1230s

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The 1230s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1230, and ended on December 31, 1239.

Contents

Events

1230

This section is transcluded from 1230. (edit | history)

By place

Byzantine Empire
Europe
England
Middle East

By topic

Literature

1231

This section is transcluded from 1231. (edit | history)

By place

Europe
Britain
Levant
  • Autumn – Frederick II appoints Marshal Richard Filangieri as his imperial legate, and sends an expeditionary army of mostly Lombards for the defense of Jerusalem. He gathers some 600 knights, 100 "sergeants-at-arms", 700 armed infantrymen, and 3,000 marines. The army is supported by 32 war-galleys. [12]
  • War of the Lombards: Richard Filangieri sails for Beirut, where the town is handed over to him. He occupies Sidon and Tyre – while other Lombard forces appear before Acre. At Acre, Filangieri summons a meeting of the High Court and shows letters from Frederick II appointing him as ambassador ( baili ). [13]
China
  • April 9 – A huge fire breaks out at night in the southeast of Hangzhou during the Song dynasty. Fighting the flames is difficult due to limited visibility. When the fires are extinguished, it is discovered that an entire district of the city (some 10,000 houses) has been consumed by the flames.
Mongol Empire
  • August – Ögedei Khan orders the invasion of Korea. A Mongol army crosses the Yalu River and quickly secures the surrender of the border town of Uiju. The Mongols are joined by Hong Pok-wŏn, a Goryeo general, who takes their side with his subordinates numbering some 1500 families. [14]
  • Siege of Kuju: Mongol forces besiege the city of Kuju. They deploy assault teams who man siege towers and scale ladders. Despite the fact the Goryeo army is heavily outnumbered, the garrison refuses to surrender.

By topic

Religion

1232

This section is transcluded from 1232. (edit | history)

By place

Europe
England
Africa
  • The Almohad army besieges the city of Ceuta, where Abu Musa, rebellious brother of Caliph Idris al-Ma'mun, has received shelter and the support of the population. The Genoese rent a part of their fleet to the rebels, who successfully resist the forces of the caliph. The consequences of this revolt are threefold: the city becomes de facto independent from the Almohads, but its reliance on the Italian maritime powers increases, and the Trans-Saharan trade routes begin to shift eastward, due to the local turmoil. [19]
Mongol Empire
  • February 9 – Battle of Sanfengshan: The Mongol army (some 50,000 warriors) defeats the Chinese Jin forces near Yuzhou. General Subutai successfully wipes out the last field army of the Jin dynasty – therefore sealing its fate of falling to the Mongol Empire. During the encounter, also called the Battle of the Three-Peak Mountain, Emperor Aizong of Jin orders the Jin army (some 150,000 men) to intercept the Mongols. The Jin soldiers are constantly harassed by small groups of Mongol cavalry on the way. When they arrive at Sanfeng Mountain, the Jin army is hungry and exhausted by heavy snowfall. The Jin forces are quickly defeated by the Mongols and flee in all directions.
  • April 8 – Mongol–Jin War: The Mongol army led by Ögedei Khan and his brother Tolui begins the Siege of Kaifeng (1232), capital of the Chinese Jin dynasty. During the summer, the Jurchens try to end the siege by negotiating a peace treaty, but the assassination of a Mongol embassy makes further talks impossible. While the negotiations are going on, a plague is devastating the population of the city. In the meantime, supplies stored at Kaifeng are running out, and several residents of the city are executed on the suspicion that they are traitors. [20]
  • June – Mongol invasion of Korea: Choe Woo, Korean military dictator of Goryeo, orders against the pleas of King Gojong and his senior officials, the royal court, and most of Songdo's population to be moved to Ganghwa Island. Woo starts the construction of strong defenses on Ganghwa Island, which becomes a fortress. The government orders the common people to flee the countryside and take refuge in major cities, mountain citadels, or nearby islands. The Mongols occupy much of northern Korea, but fail to capture Ganghwa Island.
  • December 16 – Battle of Cheoin: Korean forces defeat a Mongol attack at Cheoin (modern-day Yongin). The Mongol Empire concludes a peace treaty with Goryeo and withdraws its forces.
Japan

