1239

1239 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1239; MCCXXXIX
Ab urbe condita	1992
Armenian calendar	688; ԹՎ ՈՁԸ
Assyrian calendar	5989
Balinese saka calendar	1160–1161
Bengali calendar	646
Berber calendar	2189
English Regnal year	23 Hen. 3 – 24 Hen. 3
Buddhist calendar	1783
Burmese calendar	601
Byzantine calendar	6747–6748
Chinese calendar	戊戌年 (Earth Dog); 3935 or 3875; — to —; 己亥年 (Earth Pig); 3936 or 3876
Coptic calendar	955–956
Discordian calendar	2405
Ethiopian calendar	1231–1232
Hebrew calendar	4999–5000
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1295–1296
- Shaka Samvat	1160–1161
- Kali Yuga	4339–4340
Holocene calendar	11239
Igbo calendar	239–240
Iranian calendar	617–618
Islamic calendar	636–637
Japanese calendar	Ryakunin 2 / En'ō 1; (延応元年)
Javanese calendar	1148–1149
Julian calendar	1239; MCCXXXIX
Korean calendar	3572
Minguo calendar	673 before ROC ; 民前673年
Nanakshahi calendar	−229
Thai solar calendar	1781–1782
Tibetan calendar	阳土狗年; (male Earth-Dog); 1365 or 984 or 212; — to —; 阴土猪年; (female Earth-Pig); 1366 or 985 or 213

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	12th century ; 13th century ; 14th century ;
Decades:	1210s ; 1220s ; 1230s ; 1240s ; 1250s ;
Years:	1236 ; 1237 ; 1238 ; 1239 ; 1240 ; 1241 ; 1242 ;

Last updated April 03, 2023

Year 1239 ( MCCXXXIX ) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Europe

Summer – A German expeditionary force under Emperor Frederick II invades the Romagna and Tuscany, hoping to capture Rome. He appoints his 21-year-old son, Enzo of Sardinia, as imperial vicar general for Northern Italy. Frederick also threatens with war against Venice, who has sent ships to blockade the harbors on Sicily. In order to finance his growing need for arms, he institutes an administrative reorganization of the Holy Roman Empire (among others, the formation of 10 vice regencies in Italy).
Autumn – King Béla IV allows some 40,000 Cumans, pagan nomads fleeing the Mongols, to settle in Hungary between the rivers Danube and Theiss, after their leader, Köten, has promised to convert to Christianity.
November – Pope Gregory IX grants the status of Crusade to King Ferdinand III (the Saint), who leads a successful campaign against the Almohads in Murcia.^[1]
King Louis IX (the Saint) holds a parlement (or "court of law") at Paris, for the first time recorded in Ancien Régime France.

England

June 17 or June 18 – Edward I (Longshanks), first son born to King Henry III and Queen Eleanor of Provence, is born at the Palace of Westminster. Henry names him after Edward the Confessor and chooses Simon de Montfort as his godfather.

Levant

September 1 – Barons' Crusade: A Crusader force (some 1,500 knights) under King Theobald I of Navarre arrives at Acre. At a council of local barons – most prominently: Walter of Brienne, Odo of Montbéliard, Balian of Beirut, John of Arsuf, and Balian of Sidon, plans are made to prepare an expedition against the Ayyubids in Egypt. Later, Theobald is also joined by some Crusaders from Cyprus.^[2]
November 2 – A expeditionary force (some 4,000 knights) under Theobald I sets out from Acre for the Egyptian frontier, detachments from the military orders and several local barons accompany the Crusaders. While marching to Jaffa, a Crusader column led by Peter of Brittany and his lieutenant Raoul de Soissons with two hundred knights, lays an ambush and attacks a rich Muslim caravan.^[3]
November 12 – Sultan as-Salih Ayyub sends an Ayyubid army to Gaza to protect the Egyptian border. At nightfall, Henry of Bar, jealous of the successful ambush of Peter of Brittany, decides to march out towards Gaza with a Crusader force (some 500 knights and 1,000 soldiers). Although warned by Theobald I, Henry orders to set up camp in a flat terrain surrounded by sand dunes near Gaza.^[4]
November 13 – Battle of Gaza: The Crusader army led by Henry of Bar is defeated by the Egyptians near Gaza. More than a thousand men are slaughtered, including Henry himself. Six hundred more are captured and carried off to Egypt. Among them are Amaury VI de Montfort and Philippe de Nanteuil – who, in the dungeons of Cairo, writes a Crusade song about the failure of the expedition.^[5]
December 7 – Ayyubid forces under An-Nasir Dawud march on Jerusalem, which is largely undefended. The garrison of the city surrenders to Dawud, after accepting his offer for a safe-conduct to Acre. Dawud destroys Jerusalem's fortifications, including the Tower of David. Meanwhile, Theobald I (losing many men underway) moves with the remnants of the Crusader army northward to Acre.^[6]

