1170s

Last updated
Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
Categories:

The 1170s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1170, and ended on December 31, 1179.

Contents

Events

1170

This section is transcluded from 1170. (edit | history)

By place

Levant
  • Winter – Egyptian forces led by Saladin invade Palestine and besiege Darum on the Mediterranean coast. Its defenses are weak and though Saladin has no siege-engines with him, its fall seems imminent. King Amalric I withdraws his Templar garrison from Gaza, to assist him in defending Darum. Saladin raises the siege and marches on Gaza, where he captures the lower town (despite the stiff resistance ordered by Lord Miles of Plancy), and massacres the inhabitants. But the citadel is too strong for Saladin, and he is forced to retreat back to Egypt. [1]
  • Saladin sends an Egyptian squadron up the Gulf of Akaba, which captures the Crusader outpost of Aila, at the head of the Gulf. [2]
England
  • June 14 – King Henry II has his 15-year-old son Henry (the Young King) crowned by Roger, archbishop of York, as Junior King and heir to the English throne. The Becket dispute forces Henry to reconcile his quarrel with Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, who finds this act a violation of Canterbury's privilege of coronation.
  • William Marshal is appointed head of the household of Henry (the Young King). He is responsible for protecting, training and running the military household of the heir.
  • July 22 – Henry II and Thomas Becket meet near Fréteval, France, where they come to an agreement to end their differences. This results in Becket's partial restoration.
  • December 1 – Henry II sends word, saying that the conflict with Thomas Becket is at an end, and his lands will be restored. Becket returns to England, landing at Sandwich.
  • December 25 – Thomas Becket takes to the pulpit at Canterbury Cathedral and gives his sermon. At the end of the sermon, he excommunicates several of his enemies.
  • This is the earliest date for the making of Cheddar Cheese in Somerset (this according to a pipe roll of Henry II, who purchases 10,240 lb of Cheddar at a farthing per pound).
  • December 29 – Thomas Becket is assassinated by knights in Canterbury Cathedral, after his refusal to be arrested for breaking his agreement with Henry II. [3]
Ireland
Africa
Asia

By topic

Folklore
Religion

1171

This section is transcluded from 1171. (edit | history)

By place

Byzantine Empire
  • March 12 – Emperor Manuel I (Komnenos) orders the arrest of all Venetians in his empire, and seizes their ships and goods. In September, Doge Vitale II Michiel leads a Venetian fleet (120 ships) against the Byzantines, conquering the cities of Trogir and Dubrovnik. But the plague takes a heavy toll among the fleet's crewmen; half the ships have to be burned to keep them from falling into enemy hands. A plague also breaks out in Venice, when the remaining ships return.
Europe
England
  • July – King Henry II decides to lead a military expedition to Ireland and summons Richard de Clare (Strongbow) to join forces. In September, Richard travels to England and promises his loyalty to Henry. He is granted Leinster as a fiefdom and is honored with the post of "royal constable in Ireland". The army is assembled at Pembroke – several siege towers are shipped over, should Henry need to assault the Norman-held towns (or others such as Cork and Limerick). [9]
  • October 17 – Henry II invades Ireland and lands with a large army of at least 500 mounted knights, and 4,000 men and archers at Waterford. Henry commandeers merchant ships as part of his invasion. [10] He claims the ports of Dublin, Waterford, and Wexford, and promises the Irish chieftains protection if they will acknowledge him as their overlord. Henry is recognized as "Lord of Ireland", traders are invited to Dublin where an English colony is set up. [10]
  • Ascall mac Ragnaill (or Torcaill), last Norse–Gaelic king of Dublin, is captured while trying to retake Dublin from the English forces under Richard de Clare, perhaps in company with Sweyn Asleifsson, and is beheaded. Before the end of the year, Richard relinquishes possession of the city to Henry II, who converts it into an English royal town.
Levant
Egypt
Asia
  • Yesugei (Baghatur), Mongol chieftain, arranges a marriage between his 9-year-old son Temujin (Genghis Khan) and the daughter of the chief of a nearby clan, Börte. He is poisoned by the Tatars while sharing a meal during the wedding. [12]

1172

This section is transcluded from 1172. (edit | history)

By place

Europe
England
  • King Henry II and Humbert III (the Blessed), agree to wed their respective heirs, John and Alicia. The alliance never occurs because Henry's elder heir, Henry the Young King, becomes jealous over the castles in the realm which Henry has promised to the couple. He stages a rebellion which will take Henry two years to put down. By that time, Alicia has died. [15]
  • April 17 – Henry II receives homage from the Irish princess who include Domnall Mór Ua Briain, king of Munster. He grants Hugh de Lacy the lordship of Meath (or Mide) for providing the services of 50 knights. [16]
Egypt

By topic

Religion

1173

This section is transcluded from 1173. (edit | history)

By place

Europe
England
Egypt
China
  • The Qiandao era ends and the Chunxi era begins during the reign of Emperor Xiao Zong of the Song Dynasty.