By topic

Literature
Markets
Religion

1233

This section is transcluded from 1233. (edit | history)

By place

Europe
England
Mongol Empire

By topic

Cities and Towns
Religion

1234

This section is transcluded from 1234. (edit | history)

By place

Europe
Mongol Empire
Africa

By topic

Religion

1235

This section is transcluded from 1235. (edit | history)

1236

This section is transcluded from 1236. (edit | history)

By place

Byzantine Empire
Europe
England
Mongol Empire
Asia
Africa

By topic

Literature
  • The Goryeo court in Korea orders the preparation of another set of woodblocks for printing the Buddhist Tripiṭaka ("Triple Basket") – which is intended both to gain protection against the Mongol invaders and to replace the earlier 11th century set that has been destroyed by the Mongols (see 1232).
Religion

1237

This section is transcluded from 1237. (edit | history)

By place

Europe
England
Mongol Empire
  • Autumn – Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus': The Mongol army commanded by Batu Khan and Subutai, invades the Principality of Ryazan (with representatives of all four khanates leading some 100,000 Mongol, Turks and Persian forces into Europe). In December, Batu Khan sends envoys to the Rus' court of Grand Prince Yuri Igorevich and demands the submission of the capital Ryazan.
  • Battle of Voronezh River: Grand Prince Yuri II of Vladimir supported by border princes of Ryazan, Murom, and Pronsk gathers his forces and make a stand on the Voronezh River, waiting for reinforcements from Vladimir. The Mongols under Batu Khan overrun the Rus' forces, who are scattered. Yuri retreats to Ryazan, while some troops withdraw to Kolomna and join the army of Vladimir-Suzdal.
  • December 16 – 21 – Siege of Ryazan: The Mongols under Batu Khan lay siege to Ryazan. The townspeople repel the first Mongol attacks but after 5 days the city walls are breached by Chinese catapults. On December 21, the Mongols storm the walls and plunder the capital, killing Yuri Igorevich and all inhabitants. Yuri II of Vladimir stands by and does nothing to intervene while Ryazan burns.
  • December – Siege of Kolomna: Rus' forces under Yuri II of Vladimir are besieged and annihilated at Kolomna by the Mongols. Yuri barely escapes to Yaroslavl. The defenceless capital of Vladimir is taken after just 2 days. Yuri's wife Agatha (sister of Michael of Chernigov) and all his family die in Vladimir when a church where they have sought refuge from the fire collapses.
Levant
  • Spring – Al-Ashraf Musa, Ayyubid ruler of Damascus, assembles his allies and secures his active support of Kayqubad I, Sejuk ruler of the Sultanate of Rum. A civil war seems inevitable when Kayqubad is poisoned during a feast at Kayseri, on May 31. [55] Meanwhile, the Seljuks strengthen the fortresses in the eastern provinces against the Mongols.
  • August 27 – Al-Ashraf becomes dangerously ill and dies after an 8-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother As-Salih Ismail – who defends Damascus against his elder brother Al-Kamil, Ayyubid ruler of Egypt. In October, Ismail has the suburbs burnt to prevent the Egyptian forces from shelter. [56]

By topic

Cities and Towns

In England the central tower of Lincoln Cathedral collapses.

