Tashi Tsering (educator)

Tashi Tsering (Tibetan : བཀྲ་ཤིས་ཚེ་རིང་, Wylie : bKra-shis Tse-ring), born in 1929 in Guchok, Namling County, Shigatse prefecture, and died on 5 December 2014(2014-12-05) (aged 84–85) in Lhasa, is a Tibetan of peasant origin, author of the autobiography, My fight for a modern Tibet, Life story of Tashi Tsering, where he describes the life he led successively in pre-communist Tibet, in exile in India and the United States, and finally back in China during the Cultural Revolution, between Tibet and Eastern China in the decades that followed.

Early life

In the village

Tashi Tsering was the son of a poor peasant family living outside Lhasa. ^[1] They live in a village stone house, the first and second floors are used as living space and the ground floor accommodates the animals. They grow barley and lentils and raise yaks, goats and sheep. The family makes its clothing by spinning wool and weaving it on wooden looms. She uses barter to obtain products like salt. Tashi Tsering's father is a scholar.^{[ citation needed ]}

At the dance school

In 1939, at the age of 10, he was designated to become a gadrugba (Tibetan : གར་ཕྲུག་པ, Wylie : gar phrug pa), a young dancer of the Gar, traditional dance troupe of the Dalai Lama, also called the dance society of the Tibetan government. ^[2] It is a servitude traditionally owed by his village and abhorred by all because it almost amounts, for parents, to losing a son. Young Tashi, however, is not unhappy with this situation, even if his mother is desperate: it is in fact the opportunity for him to learn to read and write, his dearest wish. ^[3]

At the dance school the method used by the masters to stimulate the students is to hit them for each mistake they make, as has been done for centuries. Tashi still bears the marks of almost daily corrections. ^[4] At the age of 13, in 1942, he was whipped in front of the entire troupe for having been absent from a performance: his skin tore, the pain became unbearable. ^[5]

The young dancer makes his way by becoming the drombo (Wylie : mgron po, literally the 'guest'), ^{[6] [7]} that is to say, euphemistically, the “passive homosexual companion" ^[8] and according to Goldstein "sex toy" ^{[9] [10]} by Wangdu, a monk with interpersonal skills who treats him gently and promotes his intellectual training. But he was kidnapped and sequestered for a few days by a dob-dob and managed to escape, no one having been able to do anything to help him, this dob-dob being known for his ferocity had always a dagger on him. ^[6] (according to Jean-Pierre Barou and Sylvie Crossman, these warrior-monks could go so far as to fight among themselves to possess the favors of a cute) ^[11]

Tashi is surprised that such behavior can be tolerated in monasteries: "When I spoke about 'dob-dob' to other monks and monastic leaders, they shrugged their shoulders and simply said that it was the course of things". ^[12] Patrick French, who met Tashi Tsering in Lhasa in 1999, where French noted the oppressive atmosphere linked to the massive presence of security forces, ^[13] indicates that he is not homosexual but that he took advantage of this relationship for personal purposes. ^[6] During his interview, Tashi Tsering told him that in hindsight, he saw the "sexual practices of ancient Tibet, as a matter of habits and conventions, the accepted social consequence of people exploiting the loopholes of religious rules.". ^[6]

Tashi's mother arranges her son's loveless marriage to Tsebei, a fairly wealthy girl. Tashi therefore goes to live with his in-laws but refuses to be commanded by his father-in-law and his brothers-in-law, who have nothing but contempt for him because of his humble origins. After three months, he left home. As this marriage could not take place without the permission of the head of Gadrugba, Tashi must, to be untied, undergo twenty-five blows of the whip. ^[14]

In 1947 Tashi, who was eighteen years old, applied for a position as secretary to the treasury of the Potala Palace. Passing the entrance exam, he is assigned to an office headed by two monks and a nobleman. He stayed there for about a year. ^[14]

