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Year 1238 (MCCXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.
The 1250s decade ran from January 1, 1250, to December 31, 1259.
Year 1228 (MCCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.
1200 (MCC) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1200th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 200th year of the 2nd millennium, the 100th and last year of the 12th century, and the 1st year of the 1200s decade. As of the start of 1200, the Gregorian calendar was 7 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which was the dominant calendar of the time.
The 1220s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1220, and ended on December 31, 1229.
The 1230s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1230, and ended on December 31, 1239.
The 1240s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1241, and ended on December 31, 1250.
Year 1193 (MCXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.
Year 1231 (MCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.
Year 1233 (MCCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.
Year 1237 (MCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.
Year 1240 (MCCXL) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.
Year 1246 (MCCXLVI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.
Year 1289 (MCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.
Al-Kamil was a Kurdish Muslim ruler and the fourth Ayyubid sultan of Egypt. During his tenure as sultan, the Ayyubids defeated the Fifth Crusade. He was known to the Frankish crusaders as Meledin, a name by which he is still referred to in some older western sources. As a result of the Sixth Crusade, he ceded West Jerusalem to the Christians and is known to have met with Saint Francis.
Al-Malik as-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub, nickname: Abu al-Futuh, also known as al-Malik al-Salih, was the Ayyubid Kurdish ruler of Egypt from 1240 to 1249.
An-Nasir Yusuf, fully al-Malik al-Nasir Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn al-Aziz ibn al-Zahir ibn Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub ibn Shazy, was the Ayyubid Emir of Syria from his seat in Aleppo (1236–1260), and the Sultan of the Ayyubid Empire from 1250 until the sack of Aleppo by the Mongols in 1260.
Turanshah, also Turan Shah, , was a Kurdish ruler of Egypt, a son of Sultan As-Salih Ayyub. A member of the Ayyubid Dynasty, he became Sultan of Egypt for a brief period in 1249–50.
Al-Ashraf Muzaffar ad-Din Musa was the last, albeit titular, Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt as the puppet of Izz ad-Din Aybak.
References
- ↑ Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel; Bray, Barbara (1971). Times of Feast, Times of Famine: a History of Climate Since the Year 1000. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. ISBN 0-374-52122-0. OCLC 164590.
- ↑ Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977). From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260, pp. 305–307. State University of New York Press.
- ↑ According to a monograph on the maritime economy of the Song dynasty written by Jitsuzo Kuwabara (桑原騭藏, 1870–1931).
- 1 2 3 Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977). From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193-1260. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780873952637.
- ↑ de Epalza, Miguel (1999). Negotiating cultures: bilingual surrender treaties in Muslim-Crusader Spain under James the Conqueror. Brill. p. 106. ISBN 90-04-11244-8.
- ↑ Zuijderduijn, Jaco (2009). Medieval Capital Markets. Markets for renten, state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550). Leiden/Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17565-5.
- ↑ Catoni, Giuliano. "Bonsignori". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
- ↑ "Frederick II | Biography, Accomplishments, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved September 29, 2020.