1238

This section is transcluded from 1238. (edit | history)

By place

Mongol Empire
  • January 15 – 20 – Siege of Moscow: The Mongols under Batu Khan and Subutai campaign across the northern heartland of the Kievan Rus', committing numerous atrocities across multiple settlements, including the sacking of an insignificant town known as Moscow. According to the Chronicle of Novgorod, Moscow is a fortified village, a trading post "on a crossroads of four rivers". The village is taken by the Mongols after 5 days of siege.
  • March 4 – Battle of the Sit River: The Mongols defeat a Kievan Rus' army (some 4,000 men) under Grand Prince Yuri II of Vladimir in an engagement at the Sit River (located in the Sonkovsky District). With Yuri's death, so too dies the hope of any united Rus' resistance against the Mongols. Batu Khan splits his forces up into several contingents – ordering each to wreak havoc across the Rus' territories (modern-day Russia and Ukraine).
  • March – Siege of Kozelsk: The 12-year-old Prince Vasily of Chernigov (grandson of Mstislav II Svyatoslavich), manages against all the odds, to hold out in his capital of Kozelsk for nearly two months with only citizen militia. He leads a successful sortie outside of the walls – where the garrison slaughters thousands of Mongols and destroys siege equipment. Finally, Kozelsk is conquered and Vasily is slaughtered alongside the inhabitants.
  • Evpaty Kolovrat, Kievan knight ( bogatyr ), returns to his hometown of Ryazan, which was burnt to the ground by the Mongols in 1237. He gathers some 1,700 survivors and pursues Batu Khan, attacking his rearguard, and annihilating thousands of Mongols. Finally, Kolovrat is slain from afar by siege-weaponry. Batu Khan shows admiration for his bravery and as a sign of respect, returns his body and allows his soldiers to return home.
  • Autumn – The Mongols under Batu Khan retire, leaving behind the ruined northern Rus' territories. He spends the rest of the year suppressing the last resistance of the Kipchaks, while his cousin Möngke (son of Tolui Khan) conquer the Alans and the northern Caucasian tribes. Later, Möngke makes a raid of reconnaissance as far as Kiev. [57]
Europe
England
  • January – Simon de Montfort marries the 23-year-old Eleanor, sister of King Henry III. While the marriage takes place with the king's approval, the act itself is performed secretly and without consulting the barons. Eleanor has previously been married to William Marshal and has sworn a vow of perpetual chastity upon his death, which she breaks by marrying Montfort. Archbishop Edmund of Abingdon condemns the marriage for this reason.
Middle East

1239

This section is transcluded from 1239. (edit | history)

By place

Europe
England
Levant
  • September 1 – Barons' Crusade: A Crusader force (some 1,500 knights) under King Theobald I of Navarre arrives at Acre. At a council of local barons – most prominently Walter of Brienne, Odo of Montbéliard, Balian of Beirut, John of Arsuf, and Balian of Sidon – plans are made to prepare an expedition against the Ayyubids in Egypt. Later, Theobald is joined by some Crusaders from Cyprus. [63]
  • November 2 – An expeditionary force (some 4,000 knights) under Theobald I sets out from Acre for the Egyptian frontier, detachments from the military orders and several local barons accompany the Crusaders. While marching to Jaffa, a Crusader column led by Peter of Brittany and his lieutenant Raoul de Soissons with two hundred knights, lays an ambush and attacks a rich Muslim caravan. [64]
  • November 12 – Sultan as-Salih Ayyub sends an Ayyubid army to Gaza to protect the Egyptian border. At nightfall, Henry of Bar, jealous of the successful ambush of Peter of Brittany, decides to march out towards Gaza with a Crusader force (some 500 knights and 1,000 soldiers). Although warned by Theobald I, Henry sets up camp in a flat terrain surrounded by sand dunes near Gaza. [65]
  • November 13 – Battle of Gaza: The Crusader army led by Henry of Bar is defeated by the Egyptians near Gaza. More than a thousand men are slaughtered, including Henry himself. Six hundred more are captured and carried off to Egypt. Among them are Amaury VI de Montfort and Philippe de Nanteuil – who, in the dungeons of Cairo, writes a Crusade song about the failure of the expedition. [66]
  • December 7 – Ayyubid forces under An-Nasir Dawud march on Jerusalem, which is largely undefended. The garrison of the city surrenders to Dawud, after accepting his offer for a safe-conduct to Acre. Dawud destroys Jerusalem's fortifications, including the Tower of David. Meanwhile, Theobald I (losing many men underway) moves with the remnants of the Crusader army northward to Acre. [67]
Mongol Empire

