1180s

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	11th century 12th century 13th century
Decades:	1160s 1170s 1180s 1190s 1200s
Years:	1180 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185 1186 1187 1188 1189
Categories:	Births Deaths By country By topic Establishments Disestablishments

The 1180s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1180, and ended on December 31, 1189.

Events

1180

This section is transcluded from 1180. (edit | history)

By place

Byzantine Empire

• September 24 – Emperor Manuel I (Komnenos) dies after a 37-year reign at Constantinople. He is succeeded by his 11-year-old son Alexios II – who will reign briefly as ruler of the Byzantine Empire with his mother, Maria of Antioch as regent (until 1183). Maria takes as her advisor and lover, Alexios Komnenos, a nephew of Manuel, causing a scandal among the Byzantine population. ^[1]

Europe

• January 13 – Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, loses his Saxon and Bavarian duchies and all his imperial fiefs at an Imperial Diet in Würzburg for having breached the king's peace. Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) issues the Gelnhausen Charter on April 13. He breaks up Henry's former domain; one part of Saxony has renamed the Duchy of Westphalia, and other parts are given to his ally Otto I (the Redhead), duke of Bavaria.
• September 18 – King Louis VII (the Younger) dies after a 43-year reign at Paris. He is succeeded by his 15-year-old son Philip II, who becomes sole ruler of France (until 1223).
• The Portuguese admiral D. Fuas Roupinho wins a second victory in two years, against the Almohad fleet. ^[2]
• The assembly traditionally regarded as the first Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland convenes at Łęczyca (approximate date).

England

• Portsmouth is founded by the Norman merchant Jean de Gisors, establishing a trade route between England and France (approximate date).

Levant

• Summer – King Baldwin IV (the Leper) sends messengers to Saladin with proposals of a peace treaty. Because of a terrible drought, the whole of Syria is faced with famine. Saladin agrees to a two-years' truce. Raymond of Tripoli denounces the truce, but is compelled to accept after an Ayyubid fleet raids the port of Tartus. ^[3]
• Saladin intervenes in a quarrel between the Zangids of Mosul and the Artuqids. He convinces the Seljuks of the Sultanate of Rum not to interfere and raids Cilician Armenia. ^[4]
• Baldwin IV marries his sister Sibylla to Guy of Lusignan, brother of the constable Amalric of Lusignan, and enfeoffed him with the County of Jaffa and Ascalon. ^[5]

Asia

• March 18 – Emperor Takakura is forced to abdicate by Taira no Kiyomori after a 12-year reign. He is succeeded by his 2-year-old son Antoku as emperor of Japan (until 1185). Kiyomori rules in his name as regent.
• Genpei War: Prince Mochihito begins a revolt against the Taira clan. In support, Minamoto no Yorimasa sends out a call for aid, and to the monasteries (Enryaku-ji, Mii-dera and others) that Kiyomori has offended. ^[6]
• June 20 – Battle of Uji: Mochihito and Minamoto no Yorimasa went into hiding in the Byōdō-in Temple. There, they seek help from the warrior monks to join the battle but are defeated and killed by the Taira forces.
• September 14 – Battle of Ishibashiyama: Taira forces (3,000 men) under Ōba Kagechika defeat Minamoto no Yoritomo during a night attack near Mount Fuji (modern-day Odawara) but he flees by sea to Chiba. ^[7]
• November 10 – Battle of Fujigawa: Minamoto forces (30,000 men) under Minamoto no Yoritomo defeat Taira no Koremori during a night attack near the Fuji River but he escapes safely with the routed army. ^[8]

By topic

Culture

• Alexander Neckam becomes a lecturer in Paris, and writes De Natura Rerum, an early mention of chess (approximate date).

Demography

• Hangzhou, capital of Southern Song China, becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Fez in the Almohad Caliphate. ^[9]

1181

This section is transcluded from 1181. (edit | history)

Europe

• King Philip II (Augustus) annuls all loans made by Jews to Christians, and takes a percentage for himself. A year later, he confiscates all Jewish property and expels the Jews from Paris. ^[10]
• Philip II begins a war against Philip of Alsace, count of Flanders, over the Vermandois. He claims the territory for his wife Isabella of Hainault as her dowry. Philip is unwilling to give it up. ^[11]
• Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, submits to Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) at an Imperial Diet in Erfurt. He is banished to England and retains only Brunswick among his former lands. ^[12]
• King Béla III of Hungary and Croatia goes to war with Venice in an effort to recover Dalmatia. The city of Zadar (located on the Adriatic Sea) accepts Béla's suzerainty. ^[13]
• After a series of defeats, the Almohad fleet under the admiral Ahmad al-Siqilli, crushes the Portuguese navy and reasserts its control over the Atlantic Ocean. ^[2]
• The word Albigensians is first used by Geoffroy du Breuil of Vigeois, French abbot and chronicler, to describe the inhabitants of Albi in southern France.

England

• King Henry II removes Hugh de Lacy, lord of Meath, from his position as procurator of Ireland, possibly because of his having married the daughter of High King Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair.

Levant

• Summer – Raynald of Châtillon, lord of Oultrejordain, raids Saladin's territory, reaching as far as Tabuk (modern Saudi Arabia) on the route between Damascus and Mecca. In November, Saladin sends an expedition under his nephew, Farrukh Shah, who invades Oultrejordain. Raynald of Châtillon is forced to withdraw home. Saladin complains to King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem (the Leper) for breaking the treaty (see 1180) and demands compensation. ^[14]

Asia

• March 20 – Taira no Kiyomori, Japanese military leader and dictator, dies at Kyoto. He established the first samurai-dominated administrative government in Japan.
• Jayavarman VII defeats the Chams and assumes control over the Khmer Empire (modern Cambodia).
• The Yōwa era is marked by famine in Japan, during the period from July 1181 through May 1182.

By topic

Religion

• August 30 – Pope Alexander III dies after a 22-year pontificate at Rome. He is succeeded by the Tuscany-born Lucius III as the 171st pope of the Catholic Church.

Science

• January – William VIII of Montpellier frees the teaching of medicine from any monopoly in France, ^[15] an origin of the University of Montpellier.
• Chinese and Japanese astronomers observe what has come to be understood as supernova SN 1181. One of only eight supernovae in the Milky Way observed in recorded history. It appears in the constellation Cassiopeia and is visible in the night sky for about 185 days. The radio source 3C58 was thought to be the remnant from this event, but opinion is shifting towards the recently discovered nebula Pa 30 (ref : Arxiv 2105.12384).