Mongol Empire

The Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus': The Mongols under Batu Khan continue their campaign across the Pontic Steppe. After devastating the Crimea and campaigning against the Circassians in the Caucasus, they turn towards the Kievan Rus'. In March, Pereyaslavl, capital of the Principality of Pereyaslavl, is sacked by the Mongols.
October 18 – Sack of Chernigov: The Mongols led by Batu Khan attack Chernigov, the garrison rallied outside the walls to face the Mongols in a pitched battle. Prince Mstislav III Glebovich comes to help with his troops, they are slaughtered by Mongol catapults. The city is pillaged as are the towns in the surrounding countryside.

By topic

Arts and Humanities

In England the central tower of Lincoln Cathedral collapses.

Religion

March 20 – Gregory IX renews the excommunication of Frederick II, while he is at his court in Padua. Frederick responds by expelling the Franciscans and Dominicans from Lombardy.^[7]

Births

June 17 or June 18 – Edward I (Longshanks), king of England (d. 1307)
December 17 – Kujō Yoritsugu, Japanese ruler ( shogun ) (d. 1256)
Álvaro (the Castilian), Spanish nobleman and knight (d. 1268)
Balian of Arsuf, Cypriot nobleman (House of Ibelin) (d. 1277)
Constance of Aragon, Spanish princess ( infanta ) (d. 1269)
John II of Brittany, French nobleman and knight (d. 1305)
Robert de Ferrers, English nobleman and knight (d. 1279)
Stephen V, king of Hungary (House of Árpád) (d. 1272)
Thomas I of Saluzzo, Italian nobleman and knight (d. 1296)

Deaths

February 3 – Kujō Ninshi, Japanese empress consort (b. 1173)
March 3 – Vladimir IV (Rurikovich), Kievan Grand Prince (b. 1187)
March 20 – Hermann von Salza, German Grand Master (b. 1165)
March 28 – Go-Toba (or Toba II), emperor of Japan (b. 1180)
April 7 – William I de Cantilupe, Norman nobleman (b. 1159)
June 5 – Władysław Odonic (the Spitter), Polish nobleman
September 21 – Simon of Dammartin, French nobleman
November 13 – Henry II of Bar, French nobleman (b. 1190)
December 13 – Albert IV (the Wise), German nobleman
December 21
- Henry de Turberville, English nobleman and knight
- Richard Wilton, English scholastic philosopher
Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati, Andalusian pharmacist (b. 1166)
Aimery III of Narbonne (or Aimeric), French nobleman
Ibn al-Khabbaza, Moroccan historian, poet and writer
Ibn al-Mustawfi, Ayyubid governor and historian (b. 1169)
Muhammad bin Hasan al-Baghdadi, Arab cuisine writer
Robert of Courtenay, French nobleman and knight (b. 1168)
Thomas of Capua, Italian prelate, cardinal and diplomat

Related Research Articles

Year 1220 (MCCXX) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

Year 1229 (MCCXXIX) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

Year 1238 (MCCXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

Year 1248 (MCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

Year 1221 (MCCXXI) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

Year 1227 (MCCXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

The 1210s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1210, and ended on December 31, 1219.

The 1220s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1220, and ended on December 31, 1229.

The 1230s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1230, and ended on December 31, 1239.

The 1240s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1240, and ended on December 31, 1249.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1271</span> Calendar year

Year 1271 (MCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.

Year 1218 (MCCXVIII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

Year 1219 (MCCXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.

