1190

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1190 in poetry
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Gregorian calendar 1190
MCXC
Ab urbe condita 1943
Armenian calendar 639
ԹՎ ՈԼԹ
Assyrian calendar 5940
Balinese saka calendar 1111–1112
Bengali calendar 597
Berber calendar 2140
English Regnal year 1  Ric. 1  – 2  Ric. 1
Buddhist calendar 1734
Burmese calendar 552
Byzantine calendar 6698–6699
Chinese calendar 己酉年 (Earth  Rooster)
3887 or 3680
    — to —
庚戌年 (Metal  Dog)
3888 or 3681
Coptic calendar 906–907
Discordian calendar 2356
Ethiopian calendar 1182–1183
Hebrew calendar 4950–4951
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat 1246–1247
 - Shaka Samvat 1111–1112
 - Kali Yuga 4290–4291
Holocene calendar 11190
Igbo calendar 190–191
Iranian calendar 568–569
Islamic calendar 585–586
Japanese calendar Bunji 6 / Kenkyū 1
(建久元年)
Javanese calendar 1097–1098
Julian calendar 1190
MCXC
Korean calendar 3523
Minguo calendar 722 before ROC
民前722年
Nanakshahi calendar −278
Seleucid era 1501/1502 AG
Thai solar calendar 1732–1733
Tibetan calendar 阴土鸡年
(female Earth-Rooster)
1316 or 935 or 163
    — to —
阳金狗年
(male Iron-Dog)
1317 or 936 or 164
The Near East with the Crusader states Map Crusader states 1190-en.svg
The Near East with the Crusader states

Year 1190 (MCXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. It was the 1190th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 190th year of the 2nd millennium, the 90th year of the 12th century, and the 1st year of the 1190s decade. As of the start of 1190, the Gregorian calendar was 7 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which was the dominant calendar of the time.

Contents

Events

By place

Byzantine Empire

  • Spring – A German expeditionary force (some 15,000 men) led by Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) marches towards Constantinople, on the way to the Holy Land. Emperor Isaac II (Angelos), suspicious that Frederick is planning to conquer Constantinople, attempts to stop him by attacking the Crusaders. The German forces are too strong and they capture Adrianople. A peace treaty is signed by both Isaac and Frederick, that ensures the Germans are given supplies, and free passage through to Palestina. [1]
  • Isaac II starts a campaign against the Bulgarians, who claim their independence. After passing the Balkan Mountains, Isaac marches westward to besiege Tarnovo, the new Bulgarian capital. Meanwhile, the Byzantine fleet reaches the Danube River in order to block the way of Cuman reinforcements from the North. The defense of Tarnovo is led by Ivan Asen I, emperor (Tsar) of Bulgaria. After spreading rumors of the arrival of a Cuman army to relieve the city, Isaac orders to retreat to Stara Zagora.
  • Battle of Tryavna: Byzantine forces under Isaac II are ambushed and defeated by the Bulgarians in a mountain pass, near Tryavna. In panic, the Byzantines break up and begin a disorganized retreat. Isaac barely escapes, his Varangian Guard has to cut a path through their own soldiers, enabling their emperor's flight from the rout. The Bulgarians capture the imperial treasure, including the golden helmet of Isaac, his crown, and the Imperial Cross which contains a wooden piece of the Holy Cross.