1182

This section is transcluded from 1182. (edit | history)

By place

Byzantine Empire

• April – Massacre of the Latins: The Roman Catholic (called "Latin") inhabitants of Constantinople massacre the Venetian, Genoan, and other Latin officials and traders who rule as agents of Empress Maria of Antioch. She is the mother and regent of 12-year-old Emperor Alexios II. In August, Andronikos Komnenos, a cousin of Maria's late husband, Emperor Manuel I (Komnenos), raises an army and enters the city, representing himself as the 'protector' of Alexios. He is proclaimed as co-emperor under the name Andronikos I, and has Maria imprisoned and later condemned to be strangled – forcing a signature from Alexios to put his mother to death. ^[16]
• September – Alexios II is murdered after a 3-year reign at Constantinople. The 64-year-old Andronikos I is proclaimed emperor of the Byzantine Empire before the crowd on the terrace of the Church of Christ of the Chalke. He marries Alexios' widow, the 11-year-old Agnes of France, and makes in November a treaty with Venice in which he promised a yearly indemnity as compensation for Venetian losses during the Massacre of the Latins. ^[17]

Levant

• May 11 – Saladin leads an Egyptian expeditionary force from Cairo to Syria. In June, he arrives in Damascus and learns that his nephew Farrukh Shah has raided Galilee, and sacked the villages near Mount Tabor. On his way back, Farrukh Shah attacks the fortress of Habis Jaldak, carved out of the rock above the River Yarmuk. The garrison, Christian Syrians with no great wish to die for the Crusaders, promptly surrenders. ^[18]
• July – August – Battle of Belvoir Castle: Saladin crosses into Palestine round the south of the Sea of Galilee. King Baldwin IV (the Leper) of Jerusalem marches with his army back from Oultrejordain and attacks Saladin's forces near Belvoir Castle (modern Israel). In a fierce battle, the Crusaders successfully repel Saladin's invasion. At the end of the day, each side retired, claiming the victory. ^[19]
• August – Saladin sends an Egyptian fleet to blockade Beirut and leads his forces in the Bekaa Valley. The city is strongly fortified and Baldwin IV rushes with his army up from Galilee – only pausing to collect the ships that lay in the harbors of Acre and Tyre. Failing to take Beirut by assault before the Crusaders arrived, Saladin breaks of the siege and withdraws. ^[18]
• September – Saladin invades the Jazira Region, ending the truce between him and the Zangids. After a feint attack on Aleppo, he crosses the Euphrates. The towns of the Jazira fall before him; the cities of Edessa, Saruj and Nisibin are captured in October. Saladin presses on to Mosul, and begins the siege of the city on November 10. ^[20]
• November – Al-Nasir, caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate, is shocked by the war between fellow-Muslims and tries to negotiate a peace. Saladin, thwarted by the strong fortifications of Mosul, retreats to Sinjar. He marches to conquer Diarbekir, the richest and the greatest fortress of the Jazira Region (with the finest library in Islam). ^[20]
• December – Baldwin IV raids through the Hauran and reaches Bosra, while Raymond of Tripoli recaptures Habis Jaldak. A few days later, Baldwin sets out with a Crusader force to Damascus and encamped at Dareiya in the suburbs. He decides not to attack the city and retires laden with booty, to spend Christmas at Tyre. ^[21]
• Winter – Raynald of Châtillon, lord of Oultrejordain, orders the building of five ships which are carried to the Gulf of Aqaba at the northern end of the Red Sea. Part of his fleet makes a raid along the coast, threatening the security of the holy cities on Pharaoh's Island (or Île de Graye). ^[22]

Europe

• Spring – King Philip II (Augustus) confiscates all the lands and buildings of the Jews and expels them from Paris. The measures are profitable in the short-term – the ransoms alone bringing in 15,000 marks and enriching Christians at the expense of Jews. Ninety-nine Jews are burned alive in Brie-Comte-Robert. ^[23]
• May 12 – King Valdemar I (the Great) dies after a 28-year reign in which he has gained independence from the Holy Roman Empire. He is succeeded by his 19-year-old son Canute VI, who becomes ruler of Denmark.
• Mieszko III (the Old), duke of Greater Poland, agrees with his son Odon of Poznań to divide the territories between them: Mieszko hold his western lands and Odon receives the eastern lands south of the River Obra.
• May – June – Béla III, king of Hungary, ravages the region of Belgrade and Barancs (modern-day Braničevo). Meanwhile, Serbia allies itself with Hungary to gain independence. ^[24]
• September 14 – Legend of Nazaré: Dom Fuas Roupinho, alcalde of Porto de Mós, is inspired by a Marian miracle to erect the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Nazaré overlooking Nazaré, Portugal. Later this year while trying to enter by surprise the harbor of Ceuta to sink Muslim ships he is spotted and killed. ^[2]
• A Sicilian attempt to dislodge the Moorish fleet from Majorca fails. ^[25]

England

• William Marshal, Norman knight and head of the household of Henry the Young King, is accused of having an affair with Henry's wife, Queen Margaret of France. Although contemporary chroniclers doubt the truth of these accusations. Henry starts the process to have his marriage annulled, William leaves the royal retinue, undergoing a period of self-imposed exile, and goes on a pilgrimage to Cologne. ^[26]

Asia

• May – The Yōwa era, marked by famine, ends during the reign of Emperor Antoku in Japan.

By topic

Religion

• The Maronite Church reestablishes its affiliation with the Roman Catholic Church.

1183

This section is transcluded from 1183. (edit | history)

By area

Byzantine Empire

• Andronicus I Comnenus becomes Byzantine Emperor. ^{[27] [28]}
• October – Alexios II Komnenos is murdered after a 3-year reign at Constantinople. The 64-year-old Andronikos I is proclaimed emperor of the Byzantine Empire before the crowd on the terrace of the Church of Christ of the Chalke. He marries Alexios' widow, the 11-year-old Agnes of France, and makes in November a treaty with Venice in which he promised a yearly indemnity as compensation for Venetian losses during the Massacre of the Latins. ^[29]

Europe

• June 25 – The Peace of Constance is signed, between Frederick Barbarossa and the Lombard League, forming the legal basis for the autonomy of the Italian city republics. ^{[30] [31] [32]}
• Joseph of Exeter writes the first account of a sport resembling cricket. ^[33]

=Japan=

• Three-year-old Emperor Go-Toba ascends to the throne of Japan, after the forced abdication of his brother Emperor Antoku, during the Genpei War. ^{[34] [35] [36]}
• August 14 – Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures, and flee to western Japan to escape pursuit by the Minamoto clan (traditional Japanese date: Twenty-fifth Day of the Seventh Month of the Second Year of Juei). ^{[37] [38]}
• November 17 – Battle of Mizushima: The Taira Clan defeats the Minamoto Clan. ^{[39] [40]}

=Near East=

• February – Raynald of Châtillon has at least five ships freighted over the Isthmus of Suez, which he then uses to pillage the shores of the Red Sea around Jeddah.
• William of Tyre is excommunicated by the newly appointed Heraclius of Jerusalem, firmly ending their struggle for power. ^{[41] [42]}
• The Siege of Kerak is waged between the Ayyubids and the Crusaders, in which regent Guy of Lusignan refuses to fight. ^{[43] [44]}
• Saladin conquers Syria and becomes sultan. ^{[45] [46]}