In the 1950s

Of the Chinese troops present in Lhasa in 1952, he noted the efficiency and autonomy, declaring that the soldiers would not even have borrowed a needle from the inhabitants. ^[15] He is fascinated by their practices, which are different from those of the Tibetans: they fish in rivers with a worm on the end of a hook, they collect dog and human droppings to serve as fertilizer in their search for food autonomy, practices that Tashi finds repulsive. ^[16] He also remembers that a loudspeaker was installed in the heart of the city and broadcast propaganda in the Tibetan language. ^{[17] [18]}

He is impressed by the achievements of the Chinese: opening of the first primary schools, a hospital and various public buildings in Lhasa. In a short period of time, he sees more improvement than he has seen in his life, or even than Tibet has seen in centuries. ^[19]

Tashi has an affair with a noble girl named Thondrup Dromala. The opposition of the latter's family and the young man's limited resources ultimately got the better of their couple despite the birth of a boy in 1953. ^{[14] [17] [20]}

Studies

In India (1957–1959)

Resourceful, in 1957 he managed to raise the necessary funds to study in India. He was abroad when the 1959 Tibetan uprising. ^{[21] [22]}

He worked closely with exiled Tibetan resistance leaders, in particular an older brother of 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso, Gyalo Thondup (" Gyalola as we called him"), ^[23] with whom he befriended^{[ when? ]}. ^[24] He assists him in welcoming the Tibetan refugees, without knowing that Gyalo Thondup is [[financed by the CIA]] and that he has significant financial resources. ^[25]

One of his tasks is to collect stories of atrocities from refugees. He found very few and most of the refugees he interviewed were illiterate and unable to present their experience in an orderly and logical manner. Many have not even seen the battles waged by the Chinese army in Lhasa. They were caught up in the fear panic that had gripped the entire country. They have no story to tell other than the suffering they endured during their march across the mountain but not at the hands of the Chinese. ^[26] Ultimately, the accounts recorded by him, along with those from other refugee camps, would be presented by the International Commission of Jurists in its 1960 report accusing China of atrocities. ^[27]

In 1959, he was charged by his friend Gyalo Thondrup with taking care of part of the Dalai Lama's treasure which had been secured in 1950 in the reserves of Tashi Namgyal, maharaja of the Sikkim. After the Dalai Lama fled, the Chinese government demanded its return, claiming that it was not the Dalai Lama's property but that of the country, which they now considered as theirs. When Tashi Tsering intervenes, the treasure has just been transported by truck from Gangtok, the capital of Sikkim, to Siliguri further south. While the gold is sent by cargo plane to Calcutta, where it is entrusted to banks, the silver is kept with a trusted Tibetan trader, where Tashi must keep it for almost a month before participating in its melting into ingots. ^[28]

In the United States (summer 1960 – end of 1963)

Tashi Tsering then meets an American student in India, thanks to whom he will be able to study in the United States. Before leaving, he meets the 14th Dalai Lama, who invites him to "be a good Tibetan", to "study seriously" and to "put his education at the service of his people and his country". ^[29]

In July 1961, he arrived in Seattle after spending a year studying English at Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts. He would become one of the interpreters of Dezhung Rinpoche after the departure of Thupten Jigme Norbu in June 1962 and would also collaborate with E. Gene Smith. ^[30]

He studied on the East Coast then in Seattle in State of Washington: his historical readings made him establish a parallel between the Western Middle Ages and the Tibetan society he came from. to leave. ^[14]

It turns out that Tsejen Wangmo Sakya, a young Tibetan (from the important Sakya family) from Seattle, is impregnated by a monk, who refuses to marry her. The young woman's brother asks Tashi to marry Tsejen and recognize the child. The marriage takes place and, a few months later, a boy named Sonam Tsering ^[14] is born.

