1268

1268 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1268 MCCLXVIII
Ab urbe condita	2021
Armenian calendar	717 ԹՎ ՉԺԷ
Assyrian calendar	6018
Balinese saka calendar	1189–1190
Bengali calendar	674–675
Berber calendar	2218
English Regnal year	52  Hen. 3  – 53  Hen. 3
Buddhist calendar	1812
Burmese calendar	630
Byzantine calendar	6776–6777
Chinese calendar	丁卯年 (Fire  Rabbit) 3965 or 3758     — to — 戊辰年 (Earth  Dragon) 3966 or 3759
Coptic calendar	984–985
Discordian calendar	2434
Ethiopian calendar	1260–1261
Hebrew calendar	5028–5029
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1324–1325
- Shaka Samvat	1189–1190
- Kali Yuga	4368–4369
Holocene calendar	11268
Igbo calendar	268–269
Iranian calendar	646–647
Islamic calendar	666–667
Japanese calendar	Bun'ei 5 (文永５年)
Javanese calendar	1178–1179
Julian calendar	1268 MCCLXVIII
Korean calendar	3601
Minguo calendar	644 before ROC 民前644年
Nanakshahi calendar	−200
Thai solar calendar	1810–1811
Tibetan calendar	མེ་མོ་ཡོས་ལོ་ (female Fire-Hare) 1394 or 1013 or 241     — to — ས་ཕོ་འབྲུག་ལོ་ (male Earth-Dragon) 1395 or 1014 or 242

Conradin (right) is executed by Charles I of Sicily, thus extinguishing the Hohenstaufen dynasty.

Year 1268 ( MCCLXVIII ) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By topic

War and politics

• February 18 – Battle of Rakvere: The Livonian Order is defeated by Dovmont of Pskov. ^[1]
• April 4 – A five-year Byzantine–Venetian peace treaty is concluded between Venetian envoys and Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos. It is ratified by the Doge of Venice Reniero Zeno on June 30. ^[2]
• August 23 – Battle of Tagliacozzo: The army of Charles of Anjou defeats the Ghibellines supporters of Conradin of Hohenstaufen, marking the fall of the Hohenstaufen Family from the Imperial and Sicilian thrones, and leading to the new chapter of Angevin domination in Southern Italy. ^[3]
• October 29 – Conradin, the last legitimate male heir of the Hohenstaufen Dynasty of Kings of Germany and Holy Roman Emperors, is executed, along with his companion Frederick I, Margrave of Baden, by Charles I of Sicily, a political rival and ally to the hostile Roman Catholic Church. ^[4]
• King Stephen V of Hungary launches a war against Bulgaria. ^{[5] [6]}
• The County of Wernigerode becomes a vassal state of the Margrave of Brandenburg. ^[7]
• New election procedures for the election of the doge are established in Venice, in order to reduce the influence of powerful individual families and possibly to prevent the popular Lorenzo Tiepolo from becoming elected. ^[8]
• Pope Clement IV dies; the following papal election fails to choose a new pope for almost three years, precipitating the later creation of stringent rules governing the electoral procedures. ^[9]

Culture

• Nicola Pisano completes the famous octagonal Gothic-style pulpit, at the Duomo di Siena. ^[10]
• The carnival in Venice is first recorded. ^[11]
• In France, the use of hops as the exclusive flavoring agent used in the manufacture of beer is made compulsory. ^[12]
• The town of Guta is founded (currently Kolárovo, Slovakia). ^{[13] [ better source needed ]}

By place

Asia

• May 18 – Battle of Antioch: The Principality of Antioch, a crusader state, falls to the Mamluk Sultan Baibars; his destruction of the city of Antioch is so great, as to permanently negate the city's importance. ^[14]
• The Battle of Xiangyang, a 6-year battle between the Chinese Song dynasty and the Mongol forces of Kublai Khan, begins in what is today Hubei. ^[15]
• Kublai Khan sends an emissary to the Kamakura shogunate of Japan, demanding an acknowledgment of suzerainty and payment of tribute; the Japanese refuse, starting a diplomatic back-and-forth, lasting until the Mongols attempt to invade in 1274. ^[16]
• An earthquake in Cilicia occurs in 1268 northeast of the city of Adana. Over 60,000 people perished in the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia in southern Asia Minor. ^{[17] [18] [19]}
• The Tibetan monk Drogön Chögyal Phagpa of the Sakya School completes the 'Phags-pa script, which was sponsored by Kublai Khan as a new writing system in his empire. ^[20]

Births

• April/June – Philip IV of France (d. 1314) ^[21]
• Saint Clare of Montefalco (d. 1308) ^[22]
• Emperor Duanzong of China (d. 1278) ^[23]
• Mahaut, Countess of Artois (d. 1329) ^[24]
• Vedanta Desika, Indian Hindu poet and philosopher ^[25]

Deaths

• May 15 – Peter II, Count of Savoy (b. 1203) ^[26]
• July 7 – Reniero Zeno, Doge of Venice ^[27]
• August 11 – Agnes of Faucigny, Dame ruler of Faucigny, countess consort of Savoy ^[28]
• October 29
  • Conradin, Duke of Swabia (executed) (b. 1252) ^[29]
  • Frederick I, Margrave of Baden (executed) (b. 1249) ^[30]
• November 29 – Pope Clement IV ^[9]
• December 9 – Vaišvilkas, Prince of Black Ruthenia ^[31]
• date unknown
  • Barral of Baux, Grand Justiciar of Sicily ^[32]
  • Henry de Bracton, English jurist ^[33]