1184

This section is transcluded from 1184. (edit | history)

By place

Europe

• May 20 – Diet of Pentecost: Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) organises a conference in Mainz. During the diet Frederick negotiates with Henry the Lion about an anti-French alliance with England.
• June 15 – Battle of Fimreite: King Sverre of Norway defeats and kills his rival, Magnus V (Erlingsson) near Fimreite. Sverre takes the throne and becomes sole ruler of Norway (until 1202).
• Summer – Almohad forces reconquer the Alentejo (except for Évora), and besiege Lisbon on land and blockade the port with their navy. A Portuguese soldier manages to swim to the largest ship of the fleet and to sink it. This ship was so tall, it would have allowed the Muslims to easily reach the walls of the city. The next day, the Almohads have to retreat, taking with them a number of civilian captives. ^[2]
• Siege of Santarém: Almohad forces under Caliph Abu Yaqub Yusuf march towards Badajoz and besiege Santarém, which is defended by King Afonso I (the Conqueror). Upon hearing of Abu Yusuf's attack, Ferdinand II of León marches his army to Santarém to support his father-in-law, Afonso. Abu Yusuf, in an attempt to break the siege, is wounded by a crossbow bolt and dies on July 29.
• October 29 – The 18-year-old Prince Henry, eldest surviving son of Frederick I, is engaged to Princess Constance, heiress to the Kingdom of Sicily, at Augsburg in the episcopal palace. ^[47]
• The city of Abbeville receives its commercial charter by King Philip II (Augustus).

England

• The first royal ordinance, demanding that the Knights Templar and Hospitaller assist in the collection of taxes, is promulgated. ^[48]
• King Henry II encourages his youngest (and favorite) son John to seize Aquitaine from his brother Richard. ^[49]
• May – A serious fire damages Glastonbury Abbey and destroys several buildings.

Africa

• May – Berber forces under Ali Banu Ghaniya seize by surprise the Almohad cities of Algiers, Béjaïa and Constantine. While he is away from his base in Mallorca, one of his brothers, Muhammad, takes control of the island and calls in the Almohads, who intend to capture Mallorca for themselves. Banu Ghaniya arrives just in time, to defeat the Almohads and recapture the island. ^[2]
• August 10 – Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur is proclaimed the new caliph of the Almohad Caliphate, after his father Abu Yaqub Yusuf is killed in Portugal.

Levant

• Saladin sends his nephew Izz al-Din Usama, governor ( emir ) of the iron-rich mountains near Beirut, to build Ajloun Castle, which controls the trade along the road between Damascus and Egypt. ^[50]

Asia

• February 19 – Second Battle of Uji: Japanese forces under Minamoto no Yoshinaka are defeated by his cousins, Minamoto no Yoshitsune and Minamoto no Yoritomo, for the control of Japan. ^[51]
• February 21 – Battle of Awazu: Minamoto no Yoshinaka is killed during a pursuit by his cousin's armies. He is joined by his foster brother Imai Kanehira, who commits suicide.
• March 20 – Battle of Ichi-no-Tani: Japanese forces under Minamoto no Noriyori defeat the Taira clan at Ikuta Shrine in the woods of Settsu Province during the Genpei War. ^[52]

By topic

Food

• Earliest mention of Gouda cheese, originating from the Netherlands.

Religion

• The papal bull Ad Abolendam is issued against several European heretical groups: the Cathars, the Waldensians, the Patarines, Josephines and the Humiliati. It is created after a landmark meeting in Verona, between the Holy Roman Empire under Frederick I and the Catholic Church under Pope Lucius III.

1185

This section is transcluded from 1185. (edit | history)

By place

Byzantine Empire

• August – King William II (the Good) lands in Epirus with a Siculo-Norman expeditionary force of 200 ships and 80,000 men (including 5,000 knights), and marches as far as the Byzantine city of Thessalonica, which he takes and pillages (massacring some 7,000 Greek citizens). ^[53]
• September 11 – 12 – Isaac II (Angelos) leads a revolt in Constantinople and deposes Emperor Andronikos I (Komnenos). Andronikos tries in vain to flee across Asia – but he is captured and killed by an angry mob. Isaac is proclaimed emperor, ending the Komnenos Dynasty. ^[54]
• November 7 – Battle of Demetritzes: A reinforced Byzantine army under Alexios Branas decisively defeats William II – ending his invasion of the Byzantine Empire. Thessalonica is recaptured, and the Normans are pushed back to Italy. Many Norman ships are lost to storms.
• Peter and John Asen lead a revolt of the Vlachs and Bulgars against the Byzantine Empire, eventually establishing the Second Bulgarian Empire.

Levant

• March 16 – The 23-year-old King Baldwin IV (the Leper) dies of leprosy after a 10-year reign. He is succeeded by his 8-year-old nephew, Baldwin V, as the sole ruler of Jerusalem under the regency of Count Raymond of Tripoli. The child-king becomes a pawn in the politics of the kingdom, between his mother Sibylla of Jerusalem (sister of Baldwin IV) and her younger half-sister Isabella I. ^[55]
• Saladin agrees to a 4-year truce due to severe drought and famine, which has struck Palestine. The treaty is signed by Count Raymond of Tripoli and important nobles from Jerusalem. Commerce is renewed between the Crusader States and their Muslim neighbors. A flow of corn from the east save the Crusaders and the population from starvation. ^[56]

England

• April – King Henry II knights his son and heir, the 18-year-old John of England and sends him to Ireland, accompanied by 300 knights and a team of administrators, to enforce English control. He treats the local Irish rulers with contempt, by making fun of their unfashionable long beards. Failing to make allies amongst the Anglo-Norman settlers, the English army is unable to subdue the Irish fighters in unfamiliar conditions and the expedition soon becomes a complete disaster. By the end of the year, John returns to England in defeat. Nonetheless, Henry gets him named 'King of Ireland' by Pope Urban III and procures a golden crown with peacock feathers. ^[57]
• April 15 – 1185 East Midlands earthquake occurs. It is the first earthquake in England for which there are reliable reports indicating the damage. ^[58]

Europe

• July – Treaty of Boves: King Philip II signed a treaty to ensure his authority over his vassals, with Amiénois, Artois, and other places in northern France passing to him. Philip is given the nickname "Augustus" by the monk Rigord for augmenting French lands. ^[59]
• August 15 – The cave monastery of Vardzia is consecrated by Queen Tamar the Great. She marries Yury Bogolyubsky, Grand Prince of Novgorod.
• September – Henry III (the Lion), duke of Saxony, returns to Germany after being banished for three years by Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa). ^[60]
• December 6 – King Afonso I (the Great) dies after a 36-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Sancho I (the Populator) as ruler of Portugal.
• Igor Svyatoslavich's failed campaign against the Cumans, later immortalized in The Tale of Igor's Campaign , takes place this year.