Despite the incomprehension of his Tibetan friends in exile and his American classmates (including Melvyn Goldstein), he decides to return to Tibet to serve the Tibetans who remained in the country. Gyalo Thondrup tries to dissuade him, by promising him material advantages, but in vain. ^[9] On 10 December 1963, Tashi left Seattle, leaving behind Tsejen and Sonam. ^[14]

Return to Tibet (1964)

In 1964, he was the first Tibetan exiled in the West to return to Lhasa. ^[22] He sees himself participating in the creation of a new and modern Tibet. ^[31]

Upon his arrival in China, he was sent some 1,300 km northwest of Guangzhou, to the Xianyang Tibetan Minority Institute, which houses 2,500 students. He is part of a class of 40 Tibetans destined to become teachers in Tibet. ^[14] He accepts Spartan conditions and indoctrination, because he sincerely believes in the merits of communism and hopes that his training will allow him to return to Tibet to teach. ^[9]

Under the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976)

In 1966, the Cultural Revolution began.

Revolutionary activism (June 1966 – October 1967)

Convinced that Tibet can only evolve towards a modern society based on egalitarian socialist principles by collaborating with the Chinese, Tashi Tsering becomes red guard. ^[9] He participated in his first thamzing in June 1966, the leaders of the Xianyang school were humiliated in public by the students. He was one of the students chosen to march in Beijing in front of chairman Mao in September 1966. Residing in Lhasa from December 1966 to March 1967, he then wondered about the progress of the [[cultural revolution in Tibet]]. Then he returned to Xianyang in March.

Arrest at the Xianyang school (October 1967 – December 1970)

However, in November 1967, he was in turn denounced as a "counter-revolutionary" and a spy in the pay of the United States. ^[9] After public humiliations and a conviction without real trial, he found himself in prison among intellectuals and officials, both Han and Tibetan. His stay in a prison in central China is appalling. On 23 March 1970 Tashi was formally accused of treason. In November 1970 he was incarcerated in Changwu prison in Shaanxi. At the beginning of December, he was transferred for three days to Xiangwu prison and then again for three days to Chengdu ^[14] prison.

Lhasa Prison (December 1970 – May 1973)

He was eventually transferred, in December 1970, to Sangyib Prison in Lhasa, in the Tibet Autonomous Region. He remained there for two and a half years until May 1973. The conditions of detention and the food are improving: each cell is lit by a light bulb, the walls and floor are concrete and dry, he is entitled to three meals a day, butter tea, tsampa, sometimes a little meat. He even has the right to newspapers in Tibetan and Chinese. ^[32]

Liberation (1973–1976)

In May 1973, Tashi Tsering was released. Always suspicious, he is assigned to manual work that does not suit him.

In the fall of 1974, he went to Lhasa to see his parents. There he married Sangyela, a long-time Tibetan friend, very religious, with whom he formed a very united couple. ^[9]

During his long absence, his brother starved to death in prison, while his parents barely managed to survive in a half-destroyed monastery. ^[17]

Rehabilitation (1977–1978)

Taking advantage of the relaxation of the regime after Deng Xiaoping came to power in 1977, he went to Beijing to demand, and obtain, his complete rehabilitation. ^[9] Officially rehabilitated in 1978, he began a new life at the age of fifty.

The university professor and the school builder

See also: Education in Tibet

Tashi Tsering was allowed to return to Tibet in 1981 and became a professor of English at the University of Tibet in Lhasa. He was able to begin writing a trilingual Tibetan-Chinese-English dictionary (which would be published in Beijing in 1988). ^[9]

For her part, his wife obtained a license to sell chang, Tibetan cereal beer.

With the Open Door economic policy of Deng Xiaoping, businessmen and tourists arrived in Lhasa, creating a need for English-speaking guides.

Creation of a private English course

Noting that there was no teaching of English in Tibetan schools, he had the idea of opening evening classes in English in Lhasa in September 1985. Success was achieved, he made significant profits which he decided to use to open schools in his region of origin where there was no educational structure.

The schools of the plateau

He then fought to obtain the creation, in his village, of a primary school, which opened its doors in 1990.

Building on this success, and to finance the opening of other schools in the canton of Namling, he set up a business in carpets and handicraft items which prospered thanks to foreign visitors. ^[33] In 1991, a second school opened, in Khartse  [ de ].