References

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2. Finlay, George (1854). History of the Byzantine Empire, from DCCXVI to MLVII. Edinburgh and London: W. Blackwood and Sons. p. 441.
3. Small, Carola M. (2004). "Battle of Tagliacozzo". In Kleinhenz, Christopher (ed.). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. New York and London: Routledge. p. 1068. ISBN   9781135948801.
4. Tucker, Spencer C. (2010). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 286. ISBN   9781851096725.
5. Fine, John V. A.; Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. p. 180. ISBN   9780472082605.
6. Madgearu, Alexandru (2016). The Asanids: The Political and Military History of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1280). Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 255. ISBN   9789004333192.
7. Möller, Arnold Wilhelm (1822). Versuch einer Territorialgeschichte des preußischen Staates, oder kurze Darstellung des Wachsthums der Besitzungen des Hauses Brandenburg seit dem zwölften Jahrhundert. Mit einer illumin. Karte (in German). Hamm und Münster: Schulz u. Wundermann. pp. 13–14.
8. Dean, Trevor (2000). The Towns of Italy in the Later Middle Ages. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press. p. 219. ISBN   9780719052040.
9. Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1976). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571: The thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society. Vol. I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society. p. 106. ISBN   9780871691149.
10. Zirpolo, Lilian H. (2009). The A to Z of Renaissance Art. Lanham, Toronto, Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press. pp. 342–343. ISBN   9780810870437.
11. McNeill, William H. (2009) [1974]. Venice: The Hinge of Europe, 1081-1797. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. p. 269. ISBN   9780226561547.
12. Oliver, Garrett (2012). The Oxford Companion to Beer. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, USA. p. 464. ISBN   9780195367133.
13. "Kolárovo city, Slovakia". fotw.info. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
14. Bradbury, Jim (2004). The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare. London and New York: Routledge. p. 185. ISBN   9781134598472.
15. Curtis Wright, David (2013). "Debates in the Field During Bayan's Campaigns Against Southern Song China, 1274 - 1276". In Lorge, Peter A. (ed.). Debating War in Chinese History. Leiden and Boston: BRILL. p. 141. ISBN   9789004244795.
16. Bary, Wm. Theodore de; Gluck, Carol; Tiedemann, Arthur; Varley, Paul (2002). "The Mongol Invasion of Japan". Sources of Japanese Tradition (Second: From Earliest Times to 1600 ed.). New York and Chichester, UK: Columbia University Press. p. 280. ISBN   9780231518055.
17. Walford, Cornelius (1879) The famines of the world: past and present London, page 55, OCLC   38724391
18. Lomnitz, Cinna (1974) Global Tectonics and Earthquake Risk Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co., Amsterdam, ISBN   0-444-41076-7
19. Gates, Alexander E.; Ritchie, David (2007) [1994]. Encyclopedia of Earthquakes and Volcanoes (Third ed.). New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 292. ISBN   9780816072705.
20. Shakabpa, Tsepon Wangchuk Deden (2010). One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 224. ISBN   9789004177321.
21. Delph, Ronald K. (2007). Ackermann, Marsha E.; Schroeder, Michael J.; Terry, Janice J.; Upshur, Jiu-Hwa Lo; Whitters, Mark F. (eds.). Encyclopedia of World History. Facts on File Library of World History. Infobase Publishing. p. 326. ISBN   978-0-8160-6386-4.
22. Renna, Thomas (2006). Schaus, Margaret C. (ed.). Women and Gender in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia. New York and London: Routledge. p. 146. ISBN   9781135459604.
23. Hu, Wen (2017). Dillon, Michael (ed.). Encyclopedia of Chinese History. London and New York: Taylor & Francis. pp. 634–635. ISBN   9781317817161.
24. Juhász, Gergely M. (2014). Translating Resurrection: The Debate between William Tyndale and George Joye in Its Historical and Theological Context. Studies in the History of Christian Traditions. Vol. 165. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 155. ISBN   9789004259522.
25. Neville, Robert C. (2001). Ultimate Realities: A Volume in the Comparative Religious Ideas Project. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 162. ISBN   9780791447758.
26. Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (1841). Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. London: Charles Knight. pp.  439. 1268 peter savoy.
27. Hazlitt, William Carew (1860). History of the Venetian Republic: Her Rise, Her Greatness, and Her Civilization. Vol. II. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 255.
28. Cox, Eugene L. (2015) [1974]. The Eagles of Savoy: The House of Savoy in Thirteenth-Century Europe. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 374. ISBN   9781400867912.
29. Quatriglio, Giuseppe (2005) [1985]. A Thousand Years in Sicily: From the Arabs to the Bourbons (Third ed.). Mineola, NY and Ottawa: Legas / Gaetano Cipolla. p. 43. ISBN   9780921252177.
30. Bassiouni, M. Cherif; Schabas, William A. (2016). The Legislative History of the International Criminal Court. Vol. I (Second Revised and Expanded ed.). Leiden and Boston: BRILL. p. 17. ISBN   9789004322097.
31. Janonienė, Rūta; Račiūnaitė, Tojana; Iršėnas, Marius; Butrimas, Adomas (2015). The Lithuanian Millennium: History, Art and Culture. Vilnius, Lithuania: Vilnius Academy of Arts Press. p. 58. ISBN   9786094470974.
32. Linskill, Richard, ed. (1964). The Poems of the Troubadour, Raimbaut de Vaqueiras. The Hague, Netherlands: Mouton. p. 85.
33. Bracton, Henry de (2010). Maitland, William Frederick (ed.). Bracton's Note Book: A Collection of Cases Decided in the King's Courts During the Reign of Henry the Third. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–20. ISBN   9781108010290.