Africa

• The Almohad forces under Caliph Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur reconquer Béjaïa and Algiers, that has been taken by the Banu Ghaniya, descendants of the Almoravids. ^[2]

Asia

• March 22 – Battle of Yashima: Japanese forces (some 30,000 horses) under Minamoto no Yoshitsune defeat the Taira clan just off Shikoku in the Seto Inland Sea.
• April 25 – Battle of Dan-no-Ura: The Japanese fleet (some 300 ships) led by Minamoto no Yoshitsune defeats the fleet of the Taira clan in the Shimonoseki Strait.
• December – Retired-Emperor Go-Shirakawa grants Minamoto no Yoritomo the authority to form the first bakufu (shogunate) in Japan, ending the Genpei War.

By topic

Astronomy

• May 1 – The Solar eclipse of 1 May 1185, visible across Central America, Northern, and Eastern Europe, and Kazakhstan, occurs.

Markets

• Evidence is first uncovered, that Henry II is using the safes of the Temple Church in London, under the guard of the Knights Templar, to store part of his treasure. ^[61]

Religion

• November 25 – Pope Lucius III dies after a 4-year pontificate at Verona. He is succeeded by Urban III as the 172nd pope of the Catholic Church (until 1187).

1186

This section is transcluded from 1186. (edit | history)

• January 27 – Constance of Sicily marries Henry (the future Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor). ^{[62] [63] [64]}
• John the Chanter becomes Bishop of Exeter. ^{[65] [66]}
• The Byzantine Empire recognizes the independence of Bulgaria and Serbia. ^{[67] [68]}
• Joscius becomes Archbishop of Tyre. ^{[69] [70]}
• Jayavarman VII, the king of Cambodia, founds the temple of Ta Prohm. ^{[71] [72] [73]}
• After the death of the child-king Baldwin V, his mother succeeds him as Sibylla of Jerusalem, and appoints her disfavoured husband Guy de Lusignan king consort. This comes as a shock to Jerusalem's court, who had earlier forced the possible future Queen into promising that should she become so, she would not appoint him the title. ^{[74] [75] [76]}
• The first nunnery is inaugurated in Iceland, the Kirkjubæjar Abbey. ^{[77] [78]}

1187

This section is transcluded from 1187. (edit | history)

By place

Byzantine Empire

• Spring – Emperor Isaac II (Angelos) sends a Byzantine expeditionary force under Alexios Branas to suppress the Vlach-Bulgarian Rebellion – but Alexios revolts against Isaac and is proclaimed emperor in Andrianople. He musters troops and advances on Constantinople in an attempt to seize it. However, Alexios is unable to bypass the city defenses and is defeated by the imperial forces led by Conrad of Montferrat, the emperor's brother-in-law. On the battlefield, Alexios is beheaded by Conrad's supporting footsoldiers and the rebel army flees the field. ^[79]
• Siege of Lovech: Byzantine forces under Isaac II besiege the fortress city of Lovech in north-central Bulgaria. After a three-month siege, Isaac is forced to accept a truce by recognizing the joint-rule of Peter II and Ivan Asen I as emperor's (or tsar ) over the territory, leading to the creation of the Second Bulgarian Empire (until 1396).

Levant

• Spring – The Crusaders under Raynald of Châtillon attack a large Muslim caravan, including members of Saladin's family, journeying from Cairo. Raynald takes the merchants, and their families with all their possessions to his castle of Kerak. Saladin demands the release of the prisoners and compensation for their losses. This is refused by Raynald, who pays no attention to his order. ^[80]
• March 13 – Saladin leaves Damascus with his Muslim forces, and sends letters to neighboring countries, asking for volunteers for a forthcoming jihad ("Holy War"). A week later his younger brother Al-Adil, governor of Egypt, leads his forces out of Cairo towards Syria. Meanwhile, Saladin leaves an army under his 18-year-old son Al-Afdal at Busra, to keep watch on the 'Pilgrim road'. ^[81]
• April – King Guy of Lusignan summons his vassals and marches north to Nazareth, to reduce Galilee to submission.
• April 29 – A delegation under Balian of Ibelin is sent to Tiberias, to reconcile with Raymond III, prince of Galilee. After Easter, a second delegation (supported by the Knights Templar and Knights Hospitaller) is sent to Tripoli, but the situation remains unchanged.
• May 1 – Battle of Cresson: A Muslim reconnaissance force (some 7,000 men ^[82] ) under Muzaffar al-Din Gökböri, defeats a small Crusader army near Nazareth. Only Gerard de Ridefort, commander of the Crusaders, and a handful of knights escape death or capture. The Muslims scattering and killing the Christian foot-soldiers (some 400 men) before pillaging the countryside. ^[83]
• June 26 – Saladin regroups his Muslim forces and marches towards the Jordan River. His army numbers around 30,000 men and is divided into three columns. The following day Saladin encamps on the Golan Heights, in a marshy area near Lake Tiberias. Raiding parties are sent across the Jordan to ravage Christian territory between Nazareth, Tiberias, and Mount Tabor. ^[84]
• June 30 – Saladin sends a contingent to block Tiberias and challenges the Crusaders by moving his main camp closer to Saffuriya – some 10 km west of Lake Tiberias. On July 1, he sends scouts to monitor an alternative road on his northern flank that connects Saffuriya and Tiberias. The following day he attacks Tiberias with a part of his forces, including siege equipment. ^[85]
• July 2 – 3 – Saladin besieges Tiberias, the defenders, and Countess Eschiva II (wife of Raymond III) retreat to the citadel and sends messengers urging Guy of Lusignan to send help. Meanwhile, Guy and Raymond hold a war council to debate what should be done. Persuaded by Gerard de Ridefort and Raynald of Châtillon, Guy orders to march to the rescue of Tiberias. ^[86]
• July 4 – Battle of Hattin: Saladin defeats the Crusader army (some 20,000 men) under Guy of Lusignan at the Horns of Hattin. Guy is captured along with many nobles and knights, among them, Raynald of Châtillon. The latter is executed by Saladin himself. ^[87] The Crusader States have no reserves to defend the castles and fortified settlements against Saladin's forces. ^[88]
• July 14 – Conrad of Montferrat, an Italian nobleman, arrives in Tyre which ends the surrender negotiations with Saladin. He finds the remnants of the Crusader army (after the battle of Hattin) and makes the Tyrians swear loyalty to him. Reginald of Sidon and several other nobles give their support, Reginald went to refortify his own castle of Beaufort on the Litani River. ^[89]
• Summer – Saladin begins a campaign that paves the way for further Muslim inroads into Christian territory. Al-Adil invades Palestine with the Egyptian army, and captures the strategic castle of Mirabel (Majdal Yaba). By mid-September, Saladin has captured the cities of Acre, Jaffa, Gaza and Ascalon (blockaded by the Egyptian fleet), along with some 50 Crusader castles.
• September 20 – October 2 – Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem, after the Crusaders led by Balian of Ibelin have surrendered the 'Holy City'. The take-over of the city is relatively peaceful; Saladin agrees to let the Muslims and Christians leave the city, taking with them their goods. Balian joins his wife Maria Komnene and family, in the County of Tripoli.