This is how around fifty primary schools will be founded on the high plateau at his initiative ^{[9] [34]} and in collaboration with the county school authorities who distribute the funds, choose the locations, define the size of the schools, as well as with residents who voluntarily provide labor. ^[35]

According to Tsering Woeser who interviewed him, Tashi Tséring is very concerned about the current state of the Tibetan language, but says "if we emphasize the importance of the Tibetan language, we will be accused of narrow nationalism, because according to official government guidelines, the higher the level of Tibetanness, the stronger the level of religious consciousness, and consequently the stronger the reactionary behavior". ^{[36] [37]}

His autobiography

In 1992, having reconnected with Melvyn Goldstein, he returned to the United States to work on his autobiography with his former classmate. His memoirs were finally published in 1997 under the title The Struggle for Modern Tibet. The Autobiography of Tashi Tsering, and under the co-signature of Melvyn Goldstein, William Siebenschuh and Tashi Tsering. ^[9] When it was released, the book was the only English-language text that could be said to come from a Tibetan living in Tibet (and not in exile). ^[38]

For P. Christiaan Klieger]], just as the refugee stories of 1959 had to be reshaped to be understandable and coherent, when Tashi Tsering gave the story of her life in the 1990s, it was in turn shaped but by two interlocutors (Melvyn Goldstein and William Siebenschuch) who believed the world needed to hear another message about Tibet. The castigation inflicted on Tashi Tsering by his Tibetan dance master, his elevation to the rank of official lover of a high-ranking monk, and his desire to work within the framework of Chinese Tibet serve to disrupt the idealized representation of Tibet in vogue among Westerners. ^[39]

For Jamyang Norbu, the impression that emerges from reading Tashi Tsering's biography is that of extreme naivety. ^[40]

Second audience with the Dalai Lama

In 1994 (at age 65), he met the Dalai Lama again, at the University of Michigan, thirty years after their last meeting. Tashi tells the Dalai Lama that he respects his commitment to non-violence, but also suggests that Tibetans need to know how to oppose the Chinese when their policies seem unreasonable, but that Tibetans also need to learn how to live with them. Tashi further told the Dalai Lama that he believed he was in a unique situation to negotiate an agreement with the Chinese that could be favorable to both the Chinese and the Tibetans, and that both the Chinese and the Tibetans would listen to him. Tashi ardently wished that the Dalai Lama would once again unify his people, end the government in exile and return to Tibet.

After listening attentively to Tashi Tsering, the Dalai Lama replied that he himself had thought of most of the ideas that Tashi had just expressed and that he appreciated his advice, but that he did not believe not that the timing is right. Tashi Tsering was neither surprised nor discouraged, but satisfied that he was able to express what he had in mind and that the Dalai Lama listened attentively. ^[41]

The struggle for education and defense of the Tibetan language

In 2003, Tashi Tsering published his second work, co-authored by William Siebenschuch, on his struggle for education, under the title The struggle for education in modern Tibet: the three thousand children of Tashi Tsering.

In 2007, he spoke to the deputies of the autonomous region of Tibet to protest the too little place given to the Tibetan language in higher education and in the administration. ^[42] In his opinion, schools in Tibet should teach all subjects, including modern science and technology, in Tibetan, to preserve the language. ^[43]

In his official statement submitted to the Tibet Autonomous Region People's Congress in 2007, he wrote:

the use of Tibetan in schools and the establishment of an education system for The study of the Tibetan language is not only essential for cultivating progressive thinking and talent among people, but also embodies the most fundamental human right of the Tibetan people, it is the foundation on which equality among minorities ethnic can be achieved

. ^{[36] [44]}

Death

Tashi Tsering died on 5 December 2014, in Lhasa, at the age of 85. ^[45]

Works

• With William Siebenschuh, and Melvyn Goldstein, The Struggle for Modern Tibet: The Autobiography of Tashi Tsering , Armonk, N.Y., M. E. Sharpe, Inc., 1997, xi + 207 p. ISBN   0-7656-0509-0 , 9780765605092 – Chinese Edition of The Struggle for a Modern Tibet: the Life of Tashi Tsering, Mirror Books, Carle Place, N.Y., 2000.
• With William Siebenschuch, The struggle for education in modern Tibet: the three thousand children of Tashi Tsering, Volume 88 of Mellen studies in education, E. Mellen Press, 2003, ISBN   0773465790 , 9780773465794