South India

By topic

Art and Leisure
Agriculture
Religion

1174

This section is transcluded from 1174. (edit | history)

By place

England
Europe
Levant
Egypt
  • July 25 – The Sicilian fleet (some 250 ships) under Admiral Tancred launches a failed attack against Alexandria. But he is deprived of support and forced to sail away after a seven-days blockade on August 1. [29]
  • Saladin sends his brother Turan-Shah with an army and supporting fleet to conquer Yemen. This to consolidate Muslim control over the Red Sea while protecting the pilgrimage route from Egypt to Mecca. [30]
Asia

By topic

Religion

1175

This section is transcluded from 1175. (edit | history)

By place

England
Europe
Levant
  • May 22 – A group of Isma'ili Assassins gains access into Saladin's camp and attempts to kill him during the siege of Aleppo. But his bodyguard saves his life, the others are slain while trying to escape. [36]
Asia

By topic

Religion

1176

This section is transcluded from 1176. (edit | history)

By place

Byzantine Empire
  • Summer – Emperor Manuel I (Komnenos) assembles a Byzantine expeditionary force, and marches towards Iconium, the Seljuk capital. Meanwhile, hordes of Seljuk Turks destroy crops and poison water supplies, to make Manuel's march more difficult, and harass the Byzantine army, in order to force it into the Meander Valley. Kilij Arslan II, ruler of the Sultanate of Rum, hears of the expedition, and sends envoys to ask for peace. [39]
  • September 17 – Battle of Myriokephalon: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine forces led by Manuel I, who are ambushed when moving through a narrow mountain pass near Lake Beyşehir. The Byzantines are dispersed and surrounded. They suffer heavy casualties and their siege equipment is destroyed. Manuel flees in panic and is forced to sign a peace treaty with Kilij Arslan II. [40]
Europe
England
Egypt
  • Al-Adil I, Ayyubid governor of Egypt, suppresses a revolt by the Christian Copts in the city of Qift, hanging nearly 3,000 of them on the trees near the city.
Levant
Asia

By topic

Religion

1177

This section is transcluded from 1177. (edit | history)

January–December

Date unknown

1178

This section is transcluded from 1178. (edit | history)

By place

Europe

By topic

Art and Science
Religion

1179

This section is transcluded from 1179. (edit | history)

By place

Levant
Europe
England
Africa
  • September 17 – A large offensive, by the Almohad army led by Yusuf I in southern Portugal, aims at the reconquest of the Alentejo. [75] Further north, an Almohad fleet sails to attack Lisbon, but is repelled by the Portuguese, near the Cape Espichel. [75] The Portuguese fleet later manages to enter in the harbor of Ceuta, and destroy a number of Muslim ships. It is the beginning of a four-year naval conflict between the Almohads and Portuguese.
Asia
  • Taira no Kiyomori, Japanese military leader, confines the former Emperor Go-Shirakawa to his quarters after discovering that he has tried to confiscate the estates of Kiyomori's deceased children.
Mesoamerica

By topic

Religion

Significant people

== {{ucfirst:{{{1}}}}} == {{preprocess|{{((}}transcluding articles {{!}} {{#ifeq:{{{decade}}}|0|{{void|There is no AD year 0}}|{{Year article|{{{decade}}}0}}}} {{!}} {{for loop|{{!}}|call=Year article|pc1n=1|pc1v={{{decade}}}0|pv=2|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9}} {{))}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{decade}}}|0|{{void|There is no AD year 0}}| {{Transclude {{{1}}}|{{{decade}}}0}} }} {{for loop| |call=Transclude {{{1}}}|{{{decade}}}1|{{{decade}}}2|{{{decade}}}3|{{{decade}}}4|{{{decade}}}5|{{{decade}}}6|{{{decade}}}7|{{{decade}}}8|{{{decade}}}9}} == {{ucfirst:{{{1}}}}} == {{preprocess|{{((}}transcluding articles {{!}} {{#ifeq:{{{decade}}}|0|{{void|There is no AD year 0}}|{{Year article|{{{decade}}}0}}}} {{!}} {{for loop|{{!}}|call=Year article|pc1n=1|pc1v={{{decade}}}0|pv=2|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9}} {{))}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{decade}}}|0|{{void|There is no AD year 0}}| {{Transclude {{{1}}}|{{{decade}}}0}} }} {{for loop| |call=Transclude {{{1}}}|{{{decade}}}1|{{{decade}}}2|{{{decade}}}3|{{{decade}}}4|{{{decade}}}5|{{{decade}}}6|{{{decade}}}7|{{{decade}}}8|{{{decade}}}9}}

