1241

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1241 in poetry
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Gregorian calendar 1241
MCCXLI
Ab urbe condita 1994
Armenian calendar 690
ԹՎ ՈՂ
Assyrian calendar 5991
Balinese saka calendar 1162–1163
Bengali calendar 648
Berber calendar 2191
English Regnal year 25  Hen. 3  – 26  Hen. 3
Buddhist calendar 1785
Burmese calendar 603
Byzantine calendar 6749–6750
Chinese calendar 庚子年 (Metal  Rat)
3937 or 3877
    — to —
辛丑年 (Metal  Ox)
3938 or 3878
Coptic calendar 957–958
Discordian calendar 2407
Ethiopian calendar 1233–1234
Hebrew calendar 5001–5002
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat 1297–1298
 - Shaka Samvat 1162–1163
 - Kali Yuga 4341–4342
Holocene calendar 11241
Igbo calendar 241–242
Iranian calendar 619–620
Islamic calendar 638–639
Japanese calendar Ninji 2
(仁治２年)
Javanese calendar 1150–1151
Julian calendar 1241
MCCXLI
Korean calendar 3574
Minguo calendar 671 before ROC
民前671年
Nanakshahi calendar −227
Thai solar calendar 1783–1784
Tibetan calendar 阳金鼠年
(male Iron-Rat)
1367 or 986 or 214
    — to —
阴金牛年
(female Iron-Ox)
1368 or 987 or 215

Year 1241 ( MCCXLI ) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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Pope Gregory IX

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The 1240s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1240, and ended on December 31, 1249.

The 1260s is the decade starting January 1, 1260 and ending December 31, 1269.

Year 1213 (MCCXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1259</span> Calendar year

Year 1259 (MCCLIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ladislaus IV of Hungary</span> King of Hungary and Croatia

Ladislaus IV, also known as Ladislaus the Cuman, was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1272 to 1290. His mother, Elizabeth, was the daughter of a chieftain from the pagan Cumans who had settled in Hungary. At the age of seven, he married Elisabeth, a daughter of King Charles I of Sicily. Ladislaus was only 10 when a rebellious lord, Joachim Gutkeled, kidnapped and imprisoned him.

The Battle of Legnica, also known as the Battle of Liegnitz or Battle of Wahlstatt, was a battle between the Mongol Empire and combined European forces that took place at the village of Legnickie Pole (Wahlstatt), approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) southeast of the city of Legnica in the Duchy of Silesia on 9 April 1241.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Béla IV of Hungary</span> King of Hungary (1206–1270)

Béla IV was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1235 and 1270, and Duke of Styria from 1254 to 1258. As the oldest son of King Andrew II, he was crowned upon the initiative of a group of influential noblemen in his father's lifetime in 1214. His father, who strongly opposed Béla's coronation, refused to give him a province to rule until 1220. In this year, Béla was appointed Duke of Slavonia, also with jurisdiction in Croatia and Dalmatia. Around the same time, Béla married Maria, a daughter of Theodore I Laskaris, Emperor of Nicaea. From 1226, he governed Transylvania as duke. He supported Christian missions among the pagan Cumans who dwelled in the plains to the east of his province. Some Cuman chieftains acknowledged his suzerainty and he adopted the title of King of Cumania in 1233. King Andrew died on 21 September 1235 and Béla succeeded him. He attempted to restore royal authority, which had diminished under his father. For this purpose, he revised his predecessors' land grants and reclaimed former royal estates, causing discontent among the noblemen and the prelates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cumans</span> Turkic nomadic people

The Cumans, also known as Polovtsians or Polovtsy, were a Turkic nomadic people comprising the western branch of the Cuman–Kipchak confederation. After the Mongol invasion (1237), many sought asylum in the Kingdom of Hungary, as many Cumans had settled in Hungary, the Second Bulgarian Empire playing an important role in the development of the state. Cumans played also an important role in the Byzantine Empire, the Latin Empire, and the Nicaea Empire's Anatolia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mongol invasion of Europe</span> 1220s-1240s military campaign