References

1. Heidi Fjeld  [ no ], Commoners and nobles: hereditary divisions in Tibet , p. 23
2. David Paul Jackson  [ fr ], A saint in Seattle: the life of the Tibetan mystic Dezhung Rinpoche , Wisdom Publications, 2003, p. 266.
3. Grain, Tibetans and the Cultural Revolution, Journey to the East site: "At the age of ten, he became his village's tax to the Dalai Lama's ceremonial dance troupe. He said, "In our village everyone hated this tax, as it literally meant losing a son, probably forever." (p. 11, The Struggle for Modern Tibet.) His mother cried for days, and tried to snatch the village elders to spare him from being chosen, to no avail. Tashi himself was actually happy at the prospect of joining the troupe. For him, the task was a chance for education. He wanted very much to learn how to read and write."
4. Melvyn Goldstein, William Siebenschuch and Tashi Tsering, The Struggle for Modern Tibet, the Autobiography of Tashi Tsering, Armonk, N.Y., M.E. Sharpe, 1997, xi + 207 p., pp. 3–5:

   the teachers' idea of providing incentives was to punish us swiftly and severely for each mistake [...]. I still have some of the scars from the almost daily beatings. I was shocked by the treatment but soon learned the teachers' methods had been used for centuries.

   .
5. Melvyn Goldstein, William Siebenschuch and Tashi Tsering, The Struggle for Modern Tibet, the Autobiography of Tashi Tsering, Armonk, N.Y., M.E. Sharpe, 1997, xi + 207 p., pp. 3–5.
6. Patrick French, Tibet, Tibet: A Personal History of a Lost Land  [ fr ], translated from English by William Oliver Desmond, Albin Michel, 2005, p. 253.
7. From Tibetan mgron-po: one newly come; a guest, according to Sarat Chandra Das, A Tibetan-English dictionary: with Sanskrit synonyms, 1902, p. 298.
8. Melvyn Goldstein, William Siebenschuch and Tashi Tsering, The Struggle for Modern Tibet, the Autobiography of Tashi Tsering, Armonk, N.Y., M.E. Sharpe, 1997, xi + 207 p., p. 29:

   The Tibetan word for a boy in my situation is drombo. In our language the word literally means "guest," but it also is a euphemism for "homosexual (passive) partner."

9. Presentation of the book , taken from Publishers Weekly, on page 4 of the cover:

   A heterosexual, he escaped by becoming a drombo, or homosexual passive partner and sex-toy, for a well connected monk .

10. Colin MacKerras, The New Cambridge Handbook Of Contemporary China , Cambridge University Press, 2001, 313 pages, p. 148 :

    The central figure of this biography is a Tibetan who left Tibet in the late 1950s ... becoming a homosexual sex-toy for a well connected monk.

11. Jean -Pierre Barou, Sylvie Crossman, Investigation into indigenous knowledge, Calman-Lévy, 2001, 260 pp. (digital book, not paginated):

    These warriors [the dobdo monks] could go so far as to fight among themselves to possess the favors of a cute.

    .
12. Melvyn Goldstein, William Siebenschuch and Tashi Tsering, The Struggle for Modern Tibet, the Autobiography of Tashi Tsering, Armonk, N.Y., M.E. Sharpe, 1997, xi + 207 p., p. 29:

    I wondered to myself how monasteries could allow such thugs to wear the holy robes of the Lord Buddha. When I talked to other monks and monk officials about the dobdos, they shrugged and said simply that that was the way things were.