By topic

Religion

Births

Transcluding articles: 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, and 1239

1230

Approximate date

1231

1232

1233

1234

1235

1236

1237

1238

1239

Deaths

Transcluding articles: 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, and 1239

1230

Approximate date

1231

1232

1233

1234

1235

Henry I, Duke of Brabant Henry I, Duke of Brabant.jpg
Henry I, Duke of Brabant
King Andrew II of Hungary Ondrej2 pecet.jpg
King Andrew II of Hungary

1236

1237

1238

1239

References

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  2. ↑ Peter Linehan (1999). "Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre". In Abulafia, David (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 5, c.1198–c.1300. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 668–673. ISBN   978-1-13905573-4.
  3. 1 2 Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 110. ISBN   2-7068-1398-9.
  4. ↑ Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 138. ISBN   0-304-35730-8.
  5. ↑ Carpenter, David (2004). The Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 1066–1284, p. 130. London, UK: Penguin. ISBN   978-0-14-014824-4.
  6. ↑ Carmina Burana. Die Lieder der Benediktbeurer Handschrift. Zweisprachige Ausgabe, hg. u. übers. v. Carl Fischer und Hugo Kuhn, dtv, München 1991; wenn man dagegen z. B. CB 211 und 211a jeweils als zwei Lieder zählt, kommt man auf insgesamt 315 Texte in der Sammlung, so auch Dieter Schaller, Carmina Burana, in: Lexikon des Mittelalters, Bd. 2, Artemis Verlag, München und Zürich 1983, Sp. 1513
  7. ↑ Rashdall, Hastings (1895). The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages. Clarendon Press. p.  85 . Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  8. ↑ Peter Linehan (1999). "Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre". In David Abulafia (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 668–673. ISBN   0-521-36289-X.
  9. ↑ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 80–82. ISBN   978-0-7126-5616-0.
  10. ↑ Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 138. ISBN   0-304-35730-8.
  11. ↑ Close Rolls.
  12. ↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 164. ISBN   978-0-241-29877-0.
  13. ↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 165. ISBN   978-0-241-29877-0.
  14. ↑ Pirozhenko, Oleg (2005). Political Trends of Hong Bog Won Clan in the Period of Mongol Domination, p. 240. International Journal of Korean History.
  15. ↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 168. ISBN   978-0-241-29877-0.
  16. ↑ Linehan, Peter (1999). "Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre". In Abulafia, David (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198–c.1300. Cambridge University Press. pp. 668–673. ISBN   0-521-36289-X.
  17. ↑ Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 138. ISBN   0-304-35730-8.
  18. ↑ Page, William, ed. (1909). "Hospitals: Domus conversorum". A History of the County of London: Volume 1, London Within the Bars, Westminster and Southwark. London. pp. 551–4. Retrieved 2023-03-21– via British History Online.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  19. ↑ Picard, Christophe (1997). La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe–XIIIe siècle. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
  20. ↑ Franke, Herbert (1994). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Allien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368, p. 263. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-24331-5.
  21. ↑ Azuma Kagami (Hōjōbon) (in Japanese). Scroll 28.
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  23. ↑ Dal-Gal, Niccolò (1907). "St. Anthony of Padua". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 2011-06-13.
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  25. ↑ Smith, Thomas W. (2017). "The Use of the Bible in the Arengae of Pope Gregory IX's Crusade Calls". In Lapina, Elizabeth; Morton, Nicholas (eds.). The Uses of the Bible in Crusader Sources. Brill. pp. 206–235.
  26. ↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 169–170. ISBN   978-0-241-29877-0.
  27. ↑ Berend, Nora (2001). At the Gate of Christendom: Jews, Muslims and "Pagans" in Medieval Hungary, c. 1000-c.1300. Cambridge University Press. p. 158. ISBN   978-0-521-02720-5.