Europe

• Summer – Pillage of Sigtuna: A fleet of Karelians enters Lake Malar and ravages the coast. The marauders burn Sigtuna and kill Archbishop Johannes at Almarestäket in Sweden. ^[90]
• Genoa takes Bonifacio (in Corsica) from Pisa. Pope Gregory VIII reconciles the differences between the states so that both may be used to expedite shipments to the Holy Land. ^[91]

England

• November – Richard of Poitou, son of King Henry II, take the Cross to help capture Jerusalem from the Muslims. He empties his coffers for the mission and makes a deal with King William the Lion of Scotland, giving him full feudal autonomy in return for cash.

Africa

• Almohad forces under Caliph Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur reconquer the city of Gabès (modern Tunisia) from the Almoravid pretender, Ali Banu Ghaniya. ^[2]

Asia

• November 9 – Retired-Emperor Gao Zong dies at the age of 80, having abdicated 58 years ago (see 1129) after a reign in which he reestablished the Southern Song Dynasty (until 1279).

By topic

Economy

• Orio Mastropiero, doge of Venice, secure loans from the Venetian nobility to finance the siege of Zadar. Pledging the income from the Salt Office becomes a staple of the city's finance. ^[92]

Religion

• October 20 – Pope Urban III dies after a 2½-year pontificate at Ferrara. He is succeeded by Gregory VIII as the 173rd pope of the Catholic Church.
• October – Josias, archbishop of Tyre, arrives in Rome and informs the Papal Court of the disaster of the Christian slaughter at Hattin by Saladin.
• October 29 – Gregory VIII issues the bull Audita tremendi , proposing the Third Crusade and negotiates with Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa).
• December 17 – Gregory VIII dies after holding the papacy for only 57 days. He is succeeded by Clement III as the 174th pope of Rome.

1188

This section is transcluded from 1188. (edit | history)

By place

Europe

• January 22 – King Ferdinand II dies after returning from a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela. He is succeeded by his 16-year-old son Alfonso IX, who becomes ruler of León and Galicia. He convenes at the Basilica of San Isidoro the Cortes of León, with representatives of the nobility, clergy and towns. These Corteses are considered to be the first parliament in Europe.
• Spring – King Henry II and Philip II (Augustus) meet at Le Mans, with Archbishop Josias (or Joscius) in attendance. Both kings agree to peace terms, and to contribute to a joint Crusade. It is decided to raise a new tax to pay for the expedition. This tax, known as the Saladin Tithe, is imposed on the people of England and France to raise funds for the Third Crusade.
• March 27 – Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) holds a Diet at Mainz and takes the Cross, followed by his 21-year-old son, Frederick IV, and other German nobles. He sends a delegation to present an ultimatum to Saladin in Syria on May 26. With demands to withdraw his Muslim forces from Palestina and to return the True Cross to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
• November – Richard of Poitou, son of Henry II, allies himself with Philip II and pays him homage. He promises to concede his rights to both Normandy and Anjou. Henry is overpowered by Richard's supporters, who chase him from Le Mans to Angers. They force him to accept peace by conceding to all demands, including the recognition of Richard as his successor. ^[93]
• The Cutting of the Elm: A meeting of Henry II and Philip II in the field at Gisors, in Normandy. It marks the Franco-Norman peace negotiations, following the Fall of Jerusalem (see 1187).

Levant

• Spring – Siege of Tyre: Muslim forces under Saladin withdraw from Tyre after a 1½-month siege. For the Crusaders the city-port becomes a strategic rallying point for the Christian revival during the Third Crusade.
• May 14 – Saladin begins a campaign and marches north but finds Tripoli too strong to be besieged. He decides to take other Crusader fortifications and signs an 8-month truce with Prince Bohemond III of Antioch.
• May – Saladin besieges the Hospitaller fortress of Krak des Chevaliers, in Syria. Seeing that the castle is too well defended, he decides instead to march on the Castle of Margat, which he also failed to capture. ^[94]
• July – Saladin marches through the Buqaia, and occupies Jabala and Lattakieh. From Lattakieh he turns inland and takes after a few days of fierce fighting Sahyun Castle (called Castle of Saladin) on July 29. ^[95]
• September 4 – King Guy of Lusignan is released by Saladin after Ascalon is forced to surrender. Guy and his wife, Queen Sibylla of Jerusalem, seek refuge in Tyre, which is defended by Conrad of Montferrat.

England

• Spring – Henry II institutes legal reforms that give the Crown more control over the administration of justice. He orders Newgate Prison be built in London. ^[96]
• Archdeacon Giraldus Cambrensis and Archbishop Baldwin of Forde travel through Wales, attempting to recruit men for the Third Crusade.

1189

This section is transcluded from 1189. (edit | history)

By place

Europe

• May 11 – Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) sets out from Regensburg, at the head of a German expeditionary force (some 15,000 men, including 4,000 knights). He has ensured that his lands are safe while he is away on crusade and leaves his son Henry VI in charge of the country. After leaving Germany, Frederick's army is increased by a contingent of 2,000 men led by Prince Géza, younger brother of King Béla III of Hungary. On July 27, he arrives at Niš and is welcomed by Stefan Nemanja, Grand Prince of Serbia. In order to ease his passage, Frederick makes diplomatic contacts with Hungary, the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum. ^[97]
• July 6 – King Henry II dies at Chinon, near Tours, after doing homage to Philip II (Augustus), and surrendering the territories around Issoudun in the Centre-Val de Loire. He ends the hostilities against Philip, by agreeing to the peace terms and pays him 20,000 marks in tribute. Henry is succeeded by his son, Richard I (the Lionheart), as ruler of England. ^[98]
• August – Emperor Isaac II (Angelos) denies any crusader access and begins to hinder the German forces, who try to cross the Byzantine frontier. Frederick I progressed with force, by capturing Philippopolis and defeats a Byzantine army (some 3,000 men) that attempts to recapture the city. The Germans are delayed for six months in Thrace. ^[99]
• King Sancho I (the Populator) turns his attention towards the Moorish small kingdoms (called taifas) and begins a campaign in southern Portugal. With the help of crusader forces he conquers (during the Reconquista) the town of Silves. He orders the fortification of the city and builds a castle. Sancho styles himself "King of Silves". ^[100]
• November 11 – King William II (the Good) makes peace with Isaac II, he abandons Thessalonika and other conquests, and dies childless at Palermo. The Sicilian nobles elect Tancred of Lecce (illegitimate son of Roger II) as the new ruler of Sicily, instead of Princess Constance and her husband Henry VI, to avoid German rule. ^[101]
• Frederick I grants Hamburg the status of an free imperial city and tax-free access (or free-trade zone) up the Lower Elbe into the North Sea. He also grants the right to fish, to cut trees and the freedom of military service. ^[102]

