Chola Kings and Emperors |
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Interregnum (c. 200 – c. 848 CE) |
Related |
The Telugu Chodas or Telugu Cholas ruled parts of present-day Andhra Pradesh and Telangana between the 5th and the 13th centuries as samantas of Pallavas and later the Imperial Cholas. [2] [3] Various dynasties exist among them including Velanati, Pottapi, Konidena, Nannuru, Nellore, Kunduru etc. The earliest Choda dynasty in the Telugu area was that of Renati Chodas who ruled Renadu region from late 5th century to 7th century. Some of the Telugu Chodas including Renati Chodas claimed descent from the early Sangam Tamil king Karikala Chola. [4] Telugu Chodas contributed much to the early development of Telugu language and are the first dynasty to use Telugu as their official language. The first and oldest Telugu inscription founded so far is Kalamalla inscription dating to 575 CE put up by Renati Chola king Erikal Mutturaju Dhanunjaya. [5] Telugu Chodas are believed to have been migrated from Tamilakam to Andhra country due to invasion of Tamilakam by Kalabhras and increasing power of Pallavas in northern most part of Tamilakam. Kapu (caste) in Andhra is said to have originated from Telugu Cholas who themselves claim descendant from Karikala.
Durjaya Chieftains of Velanadu | |
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Gonka I | 1076–1108 |
Rajendra Choda I | 1108–1132 |
Gonka II | 1132–1161 |
Rajendra Choda II | 1161–1181 |
Gonka III | 1181–1186 |
Pruthviswara | 1186–1207 |
Rajendra Choda III | 1207–1216 |
Telugu Chodas of Velanadu (Velanati Chola) were one of the Telugu Choda families. Velanadu is located in the modern Guntur district. The chieftains who ruled over Velanadu came to be known as the Velanati Chodas. One of them, Rajendra Choda II had even assumed the title Durjayakulaprakara since Velanati Chodas claims descendant from Durjaya, a descendant of Karikala Chola . These Velanati chiefs were the subordinate allies of the Later Cholas of the south. They were entrusted with the responsibility of the governance of the Andhra region, which formed a part of the Chola kingdom in the between the tenth and early decades of the thirteenth century. Their capital was Dhanadapura (Dhannada) or Sanaduprolu, the modern Chandolu in the Guntur district initially then later they ruled from Vengi in West Godavari and Pithpuram in East Godavari Districts. Dhannada is also the site of the war between the Cholas and the Later Chalukyas when the Western Chalukya king Satyashraya invaded the Eastern Chalukyas, which was swiftly repulsed by the forces of Rajendra Chola I who helped the Eastern Chalukyas and the Velanadu Chodas with whom the Cholas had marital ties. [6]
The Velanati Chiefs rose to prominence among the vassals of the Chalukyas of Vengi during the early days of Kulothunga Chola I and served as the Later viceroys faithfully as their trusted lieutenants and generals. Finding his dominion dwindling, due to the ascendancy of the Kalyani Chalukyas in the Vengi country, Kulothunga Chola lent support to his loyal chieftains of Velanadu to bring the situation under control and rule over Vengi as his vassals. Evidence is available to the effect that five chieftains of Velanadu ruled over the country after which it was overrun by the Kakatiyas and became a part of their kingdom. [7]
Velanati Chodas:
The Telugu Chodas of Renadu (also called as Renati Cholas) ruled over Renadu region, the present day Kadapa district. In Malepadu plates (seventh century), Renati Chola king Punyakumara stated that they belong to the family of Sangam age Chola king Karikala Chola. [8] They were independent sometimes but mostly they were forced to suzerainty of the Pallavas. They used the Telugu language in their inscriptions of the sixth and eighth centuries. Such inscriptions have found near Muddanur, [9] and at Gandikota, Jammalamadugu and Proddatur. The earliest of this family was Nandivarman (500 AD) who claimed descent from the family of Karikala and the Kasyapa gotra. He had three sons Simhavishnu, Sundarananda and Dhanunjaya, all of whom were ruling different territories simultaneously. [10] The family seems to have had its origin in Erikal in the Kadapa district. [11] Dhanunjaya is described as Erikal-Mutturaju and as ruling Renadu. [12] In the first half of the seventh century, we find Punyakumara, a descendant of Dhanunjaya, ruling over Renadu and Hiranyarashtra. He too bears the title Erikal-Mutturaju. [13]
Renati Chodas:
Nandivarman
Simhavishnu, Sundarananda and Dhanunjaya
Mahendravikramavarma
Gunamudita and Punyakumara
Vikramaditya I
Saktikumara
Vikramaditya II
Uttamaditya and Satyaditya
Telugu Chodas of Pottapi are a branch of Renati Chodas and ruled the Cuddapah region after the fall of the latter. Pottapi lay on the northern fringe of Tondaimandalam and it embraced the bulk of Venkatagiri, Gudur, Chandragiri and Srikalahasti taluks of Tirupati district and Rajampet taluk of Annamayya district. The early history of the Pottapi Cholas is obscure, and the circumstances leading to their acquisition of Pottapi are not known. Consequent on their downfall at the hands of the major powers like the Rashtrakutas and the minor powers like the Vaidumbas, the Renati Cholas appear to have sunk into oblivion for a short period. It is likely that some members of Renati Chola family moved eastwards and finding an opportunity established themselves as the rulers of Pottapi-nadu. A Pottapi Chola king named Srikantha Chola was ruling Tondai Nadu according to Dalavaypuram copper plates of Pandya king Parantaka Viranarayana. In Madras Museum copper plates, this Srikantha claims descendant from Tamil king Karikala Chola through Sundarananda of Renati Chodas. The Anbil plates [14] of Parantaka Chola II and Velanjeri plates [15] of Parantaka Chola I mention the name Sri Kantha whose name preceedes that of Vijayalaya Chola, however, it's unknown if both individuals are the same and share any relations between. [16] The term Pottapi Chola is associated as a title with many of the chiefs of this family as for example Madhurantaka Pottapi Chola Ghattiyarasa and Madhurantaka Pottapi Chola Vimaladitya. Pottapi Cholas use the Charana Saroruha prasasti in their inscriptions.