Third Crusade

  • March – Frederick I leaves Adrianople to Gallipoli at the Dardanelles to embark, with the help of Byzantine transports, to cross into Asia Minor. On April 25, he enters territory of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum under the rule of Sultan Kilij Arslan II. Although promised to let the German Crusaders pass peaceably through his domains, Kilij Arslan harasses Frederick's forces with hit-and-run attacks. On May 7, a Turkish army (some 10,000 men) is defeated at the Battle of Philomelion, by 2,000 Crusaders. [2]
  • March 25 – Conrad of Montferrat sails south with a Crusader fleet (some 50 ships) from Tyre. As Conrad's fleet approaches the harbour of Acre, an equally sized Muslim fleet sorties out to meet the Crusaders in open battle. Eventually, the Ayyubid fleet is blockaded (supported by Danish and Pisan ships) in the port. Acre is again cut off from reinforcements; the city's supplies are exhausted, and the Muslim garrison has to resort to eating their own beasts. In the event, troops are driven to cannibalism. [3]
  • April – After a long siege Muslim forces under Saladin capture Beaufort Castle from Reginald of Sidon who has offered to hand over the castle to Saladin on the condition that he has three months to remove his family to a place of safety. At the end of the three months, Saladin expects the castle to be handed over but finds that Reginald has used the time to strengthen the castle against a siege. He is imprisoned at Damascus – the castle's garrison finally surrenders in return for Reginald's release. [4]
  • May 5 – Siege of Acre: A Crusader force under King Guy of Lusignan attacks the city with three siege engines, but all are destroyed by the Muslim defenders with Greek fire, a highly flammable liquid. An Egyptian flotilla is able to avoid the Pisan fleet (some 50 ships) and resupply the city with new provisions. Saladin launches a massive eight-day attack on the Crusaders two weeks later. Meanwhile, in the Crusader camp the conditions are deteriorating by disease and famine, among the soldiers. [5]
  • May 18 – Battle of Iconium: German forces under Frederick I defeat the Seljuk army (40,000 men) in a pitched battle. They are routed, leaving the city at the mercy of the German Crusaders. Frederick does not pursue the Seljuks, because his forces have been weakened by food shortage for the previous weeks. His 23-year-old son, Frederick VI, takes Iconium (modern-day Konya) and proceeds to massacre the citizens. The Germans take booty amounting to 100,000 marks in the Turkish capital. [6]
  • June 10 – Frederick I drowns while crossing (or bathing in) the Göksu River near Selucia (modern-day Silifke) in Armenian Cilicia. The German Crusaders are demoralized and exhausted by the summer heat, Frederick VI takes over the command of his father, carrying with him the emperor's body preserved in a barrel of vinegar. Some of the German nobles decide to return home with their followers; Frederick continues with his army (some 5,000 men) and eventually reaches Antioch, on June 21. [7]
  • September 24 – A Crusader fleet attempts to destroy the Tower of Flies at Acre, which guards the city's harbour, by ramming vessels loaded with combustibles into it. At a critical moment, the ships collide with one another and are badly damaged. A specially built Pisan vessel resembling a floating castle and outfitted with mangonels, is set afire during a sortie from the harbour by a Muslim flotilla. [8]
  • November 24 – The 18-year-old Isabella I, half-sister of Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem, marries Conrad of Montferrat at Acre making him de facto king of Jerusalem (as Conrad I). He has the support of her mother Maria Comnena and stepfather Balian of Ibelin, as well as Reginald of Sidon and other major nobles in the Crusader States.
  • The Teutonic Order is founded at Acre by German knights of Lübeck and Bremen. The Order is formed to aid Christians on their pilgrimages to the Holy Land and to establish hospitals (approximate date).

Europe

  • July 4 – King Richard I (the Lion Heart) and Philip II (Augustus), meet at Vézelay and agree to divide the spoils of the Crusade equally between themselves. They march to the coast and then make their way across the Mediterranean, taking different routes. Richard travels with an expeditionary force (some 17,000 men) via Marseille and Philip travels with a smaller contingent (some 15,000 men) via Genoa. Richard has some 100 ships at his disposal, several of which are from Norman ports, others from Shoreham and Southampton. [9]
  • September – Richard I arrives in Sicily at the head of a Crusader army and demands the release of his sister Joan of England, queen of Sicily, who is held hostage by the usurper Tancred of Lecce. He also demands that Tancred fulfill the financial commitments made by the late King William II (the Good) to the Crusade. Tancred refuses the financial demand but he agrees to release Joan, on September 28. [10]
  • October 4 – Richard I captures Messina, after looting and burning the city he establishes his base there. Richard insists that his own banner be erected over the city, but this creates tension between Richard and Philip II, who has joined him with his forces. Tancred accepts a peace agreement, and pays Richard 20,000 ounces of gold. Friendly relations are restored, Richard agrees to split the gold with Philip. [11]
  • King Henry VI, eldest son of Frederick I, grants Henry I (the Brave) the title of Duke of Brabant. Henry tries to expand his power and soon quarrels with Count Baldwin V, duke of Hainaut.
  • December – Richard I and Philip II stay in Sicily over the winter months waiting for the weather to improve before continuing their journey to the Holy Land.
  • Siege of Silves – the Almohad caliph, Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur, fails to reconquer Silves, Portugal. [12]