From the 1220s into the 1240s, the Mongols conquered the Turkic states of Volga Bulgaria, Cumania, Alania, and the Kievan Rus' federation. Following this, they began their invasion into heartland Europe by launching a two-pronged invasion of then-fragmented Poland, culminating in the Battle of Legnica, and the Kingdom of Hungary, culminating in the Battle of Mohi. Invasions also were launched into the Caucasus against the Kingdom of Georgia and the Chechens and Ingush, as well as into the Southeast Europe against Bulgaria, Croatia, and the Latin Empire. The operations were planned by General Subutai (1175–1248) and commanded by Batu Khan and Kadan. Both of the latter were grandsons of Genghis Khan. Their conquests integrated much of Eastern European territory into the empire of the Golden Horde. Warring European princes realized they had to cooperate in the face of a Mongol invasion, so local wars and conflicts were suspended in parts of central Europe, only to be resumed after the Mongols had withdrawn. After the initial invasions, subsequent raids and punitive expeditions continued into the late 13th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Mohi</span> 1241 battle during the first Mongol invasion of Hungary

The Battle of Mohi, also known as Battle of the Sajó River or Battle of the Tisza River, was the main battle between the Mongol Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary during the Mongol invasion of Europe. It took place at Muhi, southwest of the Sajó River. The battle resulted in a victory for the Mongols, who destroyed the Hungarian Royal army.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mongol invasions and conquests</span> Series of Mongol invasions and conquests (1206–1308)

The Mongol invasions and conquests took place during the 13th and 14th centuries, creating history's largest contiguous empire: the Mongol Empire (1206-1368), which by 1300 covered large parts of Eurasia. Historians regard the Mongol devastation as one of the deadliest episodes in history. In addition, Mongol expeditions may have spread the bubonic plague across much of Eurasia, helping to spark the Black Death of the 14th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Köten</span> 13th-century Cuman khan

Köten was a Cuman–Kipchak chieftain (khan) and military commander active in the mid-13th century. He forged an important alliance with the Kievan Rus' against the Mongols but was ultimately defeated by them at the Kalka River in 1223. After the Mongol victory, Köten led 40,000 "huts" to Hungary, where he became an ally of the Hungarian king and accepted Catholicism, but was nonetheless assassinated by the Hungarian nobility.

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Cumania was a Latin-rite bishopric west of the Siret River from 1228 to 1241. The lands incorporated into the diocese had been dominated by the nomadic Cumans since about 1100. Catholic missions began after Andrew II of Hungary granted Burzenland to the Teutonic Knights in 1211. After Andrew expelled the Knights from the territory in 1225, Dominican friars continued the Cuman mission. Robert, Archbishop of Esztergom baptized Boricius, an influential Cuman chieftain, two years later.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elizabeth the Cuman</span> Queen consort of Hungary

Elizabeth the Cuman (1244–1290) was the Queen consort of Stephen V of Hungary. She was regent of Hungary during the minority of her son from 1272 to 1277.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Snorri Sturluson</span> Icelandic historian, poet and politician (AD 1179–1241)

Snorri Sturluson was an Icelandic historian, poet, and politician. He was elected twice as lawspeaker of the Icelandic parliament, the Althing. He is commonly thought to have authored or compiled portions of the Prose Edda, which is a major source for what is today known as Norse mythology, and Heimskringla, a history of the Norwegian kings that begins with legendary material in Ynglinga saga and moves through to early medieval Scandinavian history. For stylistic and methodological reasons, Snorri is often taken to be the author of Egil's saga. He was assassinated in 1241 by men claiming to be agents of the King of Norway.

Pousa, son of Sólyom was a Hungarian nobleman, who served as voivode of Transylvania twice, in 1227 and 1235 to 1241.

During the Mongol invasion of Europe, Mongol tumens led by Batu Khan and Kadan invaded Serbia and then Bulgaria in the spring of 1242 after defeating the Hungarians at the battle of Mohi and ravaging the Hungarian regions of Croatia, Dalmatia and Bosnia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Second Mongol invasion of Hungary</span> 1285–6 military campaign

The Second Mongol invasion of Hungary led by Nogai Khan and Tulabuga took place during the winter of 1285–1286.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">First Mongol invasion of Hungary</span> Attempted invasion of the Kingdom of Hungary by the Mongol Empire (1241-42)

The first Mongol invasion of Hungary started in March 1241, and the Mongols started to withdraw in late March 1242.