13. Patrick French, Tibet, Tibet: A Personal History of a Lost Land  [ fr ], translated from English by William Oliver Desmond, Albin Michel, 2005, p. 203
14. André Lacroix, Summary of The Struggle for Modern Tibet.
15. Elliot Sperling, [ https://www.jstor.org/stable/2658969 review of The Struggle for Modern Tibet: The Autobiography of Tashi Tsering] by Melvyn Goldstein, William Siebenschuh, Tashi Tsering, in The Journal of Asian Studies, flight. 59, No. 3 (Aug. 2000), p. 728:

    of the Chinese troops in Lhasa in 1952 he notices only their efficiency and self-sufficiency and says [...] "they would not even take a needle from the people" (p. 40).

16. Melvyn Goldstein, William Siebenschuch and Tashi Tsering, The Struggle for Modern Tibet, the Autobiography of Tashi Tsering, Armonk, N.Y., M.E. Sharpe, 1997, xi + 207 p., p. 40:

    I became fascinated by the ways they did things, which were so different from our ways. They fished in the rivers with worms on a hook and set out to become self-sufficient in food by using dog droppings and human waste they collected on the river. These were things we would never have thought of doing and, to be honest, found revolting.

17. Calum MacLeod, 2Farchive%2Fold%3Fy%3D2000%26m%3D10%26p%3D10_1 Enter the Dragon: The invasion of Tibet, The Independent, 10 October 2000.

18. A loudspeaker was set up in the heart of Lhasa, broadcasting propaganda in Tibetan," recalls Tashi.

19. Melvyn Goldstein, William Siebenschuch and Tashi Tsering, The Struggle for Modern Tibet, the Autobiography of Tashi Tsering, Armonk, N.Y., M.E. Sharpe, 1997, xi + 207 p., p. 41:

    Soon after arriving, they opened the first primary school in Lhasa and a hospital as well as other public buildings. I had to admit that I was impressed by the fact that they were doing things that would directly benefit the common people. It was more changed for the good in a shorter period of time than I had seen in my life – more changes, I was tempted to think, than Tibet had seen in centuries.

20. Yet Tashi was free to fall in love with a noble woman who bore them to his. Only his lowly background prevented their marriage.

21. Elliot Sperling, review of The Struggle for Modern Tibet: The Autobiography of Tashi Tsering by Melvyn Goldstein, William Siebenschuh, Tashi Tsering, in The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 59, No. 3 (Aug. 2000), pp. 728–729:

    The author is a resourceful person and by the late 1950s had managed to secure the funds that allowed him to travel to India to study.

22. Robert Barnett, Lhasa: Streets with Memories, p. 18.
23. Melvyn Goldstein, William Siebenschuch and Tashi Tsering, The Struggle for Modern Tibet, the Autobiography of Tashi Tsering, Armonk, N.Y., M.E. Sharpe, 1997, xi + 207 p., p. 51:

    Gyalola, as we called him.

24. Elliot Sperling, [ https://www.jstor.org/stable/2658969 review of The Struggle for Modern Tibet: The Autobiography of Tashi Tsering] by Melvyn Goldstein, William Siebenschuh, Tashi Tsering, in The Journal of Asian Studies, flight. 59, No. 3 (Aug. 2000), p. 728:

    Residing outside of Tibet at the time of the Tibetan Uprising in 1959, he was soon working closely with the exiled Tibetan resistance leaders, particularly Gyalo Thondrup.

25. Melvyn Goldstein, William Siebenschuch and Tashi Tsering, The Struggle for Modern Tibet, the Autobiography of Tashi Tsering, Armonk, N.Y., M.E. Sharpe, 1997, xi + 207 p., p. 59:

    At the time I did not know that he was the chief Tibetan working with the American Central Intelligence Agency and really had substantial financial resources

    .
26. Melvyn Goldstein, William Siebenschuch and Tashi Tsering, The Struggle for Modern Tibet, the Autobiography of Tashi Tsering, Armonk, N.Y., M.E. Sharpe, 1997, xi + 207 p., p. 57:

    It turned out to be more difficult than I expected. Most of the people I spoke to were illiterate and did not have an orderly or logical way of controlling and expressing their thoughts. Moreover, their experiences were quite varied. Many had not even seen the actions of the Chinese army in Lhasa. They had simply been part of the general panic that gripped the country, and their stories were of the sufferings they had incurred in the journey through the mountains, not at the hands of the Chinese.