Year 1193 (MCXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

Year 1240 (MCCXL) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

Year 1244 (MCCXLIV) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

Year 1246 (MCCXLVI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

Year 1253 (MCCLIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

The Barons' Crusade (1239–1241), also called the Crusade of 1239, was a crusade to the Holy Land that, in territorial terms, was the most successful crusade since the First Crusade. Called by Pope Gregory IX, the Barons' Crusade broadly embodied the highest point of papal endeavor "to make crusading a universal Christian undertaking." Gregory IX called for a crusade in France, England, and Hungary with different degrees of success. Although the crusaders did not achieve any glorious military victories, they used diplomacy to successfully play the two warring factions of the Ayyubid dynasty against one another for even more concessions than Frederick II had gained during the more well-known Sixth Crusade. For a few years, the Barons' Crusade returned the Kingdom of Jerusalem to its largest size since 1187.

The Battle at Gaza took place on 13 November 1239 as part of the Barons' Crusade. In it, an army led by Theobald I of Navarre was defeated by the Egyptian Ayyubids.

References

↑ de Epalza, Miguel (1999). Negotiating cultures: bilingual surrender treaties in Muslim-Crusader Spain under James the Conqueror. Brill. p. 96. ISBN 90-04-11244-8.
↑ Painter, Sidney (1969). The Crusade of Theobald of Champagne and Richard of Cornwall, 1239–1241, p. 472. Robert Lee Wolff; Harry W. Hazard (eds.). A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Later Crusades, 1189–1311, pp. 463–86. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 179. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
↑ Lower, Michael (2005). The Barons' Crusade: A Call to Arms and Its Consequences, pp. 168–71. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3873-7.
↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 180. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
↑ Lower, Michael (2005). The Barons' Crusade: A Call to Arms and Its Consequences, p. 171. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3873-7.
↑ Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 139. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.

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[negotiating-1] Epalza, Miguel (1999). Negotiating cultures: bilingual surrender treaties in Muslim-Crusader Spain under James the Conqueror. Brill. p. 96. ISBN 90-04-11244-8.

[2] Painter, Sidney (1969). The Crusade of Theobald of Champagne and Richard of Cornwall, 1239–1241, p. 472. Robert Lee Wolff; Harry W. Hazard (eds.). A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Later Crusades, 1189–1311, pp. 463–86. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

[3] Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 179. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.

[4] Lower, Michael (2005). The Barons' Crusade: A Call to Arms and Its Consequences, pp. 168–71. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3873-7.

[5] Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 180. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.

[6] Lower, Michael (2005). The Barons' Crusade: A Call to Arms and Its Consequences, p. 171. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3873-7.

[7] Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 139. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.

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Gregorian calendar	1239 MCCXXXIX
Ab urbe condita	1992
Armenian calendar	688 ԹՎ ՈՁԸ
Assyrian calendar	5989
Balinese saka calendar	1160–1161
Bengali calendar	646
Berber calendar	2189
English Regnal year	23 Hen. 3 – 24 Hen. 3
Buddhist calendar	1783
Burmese calendar	601
Byzantine calendar	6747–6748
Chinese calendar	戊戌年 (Earth Dog) 3935 or 3875 — to — 己亥年 (Earth Pig) 3936 or 3876
Coptic calendar	955–956
Discordian calendar	2405
Ethiopian calendar	1231–1232
Hebrew calendar	4999–5000
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1295–1296
- Shaka Samvat	1160–1161
- Kali Yuga	4339–4340
Holocene calendar	11239
Igbo calendar	239–240
Iranian calendar	617–618
Islamic calendar	636–637
Japanese calendar	Ryakunin 2 / En'ō 1 (延応元年)
Javanese calendar	1148–1149
Julian calendar	1239 MCCXXXIX
Korean calendar	3572
Minguo calendar	673 before ROC 民前673年
Nanakshahi calendar	−229
Thai solar calendar	1781–1782
Tibetan calendar	阳土狗年 (male Earth-Dog) 1365 or 984 or 212 — to — 阴土猪年 (female Earth-Pig) 1366 or 985 or 213

1239 by topic
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Birth and death categories
Births – Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments – Disestablishments
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1239 in poetry
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