  28. ↑ Lourie, Elena (2004). Jews, Muslims, and Christians in and around the Crown of Aragon: essays in honour of Professor Elena Lourie. Brill. p. 270. ISBN   90-04-12951-0.[ permanent dead link ]
  29. ↑ Beck, Sanderson. "Liao, Xi Xia, and Jin Dynasties 907–1234". China 7 BC to 1279.
  30. ↑ Conrad, David C. (2001). "Reconstructing oral tradition: Souleymane Kanté's approach to writing Mande history". Mande Studies. 3: 147–200. doi:10.2979/mnd.2001.a873349.
  31. ↑ Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 138. ISBN   0-304-35730-8.
  32. ↑ Krötzl, Christian; Kuuliala, Jenni; Mustakallio, Katariina (March 9, 2016). Infirmity in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Taylor & Francis. p. 108. ISBN   9781317116950.
  33. ↑ Bartlett, Robert (1995). "The Celtic Lands of the British Isles". In Abulafia, David (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 5: c. 1198 – c. 1300. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 818. ISBN   9780521362894.
  34. ↑ Brown, Daniel (2016). Hugh de Lacy, First Earl of Ulster: Rising and Falling in Angevin Ireland. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell & Brewer. pp. 188–190. ISBN   9781783271344.
  35. ↑ Lea, Henry Charles (2005). A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages. Vol. II. New York: Cosimo, Inc. pp. 115–116. ISBN   9781596056206.
  36. ↑ Limborch, Philippus van (1731). The History of the Inquisition. Vol. I. London: J. Gray. p. 81.
  37. ↑ Tricht, Filip Van (2018). The Horoscope of Emperor Baldwin II: Political and Sociocultural Dynamics in Latin-Byzantine Constantinople. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 62. ISBN   9789004383180.
  38. ↑ Lower, Michael (2013). The Barons' Crusade: A Call to Arms and Its Consequences. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 58–59. ISBN   9780812202670.
  39. ↑ Cazelles, Brigitte (1991). The Lady as Saint: A Collection of French Hagiographic Romances of the Thirteenth Century. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 151. ISBN   9780812213805.
  40. ↑ Manor), Exeter Symposium (2004 : Charney (2004). The Medieval Mystical Tradition in England: Exeter Symposium VII : Papers Read at Charney Manor, July 2004. Woodbridge, UK and Rochester, NY: DS Brewer. p. 101. ISBN   9781843840077.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  41. ↑ Lockard, Craig (2007). Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History. Vol. I: To 1500. Boston and New York: Cengage Learning. p. 307. ISBN   9780618386123.
  42. ↑ Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History. Vol. II: From 1600. Boston and New York: Cengage Learning. p. 139. ISBN   9781111808143.
  43. ↑ Breverton, Terry (2014). Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About the Tudors but Were Afraid to Ask. Stroud, UK: Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN   9781445638454.
  44. ↑ Howorth, Billy F. K. (2018). Lancaster in 50 Buildings. Stroud: Amberley Publishing. ISBN   9781445676630.
  45. ↑ Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z. Vol. 3: P–Z. Westport, CT and London: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1143. ISBN   9780313335396.
  46. ↑ Longnon, Jean (1969). The Frankish States in Greece, 1204–1311, p. 219. Madison, Milwaukee, and London: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN   0-299-04844-6.
  47. ↑ Linehan, Peter (1999). "Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre". In David Abulafia (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300. Vol. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 668–673. ISBN   0-521-36289-X.
  48. ↑ Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 139. ISBN   0-304-35730-8.
  49. ↑ Howell, Margaret (2001). Eleanor of Provence: Queenship in Thirteenth-Century England, pp. 15–17. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN   978-0-631-22739-7.
  50. ↑ Hey, David. Medieval South Yorkshire.
  51. ↑ John Man (2006). Kublai Khan: The Mongol king who remade China, p. 158. ISBN   978-0-593-05448-2.
  52. ↑ John Larner (1980). Italy in the Age of Dante and Petrarch, 1216-1380. Longman. p. 31. ISBN   978-0-582-48366-8.