Pottapi Chodas:
Dasavarma
Vankēya Chola
Balliya Chola Maharaja
Mudigonda Chola Maharaja
Bijjana
Mallideva I
Mallideva IV
Opili Siddhi II
Mahamandalesvara Ghattideva Maharaja alias Ghattiyarasa
Bettarasa
Siddharasa and Vimaladitya
Somesvara and Mallideva
The Konidena Chodas were a branch of the Pottapi Chodas. They claimed descent from Dasavarma of Pottapi Chodas who was ruling Renadu country with Pottapi as capital. Their capital was Konidena (also called as Kotyadona) near Narasaraopeta in the Guntur district. They ruled over parts of Palanadu in 11th and 12th centuries. A branch of Pottapi Chodas moved northwards and started ruling with Konidena as capital. Early kings Kannara Choda and Kama Choda were independent. Tribhuvana Malla Choda, son of Kama Choda, was a chieftain to Gonka II of Velanati Chodas. Nanni Choda, son of Tribhuvana Malla Choda declared independence again, but was soon defeated and forced to be vassals again by Gonka II. After the fall of Velanadu Chodas, they were forced to suzerainty by Ganapatideva of Kakatiyas.
Konidena Chodas:
Balli Choda
Nanni Choda I
Pottapi Kamadeva
Kannara Choda
Kama Choda and Tribhuvana Malla Choda
Nanni Choda II
Kama Choda
Balli Choda
Nannuru Chodas were another branch of Telugu Chodas in the region of Pakanadu. The famous Telugu poet Kaviraja Sikhamani Nanne Choda belonged to this family. Not much is known of this clan and it is believed to have been a subordinate of Vikramaditya VI of Kalyani Chalukyas.
Nellore Chodas are Telugu Chodas who ruled from the city of Nellore in Andhra Pradesh and claimed descent from Karikala Chola.
Nellore Chodas:
Bijjana
Manumasiddharasa I
Dayabhima and Nallasiddharasa
Errasiddha
Manumasiddharasa II
Tammusiddhi
Tikka Choda I or Thirukalatti
Allutikka, Manumasiddharasa III and Vijayagandagopala
Tikka Choda II
Manumagandagopala or Nallasiddharasa III
Rajagandagopala or Ranganatha
Viragandagopala
Eruva Bhima I, apparently the founder of the Kanduru or Kunduru dynasty, who hailed from Eruvanādu, was also known as Panugallupuradhipa, Lord of Panugallu, present day Panugal or Panagal. Kanduru Cholas ruled parts of Mahabubnagar (Jadcharla and Acchampet taluks) and Nalgonda (Nalgonda, Suryapeta, Devarakonda, Miryalguda taluks) parts of Khammam and Krishna districts in the southern parts with Kanduru, Panugallu and Vardhamanpura as their capitals. These kings are described that they belonged to Karikala Chola family. The early two Choda members Eruva Bhima and his son Tonda I seem to have ruled Pānugallu-rājya as subordinates to the Western Chalukyas of Kalyani.
Kunduru Chodas:
Eruva Bhima Choda I
Tondaya I
Bhima Choda II
Tondaya II
Mallikarjuna Choda
Bhimarasa
Gokarna Choda I
Sridevi Tondaya
Udayaditya Choda II
Bhima Choda IV
Udayaditya Choda III
Gokarna Choda II
East Godavari is a district in the Coastal Andhra region of Andhra Pradesh, India. Its district headquarters is at Rajamahendravaram.
Vengi or Venginadu is an Indian region in modern-day Andhra Pradesh spread over the Godavari and Krishna river deltas. The capital city of Vengi is located at Pedavegi near Eluru. Vengi was the most prominent city in Ancient Andhra for nearly seven centuries. Vengi served as the capital for Andhra dynasty like Salankayanas This region was part of Ashoka's Mauryan Empire in the mid-3rd century BCE. After the Mauryan Empire collapsed in 185 BC, the region was dominated by the Satavahanas, who were succeeded in Vengi by the Andhra Ikshvakus. Around 300 CE, the Andhra Ikshvakus were replaced by the Salankayanas. In the late 5th century, the Salankayanas were annexed by the Vishnukundinas.
