotomine sand fly. There are about thirty species of Leishmania that may cause cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Separase, also known as separin, is a cysteine protease responsible for triggering anaphase by hydrolysing cohesin, which is the protein responsible for binding sister chromatids during the early stage of anaphase. In humans, separin is encoded by the ESPL1 gene.
Leishmania infantum is the causative agent of infantile visceral leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean region and in Latin America, where it has been called Leishmania chagasi. It is also an unusual cause of cutaneous leishmaniasis, which is normally caused by specific lineages. Wild canids and domestic dogs are the natural reservoir of this organism. The sandfly species Lutzomyia longipalpis serves as the primary vector for the transmission of the disease.
UV excision repair protein RAD23 homolog A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAD23A gene.
Coatomer subunit beta is a protein that is encoded by the COPB2 gene in humans.
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit C (eIF3c) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EIF3C gene.
DNA-directed RNA polymerases I and III subunit RPAC2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the POLR1D gene.
Sister chromatid cohesion protein DCC1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DSCC1 gene.
CDC45 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDC45L gene.
The oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP)-related proteins (ORPs) are a family of lipid transfer proteins (LTPs). Concretely, they constitute a family of sterol and phosphoinositide binding and transfer proteins in eukaryotes that are conserved from yeast to humans. They are lipid-binding proteins implicated in many cellular processes related with oxysterol, including signaling, vesicular trafficking, lipid metabolism, and nonvesicular sterol transport.
MutS protein homolog 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MSH4 gene.
NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-3, mitochondrial also known as SIRT3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SIRT3 gene [sirtuin 3 ]. SIRT3 is member of the mammalian sirtuin family of proteins, which are homologs to the yeast Sir2 protein. SIRT3 exhibits NAD+-dependent deacetylase activity.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase 24 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the STK24 gene located in the chromosome 13, band q32.2. It is also known as Mammalian STE20-like protein kinase 3 (MST-3). The protein is 443 amino acids long and its mass is 49 kDa.
GRIP and coiled-coil domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GCC1 gene.
Protein BAT2-like is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BAT2L gene.
Protein transport protein Sec24C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SEC24C gene.
FCH and double SH3 domains protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FCHSD2 gene.
Leishmania tropica is a flagellate parasite and the cause of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans. This parasite is restricted to Afro-Eurasia and is a common cause of infection in Afghanistan, Iran, Syria, Yemen, Algeria, Morocco, and northern India.
Set1 is a gene that codes for Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase and H3 lysine-4 specific proteins (H3K). Set1 proteins can also be referred to as COMPASS proteins. The first H3K4 methylase, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Set1/COMPASS, is highly conserved across a multitude of phylogenies. The histone methylation facilitated by Set1 is required for cell growth and transcription silencing through the repression of RNA polymerase II. The Set1C, COMPASS Complex, also aids in transcription elongation regulation and the maintenance of telomere length.