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  54. ↑ Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 139. ISBN   0-304-35730-8.
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  56. ↑ Burns, Ross (2005). Damascus: A History, p. 186. Routledge. ISBN   978-0-415-27105-9.
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  58. ↑ David Nicolle (2005). Osprey: Lake Peipus 1242 – Battle on the Ice, p. 48. ISBN   1-85532-553-5.
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  65. ↑ Lower, Michael (2005). The Barons' Crusade: A Call to Arms and Its Consequences, pp. 168–71. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN   0-8122-3873-7.
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  67. ↑ Lower, Michael (2005). The Barons' Crusade: A Call to Arms and Its Consequences, p. 171. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN   0-8122-3873-7.
  68. ↑ Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 139. ISBN   0-304-35730-8.
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  70. ↑ Saisset 1230s at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  73. ↑ Ruud, Jay (2008). Critical Companion to Dante. New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 400. ISBN   9781438108414.
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  78. ↑ Wang, David (2016). A Philosophy of Chinese Architecture: Past, Present, Future. New York and London: Taylor & Francis. p. 13. ISBN   9781317505679.
  79. ↑ Demurger, Alain (2008). Les templiers: une chevalerie chrétienne au Moyen âge. Points (Nouvelle éd. refondue ed.). Paris: Éd. du Seuil. p. 622. ISBN   978-2-7578-1122-1.
  80. ↑ Achard, Dominique (2021-09-03). Les Maîtres du Temple: Hugues Payns (in French). Éditions Encre Rouge. ISBN   978-2-37789-852-7.
  81. ↑ Weiler, Björn K. U. (2006). Henry III of England and the Staufen Empire, 1216-1272. Woodbridge, UK and Rochester, NY: Boydell & Brewer. p. 61. ISBN   9780861932801.
  82. ↑ Jeep, John M. (2001). Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia. New York and London: Psychology Press. p. 72. ISBN   9780824076443.
  83. ↑ Bauer, Susan Wise (2013). The History of the Renaissance World: From the Rediscovery of Aristotle to the Conquest of Constantinople. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 297. ISBN   9780393240672.
  84. ↑ Lemprière, John (1810). Universal Biography: Containing a Copious Account, Critical and Historical, of the Life and Character, Labors and Actions of Eminent Persons, in All Ages and Countries, Conditions and Professions Arranged in Alphabetical Order. Vol. I. New York: E. Sargeant. p. 65.
  85. ↑ Foerster, Thomas (2016). Godfrey of Viterbo and his Readers: Imperial Tradition and Universal History in Late Medieval Europe. New York and London: Routledge. ISBN   9781317126270.
  86. ↑ Sperling, Jutta Gisela (2016). Medieval and Renaissance Lactations: Images, Rhetorics, Practices. New York and London: Routledge. ISBN   9781317098102.
  87. ↑ Efthymiadis, Professor Stephanos (2014). The Ashgate Research Companion to Byzantine Hagiography. Vol. II: Genres and Contexts. Surrey, UK and Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 480. ISBN   9781472404152.
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  89. ↑ Talmage, Frank (1975). Disputation and Dialogue: Readings in the Jewish-Christian Encounter. New York: KTAV Publishing House, Inc. p. 71. ISBN   9780870682841.
  90. ↑ Heide, Albert van der (2017). 'Now I Know': Five Centuries of Aqedah Exegesis. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 177. ISBN   9783319475219.
  91. ↑ Kate Norgate; A. D. Carr (2004). "Joan [Siwan]". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14819.
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  93. ↑ Elizabeth Ewan, ed. (2006). The biographical dictionary of Scottish women : from the earliest times to 2004 (Reprinted ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p.  400. ISBN   0-7486-1713-2.
  94. ↑ Zsoldos, Attila (2011). Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1000–1301 [Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1000–1301] (in Hungarian). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. p. 348. ISBN   978-963-9627-38-3.
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