Related Research Articles

The 1160s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1160, and ended on December 31, 1169.

The 1100s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1100, and ended on December 31, 1109.

The 1140s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1140, and ended on December 31, 1149.

1147 Calendar year

Year 1147 (MCXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

1152 Calendar year

Year 1152 (MCLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.

1179 Calendar year

Year 1179 (MCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

1187 Calendar year

Year 1187 (MCLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.

The 1180s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1180, and ended on December 31, 1189.

The 1110s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1110, and ended on December 31, 1119.

1110 Calendar year

Year 1110 (MCX) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

1180 Calendar year

Year 1180 (MCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.

1170 Calendar year

Year 1170 (MCLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.

1176 Calendar year

Year 1176 (MCLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.

1169 Calendar year

Year 1169 (MCLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

1138 Calendar year

Year 1138 (MCXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

1171 Calendar year

Year 1171 (MCLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

1174 Calendar year

Year 1174 (MCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1174th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 174th year of the 2nd millennium, the 74th year of the 12th century, and the 5th year of the 1170s decade.

1182 Calendar year

Year 1182 (MCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

1185 Calendar year

Year 1185 (MCLXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.

1105 Calendar year

Year 1105 (MCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

References

  1. ↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 317–318. ISBN   978-0-241-29876-3.
  2. ↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 318. ISBN   978-0-241-29876-3.
  3. ↑ Frank Barlow (1986). Thomas Becket, p. 236. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN   978-0-297-79189-8.
  4. ↑ Foster, R. F. (1989). The Oxford Illustrated History of Ireland . Oxford University Press.
  5. ↑ "Largest Cities Through History". About.com Geography.
  6. ↑ Ambraseys, Nicholas N. (2004). "The 12th century seismic paroxysm in the Middle East: a historical perspective" (PDF). Annals of Geophysics. Istituto Nazionale Geofisica e Vulcanologia. 47 (2–3): 733, 738, 745, 750.
  7. ↑ Hywell Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 126. Londo: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN   0-304-35730-8.
  8. ↑ McGrank, Lawrence (1981). "Norman crusaders and the Catalan reconquest: Robert Burdet and the principality of Tarragona 1129-55". journal of Medieval History. 7 (1): 67–82. doi:10.1016/0304-4181(81)90036-1.
  9. ↑ Martin, Francis Xavier (2008). "Chapter 2: Diarmaid mac Murchadha and the coming of the Anglo-Normans". In Art Cosgrove (ed.). A New History of Ireland, Volume II: Medieval Ireland 1169–1534. Oxford University Press. p. 87.
  10. 1 2 Warren, W. L. (1961). King John. University of California Press. pp. 34, 121.
  11. ↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 318–319. ISBN   978-0-241-29876-3.
  12. ↑ Cleaves, Francis Woodman (1982). The Secret History of the Mongols, p. 17. Harvard-Yenching Institute. ISBN   978-0-674-79670-6.
  13. ↑ Turner, Ralph; Heiser, Richard (2013). The Reign of Richard Lionheart: ruler of the Angevin empire, 1189-99. London: Routledge: Taylor and Francis, p. 57. ISBN   978-1-317-8904-23.
  14. ↑ McGrank, Lawrence (1981). "Norman crusaders and the Catalan reconquest: Robert Burdet and the Principality of Tarragona 1129-55". Journal of Medieval History. 7 (1): 67–82. doi:10.1016/0304-4181(81)90036-1.
  15. ↑ King John by Warren. Published by the University of California Press in 1961. p. 29
  16. ↑ Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge (1892). "Lacy, Hugh de (d. 1186)". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography, p. 31. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
  17. ↑ David Nicolle (2011). Osprey: Command 12 - Saladin, p. 4. ISBN   978-1-84908-317-1.
  18. ↑ 4 ANNALES MONASTICI (Henry Richards Luard ed., 1869) ("MCLXXII. Nihil memoriale.")