Eastern Chalukyas, also known as the Chalukyas of Vengi, were a dynasty that ruled parts of South India between the 7th and 12th centuries. They started out as governors of the Chalukyas of Badami in the Deccan region. Subsequently, they became a sovereign power, and ruled the Vengi region of present-day Andhra Pradesh until c. 1001 CE. They continued ruling the region as feudatories of the Medieval Cholas until 1189 CE.
Kulothunga II was a Chola Emperor from 1133 CE to 1150 CE. He succeeded Vikrama Chola to the throne in 1135 CE. Vikrama Chola made Kulothunga his heir apparent and coregent in 1133 CE, so the inscriptions of Kulothunga II count his reign from 1133 CE. According to historians Nilakanta Sastri and T.N Subramanian, Kulottunga Chola II was not the son of Vikrama Chola and they have suggested that there was a break in the line of succession.
Kulothunga III was a Chola emperor who ruled from 1178 to 1218 CE, after succeeding his elder brother Rajadhiraja II. Kulothunga Chola III gained success in war against his traditional foes. He gained victories in war against the Hoysalas, Pandyas of Madurai, Cheras of Venad, the Sinhalese kings of Polonnaruwa, as well as the Telugu Cholas of Velanadu and Nellore. He also restored Chola control over Karur, which were ruled by the Adigaman chiefs as vassals of the Cholas. He drove out the Hoysalas under Veera Ballala II who had made inroads in the Gangavadi and adjoining areas of Tagadur in Kongu country in an effort expand their territory. However, during the last two years of his reign, he lost in war to the resurgent Pandyas, heralded a period of steady decline and ultimately, demise of the Cholas by 1280 CE. Kulottunga III had alliances with the Hoysalas. The Hoysala king Veera Ballala married a Chola queen called Cholamahadevi and gave his daughter Somaladevi in marriage to Kulottunga III.
Kammanadu is a historical region in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It consisted of parts of the present day Guntur and Prakasam districts.
Velanati Chodas or Velanati Durjayas were a dynasty who ruled over parts of the Andhra Pradesh in the 12th century. They were Vassals of Later Cholas and Western Chalukyas and ruled over the region of Kammanadu in modern Guntur district.
Nellore Chodas are one of the Telugu Chola families who ruled over parts of Andhra Pradesh in the 11th and 12th centuries. They were chieftains to Tamil Cholas, Kakatiyas and Kalyani Chalukyas and ruled over the Nellore region.
Gonka I was a Telugu king and the first of Velanati Chodas who ruled from 1076 to 1108.
Rajendra Choda I was a Telugu king and the second of Velanati Cholas who ruled from 1108 to 1132 AD.
Gonka II was a Telugu king and the third of Velanati Chodas who ruled from 1132 to 1161.
Rajendra Chola II was a king and the fourth of Velanati Chodas who ruled from 1161 to 1181 AD.
Gonka III was a Telugu king and the fifth of Velanati Chodas who ruled from 1181 to 1186.
Pruthviswara II was a Telugu king of Velanati Chodas who ruled from 1186 to 1207 AD.
The recorded history of Andhra Pradesh, one of the 28 states of 21st-century India, begins in the Vedic period. It is mentioned in Sanskrit epics such as the Aitareya Brahmana. Its sixth-century BCE incarnation Assaka lay between the Godavari and Krishna Rivers, one of sixteen mahajanapadas. The Satavahanas succeeded them, built Amaravati, and reached a zenith under Gautamiputra Satakarni.
Chandole is a village in Bapatla district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Pittalavanipalem mandal of Bapatla revenue division.
Durjaya was a legendary chieftain of Andhra. Many ruling dynasties in Andhra and Telangana, such as the Kakatiyas, Velanati Chodas, Malyalas, Viryalas, Haihayas of Palnadu, the Konakandravadis, the Ivani Kandravadis, the Kondapadumatis, Natavadis, the Paricchedis and the Chagis claimed to be his descendants. In the opinion of Bhavaraju Venkata Krishna Rao, he probably flourished in the 3rd century CE. According to Kakatiya king Ganapati-deva's Garavapadu charter, Durjaya is a descendant of ancient Tamil Chola king Karikala Chola who arrived at a town called Kakati during a hunting expedition, and set up his camp there.
Rudra-deva was a Kakatiya king, who ruled parts of the present-day Telangana and Andhra Pradesh in southern India. He was the first sovereign ruler of his dynasty.
Ganapati-deva was the longest reigning monarch of the Kakatiya dynasty of southern India. He brought most of the Telugu-speaking region in present-day Andhra Pradesh and Telangana under the Kakatiya influence by war or diplomacy.
Srikantha Chola was a Telugu Chola ruler belonging to Pottapi Chola family which claims descent from ancient Tamil king Karikala Chola. He was ruling Renadu region as a feudatory of Pallavas.