In the summer of 1242, a Mongol force invaded the Latin Empire of Constantinople. This force, a detachment of the army under Qadan then devastating Bulgaria, entered the empire from the north. It was met by the Emperor Baldwin II, who was victorious in a first encounter but was subsequently defeated.

References

  1. ↑ Gabriel, Richard A. (2006). Genghis Khan's Greatest General: Subotai the Valiant. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 111–112. ISBN   9780806137346.
  2. ↑ Kohn, George Childs (2013). Dictionary of Wars. London and New York: Routledge. p. 310. ISBN   9781135954949.
  3. ↑ Britannica Educational Publishing (2011). War on Land. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 144. ISBN   9781615307524.
  4. ↑ Jackson, Peter (2014). The Mongols and the West: 1221-1410. London and New York: Routledge. p. 63. ISBN   9781317878995.
  5. ↑ May, Timothy (2016). The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. pp. 102–104. ISBN   9781610693400.
  6. ↑ Eggenberger, David (2012). An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present. New York: Courier Corporation. p. 280. ISBN   9780486142012.
  7. ↑ Stanton, Charles D. (2015). Medieval Maritime Warfare. Barnsley, UK: Pen and Sword. p. 128. ISBN   9781781592519.
  8. ↑ Whalen, Brett Edward (2019). The Two Powers: The Papacy, the Empire, and the Struggle for Sovereignty in the Thirteenth Century. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 118–119. ISBN   9780812296129.
  9. ↑ Keenan, Desmond (2010). Ireland 1170-1509, Society and History. Bloomington, IN: Xlibris Corporation. p. 443. ISBN   9781453584316.
  10. ↑ Cope, Tim (2013). On the Trail of Genghis Khan: An Epic Journey Through the Land of the Nomads. London, New Delhi, New York, Sydney: A&C Black. pp. 487–488. ISBN   9781408825051.
  11. ↑ Trawinski, Allan (2017). The Clash of Civilizations. New York: Page Publishing Inc. ISBN   9781635687125.
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  14. 1 2 Ruud, Jay (2006). Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature. New York: Facts on File. p. 593. ISBN   0-8160-5497-5.
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  16. ↑ of Sarrant, Arnald (2010). Chronicle of the Twenty-Four Generals of the Order of Friars Minor. Translated by Noel Muscat. Malta: Ordo Fratrum Minorum.
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  22. ↑ "Universidad de Valladolid".
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  25. ↑ Cockerill, Sara (2014). Eleanor of Castile: The Shadow Queen. Stroud, UK: Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN   9781445636054.
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  27. ↑ István Vásáry (March 24, 2005). Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365. Cambridge University Press. p. 223. ISBN   978-1-139-44408-8.
  28. ↑ Wise, Leonard F.; Hansen, Mark Hillary; Egan, E. W. (2005). Kings, Rulers, and Statesmen. New York: Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 82. ISBN   9781402725920.
  29. ↑ Bain, R. Nisbet (2013) [1905]. Scandinavia: A Political History of Denmark, Norway and Sweden from 1513 to 1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 3. ISBN   9781107688858.
  30. ↑ Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250 . Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp.  411. ISBN   9780521815390. 1241 Pousa transylvania.
  31. ↑ Sălăgean, Tudor (2016). Transylvania in the Second Half of the Thirteenth Century: The Rise of the Congregational System. Leiden and Boston: BRILL. p. 28. ISBN   9789004311343.
  32. ↑ Bretschneider, E. (1876). Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia. London: Trübner & Company. p. 87.
  33. ↑ Jackson, Guida M.; Jackson-Laufer, Guida Myrl (1999). Women Rulers Throughout the Ages: An Illustrated Guide . Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. pp.  164. ISBN   9781576070918. 1241 Henry II Poland.
  34. ↑ Grant, R. G. (2017). 1001 Battles That Changed the Course of History. New York: Chartwell Books. p. 168. ISBN   9780785835530.
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 Markó, László (2006). A magyar állam főméltóságai Szent Istvántól napjainkig: Életrajzi Lexikon [Great Officers of State in Hungary from King Saint Stephen to Our Days: A Biographical Encyclopedia] (in Hungarian). Helikon Kiadó. p. 251, 256, 269, 364, 451. ISBN   963-208-970-7.