England

• September 3 – Richard I is crowned king of England in Westminster Abbey. During the coronation, a number of notable Jews are expelled from the banquet and rumours spread that Richard has ordered a massacre of the Jews. This causes anti-Jewish violence in London and York, among those killed is Jacob of Orléans, a respected French Jewish scholar. ^[98]
• William Marshal marries the 17-year-old Isabel de Clare (daughter of Richard de Clare). He becomes through his marriage to Isabel 1st Earl of Pembroke, acquiring huge estates in England, Normandy, Wales and Ireland.
• December 5 – King William I (the Lion) of Scotland gives Richard I 10,000 marks to buy his kingdom's independence. This overturns the Treaty of Falaise which William had to sign when he was captured (see 1174).
• December – Richard I sets sail with a crusader army from Dover Castle to France. To ensure he has the allegiance of his brother John, Richard approves of his marriage to their cousin Isabella of Gloucester. ^[103]
• Winter – John awards land to Bertram de Verdun, a Norman nobleman, and grants Dundalk its charter with town privileges, which becomes a strategic Anglo-Norman stronghold in Ireland. ^[104]

Levant

• May – Saladin has reconquered the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem except for Tyre. The castles of Montréal and Kerak are captured by Muslim forces. In the north, Saladin has regained the Principality of Antioch except for Antioch and the castle of Al-Qusayr in Syria. ^[105]
• August 28 – Siege of Acre: King Guy of Lusignan moves from Tyre, where Conrad of Montferrat refuses to hand over the city. Guy and his crusader army (some 7,000 men, including 400 knights) besiege Acre. He makes camp outside, to wait for more reinforcements. ^[106]
• September – Guy of Lusignan receives reinforcements of some 12,000 men from Denmark, Germany, England, France, and Flanders. He encircles Acre with a double line of fortified positions. On September 15, Saladin launches a failed attack on Guy's camp. ^[107]
• October 4 – Guy of Lusignan leads the crusader forces to launch a full-on assault on Saladin's camp. With heavy casualties on both sides, neither force gains the upperhand. On October 26, Saladin moves his camp from Acre to Mount Carmel (modern Israel). ^[108]
• October 30 – An Egyptian fleet (some 50 ships) breaks through the crusader blockade at Acre and reinforced the port-city with some 10,000 men, as well as food and weapons.
• December – An Egyptian fleet reopens communications with Acre. The rest of the winter passed without major incidents, but the supply situation is poor in the besieged city.

Asia

• February 18 – Emperor Xiao Zong abdicates in favour of his son, Guang Zong, as ruler of the Song Dynasty. Xiao Zong becomes a Taishang Huang ("Retired Emperor") and remains as the de facto ruler of China. ^[109]

By topic

Literature

• August 29 – Ban Kulin, Bosnian ruler, writes the Charter of Ban Kulin, which becomes a symbolic "birth certificate" of Bosnian language and statehood.

Significant people

== {{ucfirst:{{{1}}}}} == {{preprocess|{{((}}transcluding articles {{!}} {{#ifeq:{{{decade}}}|0|{{void|There is no AD year 0}}|{{Year article|{{{decade}}}0}}}} {{!}} {{for loop|{{!}}|call=Year article|pc1n=1|pc1v={{{decade}}}0|pv=2|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9}} {{))}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{decade}}}|0|{{void|There is no AD year 0}}| {{Transclude {{{1}}}|{{{decade}}}0}} }} {{for loop| |call=Transclude {{{1}}}|{{{decade}}}1|{{{decade}}}2|{{{decade}}}3|{{{decade}}}4|{{{decade}}}5|{{{decade}}}6|{{{decade}}}7|{{{decade}}}8|{{{decade}}}9}} == {{ucfirst:{{{1}}}}} == {{preprocess|{{((}}transcluding articles {{!}} {{#ifeq:{{{decade}}}|0|{{void|There is no AD year 0}}|{{Year article|{{{decade}}}0}}}} {{!}} {{for loop|{{!}}|call=Year article|pc1n=1|pc1v={{{decade}}}0|pv=2|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9}} {{))}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{decade}}}|0|{{void|There is no AD year 0}}| {{Transclude {{{1}}}|{{{decade}}}0}} }} {{for loop| |call=Transclude {{{1}}}|{{{decade}}}1|{{{decade}}}2|{{{decade}}}3|{{{decade}}}4|{{{decade}}}5|{{{decade}}}6|{{{decade}}}7|{{{decade}}}8|{{{decade}}}9}}