England

  • London adopts the Cross of St. George, the red cross on a white background. The flag is also used by the fleet of Genoa, and allows the ships from London to use the flag for protection when they enter the Mediterranean on trading missions.
  • March 16 – A massacre and mass-suicide of the Jews in York, results in the deaths of 150–500 Jews in Clifford's Tower.

By topic

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Related Research Articles

The 1160s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1160, and ended on December 31, 1169.

The 1170s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1170, and ended on December 31, 1179.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1179</span> Calendar year

Year 1179 (MCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1187</span> Calendar year

Year 1187 (MCLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.

The 1180s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1180, and ended on December 31, 1189.

The 1190s was a decade of the Julian calendar which began on January 1, 1190, and ended on December 31, 1199.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1220</span> Calendar year

Year 1220 (MCCXX) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1189</span> Calendar year

Year 1189 (MCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. In English law, 1189 - specifically the beginning of the reign of Richard I - is considered the end of time immemorial.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1227</span> Calendar year

Year 1227 (MCCXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1228</span> Calendar year

Year 1228 (MCCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

The 1210s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1210, and ended on December 31, 1219.

The 1220s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1220, and ended on December 31, 1229.

The 1240s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1240, and ended on December 31, 1249.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1271</span> Calendar year

Year 1271 (MCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1217</span> Calendar year

Year 1217 (MCCXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1193</span> Calendar year

Year 1193 (MCXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1191</span> Calendar year

Year 1191 (MCXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1174</span> Calendar year

Year 1174 (MCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1174th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 174th year of the 2nd millennium, the 74th year of the 12th century, and the 5th year of the 1170s decade.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Third Crusade</span> 1189–1192 attempted re-conquest of the Holy Land

The Third Crusade (1189–1192) was an attempt led by King Philip II of France, King Richard I of England and Emperor Frederick Barbarossa to reconquer the Holy Land following the capture of Jerusalem by the Ayyubid sultan Saladin in 1187. For this reason, the Third Crusade is also known as the Kings' Crusade.

The Crusade of 1197, also known as the Crusade of Henry VI or the German Crusade, was a crusade launched by the Hohenstaufen emperor Henry VI in response to the aborted attempt of his father, Emperor Frederick I, during the Third Crusade in 1189–90. Thus the military campaign is also known as the "Emperor's Crusade".

References

  1. ↑ Choniates, Nicetas (1984). O city of Byzantium: annals of Niketas Choniatēs . Translated by Magoulias, Harry J. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p.  224. ISBN   0814317642. OCLC   10605650.
  2. ↑ Loud, G. A. (2010). The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa: The History of the Expedition of Emperor Frederick and Related Texts, p. 104. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN   978-0-75466-575-5.
  3. ↑ Alan Ambrisco (1999). Cannibalism and Cultural Encounters in Richard Coeur de Lion, pp. 105–106. Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies.
  4. ↑ Kennedy, Hugh (1994). Crusader Castles, pp. 43–44. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   0-521-42068-7.
  5. ↑ Pryor, John H. (2015). A Medieval Siege of Troy: The Fight to the Death at Acre, 1189–1191, p. 108. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN   978-1-47241-958-3.
  6. ↑ Loud, G. A. (2010). The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa: The History of the Expedition of Emperor Frederick and Related Texts, pp. 110–111. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN   978-0-75466-575-5.
  7. ↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 13–14. ISBN   978-0-241-29877-0.
  8. ↑ Kenneth P. Czech. Third Crusade: Siege of Acre, p. 3. Originally published in August 2001. Military History Magazine.
  9. ↑ Wolff and Hazard, p. 57 [ permanent dead link ]
  10. ↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 33. ISBN   978-0-241-29877-0.
  11. ↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 34–35. ISBN   978-0-241-29877-0.
  12. ↑ Picard, Christophe (1997). La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
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