In cell signalling, Son of Sevenless (SOS) refers to a set of genes encoding guanine nucleotide exchange factors that act on the Ras subfamily of small GTPases.
Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) are proteins or protein domains that activate monomeric GTPases by stimulating the release of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) to allow binding of guanosine triphosphate (GTP). A variety of unrelated structural domains have been shown to exhibit guanine nucleotide exchange activity. Some GEFs can activate multiple GTPases while others are specific to a single GTPase.
FYVE, RhoGEF and PH domain-containing protein 1 (FGD1) also known as faciogenital dysplasia 1 protein (FGDY), zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 3 (ZFYVE3), or Rho/Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor FGD1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FGD1 gene that lies on the X chromosome. Orthologs of the FGD1 gene are found in dog, cow, mouse, rat, and zebrafish, and also budding yeast and C. elegans. It is a member of the FYVE, RhoGEF and PH domain containing family.
Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARHGEF7 gene.
A-kinase anchor protein 13 is a protein that in humans, is encoded by the AKAP13 gene. This protein is also called AKAP-Lbc because it encodes the lymphocyte blast crisis (Lbc) oncogene, and ARHGEF13/RhoGEF13 because it contains a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) domain for the RhoA small GTP-binding protein.
Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 6 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ARHGEF6 gene.
Dedicator of cytokinesis protein 1 (Dock1), also (DOCK180), is a large protein encoded in the human by the DOCK1 gene, involved in intracellular signalling networks. It is the mammalian ortholog of the C. elegans protein CED-5 and belongs to the DOCK family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs).
Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARHGEF11 gene. This protein is also called RhoGEF11 or PDZ-RhoGEF.
Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARHGEF12 gene. This protein is also called RhoGEF12 or Leukemia-associated Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (LARG).
RhoG is a small monomeric GTP-binding protein, and is an important component of many intracellular signalling pathways. It is a member of the Rac subfamily of the Rho family of small G proteins and is encoded by the gene RHOG.
The DBL proto-oncogene is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MCF2 gene.
Triple functional domain protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIO gene.
Dedicator of cytokinesis protein (Dock7) is a large protein encoded in the human by the DOCK7 gene, involved in intracellular signalling networks. It is a member of the DOCK-C subfamily of the DOCK family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) which function as activators of small G-proteins. Dock7 activates isoforms of the small G protein Rac.
Dedicator of cytokinesis protein 4 (Dock4), is a large protein encoded in the human by the DOCK4 gene, involved in intracellular signalling networks. It is a member of the DOCK-B subfamily of the DOCK family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) which function as activators of small G-proteins. Dock4 activates the small G proteins Rac and Rap1.
ELMO is a family of related proteins involved in intracellular signalling networks. These proteins have no intrinsic catalytic activity and instead function as adaptors which can regulate the activity of other proteins through their ability to mediate protein-protein interactions.
DOCK is a family of related proteins involved in intracellular signalling networks. DOCK family members contain a RhoGEF domain to function as guanine nucleotide exchange factors to promote GDP release and GTP binding to specific Small GTPases of the Rho family, leading to their activation since Rho proteins are inactive when bound to GDP but active when bound to GTP.
DHR2, also known as CZH2 or Docker2, is a protein domain of approximately 450-550 amino acids that is present in the DOCK family of proteins. This domain functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) domain for small G proteins of the Rho family. DHR2 domains bear no significant similarity to the well described DH domain present in other RhoGEFs such as Vav, P-Rex and TRIO. Indeed, the most divergent mammalian DHR2 domains share only 16-17% sequence similarity.
Dedicator of cytokinesis protein 11 (Dock11), also known as Zizimin2, is a large protein encoded in the human by the DOCK11 gene, involved in intracellular signalling networks. It is a member of the DOCK-D subfamily of the DOCK family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) which function as activators of small G-proteins. Dock11 activates the small G protein Cdc42.
Pleckstrin homology domain containing, family G member 5 (PLEKHG5) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PLEKHG5 gene. Eight transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
Pleckstrin homology domain containing, family G member 2 (PLEKHG2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PLEKHG2 gene. It is sometimes written as ARHGEF42, FLJ00018.