References

1. Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 347–348. ISBN   978-0-241-29876-3.
2. Picard, Christophe (1997). La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
3. Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 343. ISBN   978-0-241-29876-3.
4. David Nicolle (2011). Osprey: Command 12 - Saladin, p. 24. ISBN   978-1-84908-317-1.
5. Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 346. ISBN   978-0-241-29876-3.
6. Sansom, George (1958). A History of Japan to 1334 . Stanford University Press. pp.  277–281. ISBN   0804705232.
7. Turnbull, Stephen (1998). The Samurai Sourcebook. Cassell & Co. p. 200. ISBN   1854095234.
8. Turnbull, Stephen (1977). The Samurai, A Military History. MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc. p. 53. ISBN   0026205408.
9. Geography at about.com
10. Baldwin, John (2006). Paris 1200. Paris: Aubier. p. 75.
11. Bradbury, Jim. (1997). Philip Augustus: King of France 1180–1223, p. 245. The Medieval World (1st ed.). Routledge. ISBN   978-0-582-06059-3.
12. Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 128. ISBN   0-304-35730-8.
13. Stephenson, Paul (2000). Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900–1204, p. 281. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-02756-4.
14. Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 351. ISBN   978-0241-29876-3.
15. Mélanges d'histoire de la médecine hébraïque, by Gad Freudenthal, Samuel S. Kottek, Paul Fenton compiled by Gad Freudenthal, Samuel S. Kottek published by Brill, 2002 ISBN   90-04-12522-1, 978-90-04-12522-3
16. Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 348–349. ISBN   978-0-241-29876-3.
17. Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 349. ISBN   978-0-241-29876-3.
18. Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 352. ISBN   978-0-241-29876-3.
19. Beeler, John (1971). Warfare in Feudal Europe, 730–1200, p. 138. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University. ISBN   0-8014-9120-7.
20. Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 353. ISBN   978-0-241-29876-3.
21. Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 354. ISBN   978-0-241-29876-3.
22. Barber, Malcolm (2012). The Crusader States, p. 284. Yale University Press. ISBN   978-0-300-11312-9.
23. Bradbury, Jim (1997). Philip Augustus: King of France 1180–1223, p. 53. The Medieval World (1st ed.). Routledge. ISBN   978-0-582-06059-3.
24. Makk, Ferenc (1989). The Árpáds and the Comneni: Political Relations between Hungary and Byzantium in the 12th century, p. 116. (Translated by György Novák). Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN   978-963-05-5268-4.
25. Abels, Richard Philip; Bachrach, Bernard S. (2001). The Normans and their adversaries at war. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. p. 100. ISBN   0-85115-847-1.
26. Asbridge, Thomas (2015). The Greatest Knight: The Remarkable Life of William Marshal, Power Behind Five English Thrones, pp. 140–146. London: Simon & Schuster.
27. Eastmond, Antony (2016) [2004]. Art and Identity in Thirteenth-Century Byzantium: Hagia Sophia and the Empire of Trebizond. Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Monographs. Vol. 10. London and New York: Routledge. p. 157. ISBN   9781351957229.
28. Gregory, Timothy E. (2010) [2005]. A History of Byzantium (Second ed.). Malden, MA, Oxford and Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. p. 309. ISBN   9781444359978.
29. Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 349. ISBN   978-0-241-29876-3.
30. Raccagni, Gianluca (2016-06-01). "When the Emperor Submitted to his Rebellious Subjects: A Neglected and Innovative Legal Account of the Peace of Constance, 1183" (PDF). The English Historical Review. 131 (550): 519–539. doi:10.1093/ehr/cew173. ISSN   0013-8266.
31. Sismondi, Jean-Charles-Léonard Simonde (1832). A History of the Italian Republics: Being a View of the Rise, Progress, and Fall of Italian Freedom. Philadelphia, PA: Carey & Lea. pp. 60–61.
32. Gillespie, Alexander (2016). The Causes of War. Vol. II: 1000 CE to 1400 CE. Oxford and Portland, OR: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 65. ISBN   9781782259541.
33. Das, Deb K. (22 November 2000). "1300 YEARS of Cricket: 700 to 2000 AD". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 26 June 2019. Joseph of Exeter, in 1183, gives the first complete description of this co-ed community activity. A ball is thrown at (and hit by) a batter wielding a staff which looks like today's baseball bat...the batter protects a piece of wood, perhaps a log or tree-stump, resting on a gate-like stand(could this be the origin of the term "stumps" in modern cricket?)...fielders are positioned all around, squires in front of the "wicket" and serfs behind...... This sport has clearly been going on for some time, and Joseph of Exeter calls it a "merrye" weekend recreation.
34. Göttler, Christine; Mochizuki, Mia (2017). The Nomadic Object: The Challenge of World for Early Modern Religious Art. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 443. ISBN   9789004354500.
35. Brown, Delmer Myers; Ishida, Ichirō, eds. (1998) [1979]. The Clear Mirror: A Chronicle of the Japanese Court During the Kamakura Period (1185-1333). Berkeley, CA, Los Angeles & London: Stanford University Press. pp. 31–32. ISBN   9780804763882.
36. Brower, Robert H. (1972). ""Ex-Emperor Go-Toba's Secret Teachings": Go-Toba no in Gokuden". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 32: 5–70. doi:10.2307/2718867. ISSN   0073-0548. JSTOR   2718867.
37. Henshall, Kenneth (2014). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Lanham, MA, Toronto, Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press. p. 96. ISBN   9780810878723.
38. Akiyama, Akira (2018-12-11). "Relic or Icon? The Place and Function of Imperial Regalia*". The Nomadic Object: 430–447. doi:10.1163/9789004354500_016. ISBN   9789004354500.
39. Turnbull, Stephen (2012) [2003]. Fighting Ships of the Far East. Vol. 2: Japan and Korea AD 612–1639. Oxford and New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 44. ISBN   9781782000433.
40. Turnbull, Stephen (2008). The Samurai Swordsman: Master of War. Barnsley, UK: Frontline Books. p. 28. ISBN   9781473817937.
41. Edbury, Peter W.; Rowe, John Gordon (1991) [1988]. William of Tyre: Historian of the Latin East. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press Archive. pp. 20–21. ISBN   9780521407281.
42. Mallett, A.; Thomas, D. (2011). "William Of Tyre". Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History. Volume 3 (1050-1200). pp. 769–777.
43. Stevenson, W. B. (2012). The Crusaders in the East: A Brief History of the Wars of Islam with the Latins in Syria During the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 233–234. ISBN   9781107669093.
44. Tyerman, Christopher (2006). God's War: A New History of the Crusades. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 363. ISBN   9780674023871.
45. Baedeker (Firm), Karl (1876). Palestine and Syria: Handbook for Travellers. London: K. Baedeker. p. 81.
46. Hamblin, William J. (2013). Shillington, Kevin (ed.). Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set. Vol. I. New York, London: Routledge. p. 438. ISBN   9781135456702.
47. Fröhlich, Walter (1993). The Marriage of Henry VI and Constance of Sicily: Prelude and Consequences, pp. 100–101.
48. Ferris, Eleanor (1902). "The Financial Relations of the Knights Templars to the English Crown". American Historical Review. 8 (1). doi:10.2307/1832571. JSTOR   1832571.
49. Williams, Hywell (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 128. ISBN   0-304-35730-8.
50. Chandler G. David (1993). Osprey – Campaign 19: Hattin 1187, p. 11. ISBN   1-85532-284-6.
51. Sansom, George (1958). A History of Japan to 1334, pp. 296–297. ISBN   0804705232.
52. Sansom, George (1958). A History of Japan to 1334, pp. 298–299. ISBN   0804705232.
53. Abels, Richard Philip; Bernard S. Bachrach (2001). The Normans and their adversaries at war. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. p. 100. ISBN   0-85115-847-1.
54. Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 349–350. ISBN   978-0-241-29876-3.
55. Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 362. ISBN   978-0-241-29876-3.
56. Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 362–363. ISBN   978-0-241-29876-3.
57. King John by Warren. University of California Press, 1961. p. 35