27. Melvyn Goldstein, William Siebenschuch and Tashi Tsering, The Struggle for Modern Tibet, the Autobiography of Tashi Tsering, Armonk, N.Y., M.E. Sharpe, 1997, xi + 207 p., p. 57:

    We put the materials we were translating together with similar eyewitness accounts from other refugee camps, and eventually they were presented to the International Commission of Jurists in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1960. The commission wrote a famous report condemning the Chinese for their atrocities in Tibet.

28. Melvyn Goldstein, William Siebenschuch and Tashi Tsering, The Struggle for Modern Tibet, the Autobiography of Tashi Tsering, Armonk, N.Y., M.E. Sharpe, 1997, xi + 207 p., pp. 57–58:

    In 1950, when it had seemed like a Chinese invasion was imminent, the Dalai Lama's substantial stocks of gold and silver had been transported out of the country to safety in Sikkim. During the 1950s, though the Dalai Lama himself was in Tibet, the gold and silver remained in one of the storehouses of the maharaja of Sikkim. The Chinese had asked for its return but had not made an issue of it at the time. Following the Lhasa Uprising and the flight of the Dalai Lama, they claimed that the money was not the Dalai Lama's personal fortune but belonged to the country – which they now considered to belong to them. [...] When I became involved, the gold and silver were being hand-loaded onto trucks in Gangtok, the capital of Sikkim, and driven south to Siliguri, the location of the nearest airstrip. At the airport the literally millions of dollars’ worth of gold were loaded onto Dakota cargo planes and flown to Calcutta. This treasure was eventually to provide the core of funds that would support the Dalai Lama's government-in-exile. When the precious cargo reached Calcutta, the gold was immediately put into the banks. But for a while the silver was stored in a single room on the third floor of a trusted Tibetan merchant's home. It was my responsibility to stand guard over it, and for nearly a month I stood sentinel in a silent room full of coins and odd pieces of silver. It was one of the strangest experiences of my life. The only action I experienced was when we went to melt the various small pieces of silver into ingots.

29. Melvyn Goldstein, William Siebenschuch and Tashi Tsering, The Struggle for Modern Tibet, the Autobiography of Tashi Tsering, Armonk, N.Y., M.E. Sharpe, 1997, xi + 207 p., p. 65:

    "Be a good Tibetan", he said. "Study hard. And use your education to serve your people and your country."

30. David Paul Jackson  [ fr ], A saint in Seattle: the life of the Tibetan mystic Dezhung Rinpoche , Wisdom Publications, 2003, p. 266, 271 and 282.
31. Melvyn Goldstein, William Siebenschuch and Tashi Tsering, The Struggle for Modern Tibet, the Autobiography of Tashi Tsering, Armonk, N.Y., M.E. Sharpe, 1997, xi + 207 p., preface:

    Instead he saw himself as a representative of the common people who wanted to help create a new, modern Tibet.

32. Melvyn Goldstein, William Siebenschuch and Tashi Tsering, The Struggle for Modern Tibet, the Autobiography of Tashi Tsering, Armonk, N.Y., M.E. Sharpe, 1997, xi + 207 p., pp. 132–133:

    In spite of the extremely small cells, the physical conditions here were better than those of any of the prisons I had known in China. There were dim electric bulbs in each cell, and the walls and floors were concrete and a good deal warmer and drier than anything I had seen before. We got more food and freedom, too. There were three meals a day here, and we got butter tea, tsamba, and sometimes even meat, although not in large quantities [...] Compared to what I'd been experiencing, these conditions amounted almost to luxury [... ] For the first time since I had been imprisoned I was given access to newspapers – both Tibetan and Chinese

    .
33. John Pomfret (Washington Post Foreign Service), In Tibet, a Struggle of the Soul, Washington Post, 16 July 1999:

    Today, in addition to his charity, he runs a successful carpet business and sells Tibetan books abroad.