  19. ↑ Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle): L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 110. ISBN   2-7068-1398-9.
  20. ↑ Beeler, John (1971). Warfare in Feudal Europe, 730–1200, pp 104–105. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN   0-8014-9120-7.
  21. ↑ David Nicolle (2011). Osprey: Command 12 - Saladin, p. 4. ISBN   978-1-84908-317-1.
  22. 1 2 3 Palmer, Alan; Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 69–72. ISBN   0-7126-5616-2.
  23. ↑ "The Cathedral's great fire".
  24. ↑ Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp.  126–127. ISBN   0-304-35730-8.
  25. ↑ Warren, W. L. (2000). Henry II (Yale ed.). New Haven, U.S.: Yale University Press. pp. 140–142. ISBN   978-0-300-08474-0.
  26. ↑ "Thurles". askaboutireland.ie.
  27. ↑ Kampers, Franz. Frederick I (Barbarossa). The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909.
  28. ↑ Lyons, M. C.; Jackson, D. E. P. (1982). Saladin, the politics of the Holy War, p. 83. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-31739-9.
  29. ↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 329. ISBN   978-0-241-29876-3.
  30. ↑ David Nicolle (2011). Osprey: Command 12 - Saladin, p. 14. ISBN   978-1-84908-317-1.
  31. ↑ Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 127. ISBN   0-304-35730-8.
  32. ↑ Duggan, Charles (1965). "From the Conquest to the Death of John". In Lawrence, C. H. (ed.). English Church and the Papacy, p. 73. ISBN   0-7509-1947-7.
  33. ↑ King John by Warren. Published by University of California Press in 1961. p. 26.
  34. ↑ Weir, Alison (2008). Eleanor of Aquitaine: By the Wrath of God, Queen of England, pp. 154–155. ISBN   978-0-09-952355-0.
  35. ↑ Picard C. (1997). La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, p.77.
  36. ↑ David Nicolle (2011). Osprey: Command - Saladin, pp.20–21. ISBN   978-1-84908-317-1.
  37. ↑ Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5: Part 1, p. 48. Cambridge University Press.
  38. ↑ "About Pasay  - History: Kingdom of Namayan". Pasay city government. City Government of Pasay. Archived from the original on 2010-09-21. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
  39. ↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 336. ISBN   978-0-241-29876-3.
  40. ↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 337. ISBN   978-0-241-29876-3.
  41. ↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 333–334. ISBN   978-0-241-29876-3.
  42. ↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 335. ISBN   978-0-241-29876-3.
  43. ↑ Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 127. ISBN   0-304-35730-8.
  44. ↑ Chambers, William; Chambers, Robert (1892). Chambers' Encyclopaedia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge, Volume II (New ed.). Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company. p. 799. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
  45. ↑ Grammaticus, Saxo (2015). Friis-Jensen, Karsten (ed.). Gesta Danorum: The History of the Danes. Oxford Medieval Texts. Vol. II. Translated by Fisher, Peter. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 1390. ISBN   9780198705765.
  46. ↑ Lyon, Jonathan R. (2012). Princely Brothers and Sisters: The Sibling Bond in German Politics, 1100–1250. Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press. p. 124. ISBN   9780801467844.
  47. ↑ Johrendt, Jochen (2012). "The Empire and the Schism". In Duggan, Anne J.; Clarke, Peter D. (eds.). Pope Alexander III (1159–81): The Art of Survival. Routledge. p. 122. ISBN   9781317078371.
  48. ↑ Rosand, David (2001). Myths of Venice: The Figuration of a State. Chapel Hill and London: Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 6. ISBN   9780807856635.
  49. ↑ Stubbs, William (1874). The Constitutional History of England in Its Origin and Development. Oxford and London: Clarendon Press. pp.  486. 1177 The Spanish Award.
  50. ↑ Walcott, Mackenzie E. C. (1878). "The Bishops of Chichester from Stigand to Sherborne". Sussex Archaeological Collections. Lewes, England: Sussex Archaeological Society. XXVIII: 21. doi: 10.5284/1085498 .
  51. ↑ Kleinhenz, Christopher (2004). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. New York and London: Routledge. p. 504. ISBN   9781135948801.
  52. ↑ Baldridge, Cates (2014). Prisoners of Prester John: The Portuguese Mission to Ethiopia in Search of the Mythical King, 1520-1526. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 13. ISBN   9780786490196.