  36. ↑ Zsoldos, Attila (2011). Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1000–1301 [Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1000–1301] (in Hungarian). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. p. 313. ISBN   978-963-9627-38-3.
  37. 1 2 3 4 5 B. Szabó, János (2007). A tatárjárás. A mongol hódítás és Magyarország [The Mongol Invasion of Hungary] (in Hungarian). Corvina. p. 141. ISBN   978-963-13-6348-7.
  38. ↑ Font, Marta (2010). Rogers, Clifford J. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Vol. I. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 286. ISBN   9780195334036.
  39. ↑ Vásáry, István (2005). Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 66. ISBN   9781139444088.
  40. ↑ Everard, Judith; Jones, Michael C. E. (1999). The Charters of Duchess Constance of Brittany and Her Family, 1171-1221. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell & Brewer. p. 164. ISBN   9780851157511.
  41. ↑ Seabourne, Dr Gwen (2013). Imprisoning Medieval Women: The Non-Judicial Confinement and Abduction of Women in England, c.1170-1509. Surrey, UK and Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 82. ISBN   9781409482321.
  42. ↑ Rist, Rebecca (2009). The Papacy and Crusading in Europe, 1198-1245. London and New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 119. ISBN   9781441179524.
  43. ↑ Bird, Jessalynn; Peters, Edward; Powell, James M. (2013). Crusade and Christendom: Annotated Documents in Translation from Innocent III to the Fall of Acre, 1187-1291. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 397. ISBN   9780812244786.
  44. ↑ Hinz, Johannes (1996). Pommern: Wegweiser durch ein unvergessenes Land (in German). Augsburg, Germany: Bechtermünz. p. 73. ISBN   9783860471814.
  45. ↑ Mostow, Joshua S. (1996). Pictures of the Heart: The Hyakunin Isshu in Word and Image. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press. p. 26. ISBN   9780824817053.
  46. ↑ Vieillard-Baron, Michel (2014). "Power of Words: Forging Fujiwara no Teika's Poetic Theory. A Philological Approach to Japanese Poetics". In Hockx, Michel; Smits, Ivo (eds.). Reading East Asian Writing: The Limits of Literary Theory. London and New York: Routledge. p. 159. ISBN   9781136134029.
  47. ↑ Ullmann, Walter (2003). A Short History of the Papacy in the Middle Ages. London and New York: Routledge. p. 252. ISBN   9781134415359.
  48. ↑ Cheney, C. R.; Cheney, Christopher Robert; Jones, Michael (2000). A Handbook of Dates: For Students of British History. Royal Historical Society Guides and Handbooks. Vol. 4. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 55. ISBN   9780521778459.
  49. ↑ Panton, James (2011). Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy. Lanham, MA and Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press. p. 263. ISBN   9780810874978.
  50. ↑ Huffman, Joseph P. (2000). The Social Politics of Medieval Diplomacy: Anglo-German Relations (1066-1307). Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Civilization. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. p. 264. ISBN   9780472110612.
  51. ↑ Ruh, Kurt (2002) [1993]. Storia della mistica occidentale (in Italian). Vol. II: Mistica femminile e mistica francescana delle origini. Milan, italy: Vita e Pensiero. p. 412. ISBN   9788834336755.
  52. ↑ Wispelwey, Berend (2011). Biographical Index of the Middle Ages. Vol. 1. Munich, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. p. 748. ISBN   9783110914160.
  53. ↑ Kerékgyártó, Árpád (1858). Magyarok életrajzai: Hajdankor 1600 (in Hungarian). Pest, Hungary: Magyar Mihál. p. 214.
  54. ↑ Font, Márta; Barabás, Gábor (2019). Coloman, King of Galicia and Duke of Slavonia (1208–1241): Medieval Central Europe and Hungarian Power. Amsterdam University Press. p. 124. ISBN   978-164-1890-24-3.
  55. ↑ Bauer, S. Wise (2013). The History of the Renaissance World: From the Rediscovery of Aristotle to the Conquest of Constantinople. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 352. ISBN   9780393059762.
  56. ↑ Saunders, J. J. (2001). The History of the Mongol Conquests. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 93. ISBN   9780812217667.
  57. ↑ Heywood, Colin (1999). "The Frontier in Ottoman History: Old Ideas and New Myths". In Power, Daniel; Standen, Naomi (eds.). Frontiers in Question: Eurasian Borderlands, 700–1700. Basingstoke, UK and New York: Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 236. ISBN   9781349274390.
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