34. André Lacroix (translator), .tiandi.eu/index.php/bibliographie/118-bouddhisme/225-mon-combat-pour-un-tibet-moderne-par-tashi-tsering My combat for a modern Tibet, by Tashi Tsering, Tian Di site:

    founder of around fifty primary schools.

35. Aiming Zhou, Series of basic information of Tibet of China , Series of basic information of Tibet of China , Publisher 五洲传播出版社, 2004, ISBN   7508505700 , 9787508505701, 167 p., p. 104:

    As soon as his money was put in place, the Bureau of Education of the Namling County initiated specific procedures for the construction including distributing funds, selecting the locations of schools and fixing the size of the schools. The local people live with one another in voluntary labor.

36. Woeser, "If Tibetans Took To The Streets For The Tibetan Language", 11 August 2010.

37. if we emphasize the importance of the Tibetan language, we will be accused of narrow nationalism and the government's official line reads: the higher the level of the Tibetan language, the stronger the religious consciousness and as a result the stronger reactionary behavior.

38. Isabel Losada, A Beginner's Guide to Changing the Word: A True Life Adventure Story, Harper One, 1st edition, 31 May 2005, 384 p., ISBN   006078010X , 9780060780104, chap. Reading Books and Watchning Videos: Tibet, p. 364:

    it is the only English language text that can be said to be by a Tibetan who lives in Tibet.

39. P. Christiaan Klieger, Tibet, self, and the Tibetan diaspora: voices of difference; PIATS 2000: Tibetan studies: proceedings of the ninth seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Leiden 2000, Volumes 2–8 of Brill's Tibetan studies library, International Association for Tibetan Studies. Seminar, BRILL, 2002, ISBN   9004125558 , 9789004125551, p. 162.
40. Jamyang Norbu, .jamyangnorbu.com/blog/2008/07/27/black-annals-goldstein-the-negation-of-tibetan-history-part-ii/ BLACK ANNALS: Goldstein & The Negation Of Tibetan History (Part II), 27 July 2008
41. Melvyn Goldstein, William Siebenschuch and Tashi Tsering, The Struggle for Modern Tibet, the Autobiography of Tashi Tsering, Armonk, N.Y., M.E. Sharpe, 1997, xi + 207 p., pp. 199–200.
42. My fight for a modern Tibet, Story of life of Tashi Tséring by Melvyn Goldstein, William Siebenschuh and Tashi Tsering, Éditions Golias, October 2010, afterword by translator André Lacroix, pages 235 et seq.
43. Chen Zhi, .com/english2010/indepth/2011-05/22/c_13888083_6.htm Rebirth of the lama kingdom, English.news.cn, 22 May 2011:

    Schools in Tibet should teach all subjects, including modern science and technology in Tibetan, so as to preserve our traditional language," he said in a letter to Tibet's regional People's Congress.

44. Moreover, in 2007 he submitted an official statement to the Tibet Autonomous Region People's Congress. With regards to the severe crisis that the Tibetan language is currently facing, he expressed that "using Tibetan in schools and establishing an education system for the study of the Tibetan language is not only an essential element in cultivating progressively thinking and talented people, but it also embodies the most basic human right of the Tibetan people, it is the foundation on which equality among ethnic minorities can be achieved.

45. -tashi-tsering-exemplar-dilemmas-modern-tibet-died-december-5th-aged-85-between Obituary: Tashi Tsering – Between two worlds. Tashi Tsering, exemplar of the dilemmas of modern Tibet, died on December 5th, aged 85, The Economist, 20 December 2014.

External links

• People's Republic of China portal

• Summary, by André Lacroix, from The Struggle for Modern Tibet
• Review of The Struggle for Modern Tibet and comparative study of various editions, by Xiaoxiao Huang
• chapter 10 (in extenso) of The Struggle for Modern Tibet
• Jamyang Norbu, ii/ BLACK ANNALS: Goldstein & The Negation Of Tibetan History (Part II)