  53. ↑ Phillips, J. R. S. (1988). The Medieval Expansion of Europe. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 60. ISBN   9780192891235.
  54. ↑ Ehrlich, Michael (2013). "Saint Catherine's Day Miracle - The Battle of Montgisard". In Rogers, Clifford J.; DeVries, Kelly; France, John (eds.). Journal of Medieval Military History. Suffolk and Rochester, NY: Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 97. ISBN   9781843838609.
  55. ↑ Kornicki, Peter Francis (1998). The Book in Japan: A Cultural History from the Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century. Leiden, Boston, Köln: BRILL. p. 370. ISBN   9789004101951.
  56. ↑ Estonian Theological Society in Exile (April 1956). "Charisteria Iohanni Kõpp octogenario oblata. 304 pp. Stockholm, 1954. $5.00. (Papers of the Estonian Theological Society in Exile, No. 7.) (May be obtained from the Bookstore, Chicago Lutheran Theological Seminary, Maywood, Ill.)". Theology Today. 13 (1): 129. doi:10.1177/004057365601300124. ISSN   0040-5736. S2CID   220990258.
  57. ↑ A'Beckett, William (1836). A Universal Biography: Including Scriptural, Classical and Mytological Memoirs, Together with Accounts of Many Eminent Living Characters: the Whole Newly Compiled and Composed from the Most Recent and Authentic Sources. London: Isaac, Tuckey, and Company. pp.  686. 1177 Casimir II poland.
  58. ↑ Arrowood, Janet (2008). Adventure Guide Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. Edison, NH, Quebec and Oxford: Hunter Publishing, Inc. p. 82. ISBN   9781588435200.
  59. ↑ Phuong, Tran Ky; Lockhart, Bruce (2011). The Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art. Singapore: National University of Singapore Press. p. 400. ISBN   9789971694593.
  60. ↑ Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. (2005). Russian Identities: A Historical Survey. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, USA. p. 35. ISBN   9780195156508.
  61. ↑ Trollope, Thomas Adolphus (1865). A History of the Commonwealth of Florence: From the Earliest Independence of the Commune to the Fall of the Republic in 1531. Vol. I. London: Chapman and Hall. pp. 60–61.
  62. ↑ Clarke, Michelle T. (2018). Machiavelli's Florentine Republic. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, New Delhi: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN   9781107125506.
  63. ↑ Dubin, Marc (2004). The Rough Guide to the Pyrenees. London, New York: Rough Guides. p. 221. ISBN   9781843531968.
  64. ↑ Rickman, Thomas; Parker, John Henry (1862). An attempt to discriminate the styles of English architecture, from the Conquest to the Reformation. Preceded by a sketch of the Grecian and Roman orders, with notices of nearly five hundred English buildings (6th ed.). Oxford and London: John Henry & James Parker. pp.  172. 1177 Byland Abbey.
  65. ↑ Parker, John Henry (1846). A Companion to the Fourth Edition of A Glossary of Terms Used in Grecian, Roman, Italian, and Gothic Architecture: Containing 400 Additional Examples, a Chronological Table and a General Index. Oxford and London: John Henry Parker. p. 65.
  66. ↑ Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2012). "3. Reaching Maturity: 1177 - 1206". The Knights Hospitaller in the Levant, C.1070-1309. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 38. ISBN   9780230290839.
  67. ↑ Rosenstock-Huessy, Eugen; Battles, Ford Lewis (1975). Magna Carta Latina: The Privilege of Singing, Articulating, and Reading a Language and of Keeping it Alive. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: The Pickwick Press. p. 230. ISBN   9780915138074.
  68. ↑ Unité mixte de recherche 5648--Histoire et archéologie des mondes chrétiens et musulmans médiévaux. Pays d'Islam et monde latin, Xe-XIIIe siècle: textes et documents. Lyon: Presses Universitaires de Lyon.
  69. ↑ Picard C. (1997). La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, p. 78.
  70. ↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 342. ISBN   978-0-241-29876-3.
  71. ↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 342–343. ISBN   978-0-241-29876-3.
  72. ↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 343. ISBN   978-0-241-29876-3.
  73. ↑ William, Hywell (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 127. ISBN   0-304-35730-8.
  74. ↑ Matheson, Alister Farquhar (2014). Scotland's Northwest Frontier: A Forgotten British Borderland, p. 19. Troubador Publishing Ltd. ISBN   978-1-78306-442-7.
  75. 1 2 Picard C. (1997). La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, p.77.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.