58. Musson, RMW (2014). "Earthquake Catalogue of Great Britain and surroundings". European Archive of Historical Earthquake Data. British Geological Survey. p. 36. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
59. Baldwin, John W. (1991). The Government of Philip Augustus: Foundations of French Royal Power in the Middle Ages, p. 3. University of California Press. ISBN   0520073916.
60. Williams, Hywell (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 128. ISBN   0-304-35730-8.
61. Ferris, Eleanor (1902). "The Financial Relations of the Knights Templars to the English Crown". American Historical Review. 8 (1): 1–17. doi:10.2307/1832571. JSTOR   1832571.
62. Huffman, Joseph Patrick (2009) [2000]. The Social Politics of Medieval Diplomacy: Anglo-German Relations (1066-1307). Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Civilization. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. p. 121. ISBN   9780472024186.
63. Jackson, Guida M.; Jackson-Laufer, Guida Myrl (1999). Women Rulers Throughout the Ages: An Illustrated Guide. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 106. ISBN   9781576070918.
64. Heng, Geraldine (2014). "An African Saint in Medieval Europe: The Black St Maurice and the Enigma of Racial Sanctity". Saints and Race: Marked Flesh, Holy Flesh, ed. Vincent William Lloyd and Molly Harbour Bassett. Routledge: 24–25 – via Academia.edu.
65. Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature and Art (1877). Report and Transactions - The Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature and Art. Vol. IX: Kingsbridge, July 1877. Plymouth, UK: W. Brendon & Son. p. 107.
66. Stubbs, William (2012). Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi Benedicti Abbatis. The Chronicle of the Reigns of Henry II and Richard I, AD 1169-1192: Known Commonly Under the Name of Benedict of Peterborough. Cambridge Library Collection (in Latin). Vol. I. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 352. ISBN   9781108048750.
67. Gerald, Hannibal Gerald Duncan (1933). Immigration and Assimilation. Boston, New York: D. C. Heath and Company. p. 322. ISBN   9781171863298.
68. Lipson, Ephraim (1960). Europe in the 19th & 20th Centuries (Eighth ed.). New Delhi, Mumbai: Allied Publishers. p. 200. ISBN   9788170231448.
69. Brewer, Keagan; Kane, James (2019). The Conquest of the Holy Land by Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn: A critical edition and translation of the anonymous Libellus de expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum. Crusader Texts in Translation. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN   9781351390699.
70. Edbury, Peter W. (1978). "The 'Cartulaire de Manosque': a Grant to the Templars in Latin Syria and a Charter of King Hugh I of Cyprus1". Historical Research. 51 (124): 174–181. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2281.1978.tb01877.x. ISSN   1468-2281. Joscius was already arch-bishop of Tyre in October 1186, and he died at an unknown date between October 1200 and May 1202
71. Lakshmipriya, T. (2008). "Conservation and Restoration of the Ta Prohm Temple". In D'Ayala, Dina; Fodde, Enrico (eds.). Structural Analysis of Historic Construction: Preserving Safety and Significance, Two Volume Set: Proceedings of the VI International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historic Construction, SAHC08, 2-4 July 2008, Bath, United Kingdom. Boa Raton, London, New York, Leiden: CRC Press. p. 1491. ISBN   9781439828229.
72. Schissler, Eric J. (2009). "An examination of Khmer prayer inside the Ta Prohm complex and its implications for Angkor management policy". CardinalScholar 1.0: 4. Khmer King Jayavarman VII ordered the construction of Ta Prohm, which was originally named Rajavihara. According to the temple stele, in C.E. 1186 Jayavarman VII dedicated Ta Prohm in his mother’s honor.
73. Welch, David J. (March 1989). "Late Prehistoric and Early Historic Exchange Patterns in the Phimai Region, Thailand". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 20 (1): 11–26. doi:10.1017/S0022463400019810. ISSN   1474-0680. The foundation stela at Ta Prohm (AD 1186) recorded the assignment of 3,140 settlements with nearly 80,000 persons to this shrine,
74. Edbury, Peter W. (2017). The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade: Sources in Translation. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN   9781351892421.
75. Bauer, S. Wise (2013). The History of the Renaissance World: From the Rediscovery of Aristotle to the Conquest of Constantinople. New York and London: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 165. ISBN   9780393059762.
76. Stanley, Lane-Poole (July 1898). "The Fight That Lost Jerusalem". The Cornhill Magazine . 5 (25): 64. The child-king, Baldwin V., was dead, and an intrigue had enthroned Sibylla, a daughter of the royal house of Jerusalem, and she had shared her crown with her husband, Guy of Lusignan
77. Riddell, Scott J.; Erlendsson, Egill; Eddudóttir, Sigrún D.; Gísladóttir, Guðrún; Kristjánsdóttir, Steinunn (2018-10-10). "Pollen, Plague & Protestants: The Medieval Monastery of Þingeyrar (Þingeyraklaustur) in Northern Iceland". Environmental Archaeology. 27 (2): 193–210. doi:10.1080/14614103.2018.1531191. ISSN   1461-4103. S2CID   134309892. Kirkjubæjarklaustur (AD 1186–1542)
78. Júlíusson, Árni Daníel; Lárusdottir, Birna; Lucas, Gavin; Pálsson, Gísli (2020). "Episcopal Economics". Scandinavian Journal of History. 45: 95–120. doi:10.1080/03468755.2019.1625436. ISSN   0346-8755. S2CID   214087718. The nunnery of Kirkjubæjarklaustur in Southeast Iceland was, according to received scholarship, one of the oldest monasteries in Iceland, established in 1186
79. Choniates, Nicetas (1984). O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniatēs, pp. 212–213. Translated by Harry J. Magoulias. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. ISBN   0-8143-1764-2.
80. Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 367. ISBN   978-0-241-29876-3.
81. David Nicolle (1993). Osprey: Campaign series – 19. Hattin 1187, Saladin's Greatest Victory, p. 56. ISBN   1-85532-284-6.
82. David Nicolle (1993). Osprey: Campaign series – 19. Hattin 1187, Saladin's Greatest Victory, p. 57. ISBN   1-85532-284-6. According to David Nicolle, Gökböri's force was said to consist of 7,000 men though this is a huge exaggeration, 700 seeming more likely.
83. Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 369–370. ISBN   978-0-241-29876-3.
84. David Nicolle (1993). Osprey: Campaign series – 19. Hattin 1187, Saladin's Greatest Victory, p. 61. ISBN   1-85532-284-6.
85. Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 371. ISBN   978-0-241-29876-3.
86. David Nicolle (1993). Osprey: Campaign series – 19. Hattin 1187, Saladin's Greatest Victory, pp. 61–62. ISBN   1-85532-284-6.
87. Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 375. ISBN   978-0-241-29876-3.
88. Smail, R. C. (1995). Crusading Warfare, 1097–1193, p. 33 (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-45838-2.
89. David Nicolle (2005). Osprey: Campaign series – 161. The Third Crusade 1191: Richard the Lionheart, Saladin and the struggle for Jerusalem, p. 16. ISBN   978-1-84176-868-7.
90. Enn Tarvel (2007). Sigtuna hukkumine. Archived October 11, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Haridus, 2007 (7-8), p 38–41
91. Colombani, Philippe (2010). Héros corses du Moyen Age. Ajaccio: Albiana. p. 173. ISBN   978-2-84698-338-9.
92. Munro, John H. (2003). "The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution". The International History Review. 15 (3): 506–562.
93. Warren, W. L. (2000). Henry II (Yale ed.), pp. 621–622. New Haven, U.S.: Yale University Press. ISBN   978-0-300-08474-0.
94. Kennedy, Hugh (1994). Crusader Castles, p. 147. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   0-521-42068-7.
95. Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 383. ISBN   978-0-241-29876-3.
96. Halliday, Stephen (2007). Newgate: London's Prototype of Hell. The History Press. ISBN   978-0-7509-3896-9.
97. Freed, John (2016). Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince and the Myth, pp. 491–492. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN   978-0-300-122763.
98. King John by Warren. Published by University of California Press in 1961. p. 38
99. Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society, p. 658. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN   0-8047-2630-2.
100. Charles Wendell David, ed. Narratio de Itinere Navali Peregrinorum Hierosolymam Tendentium et Silviam Capientium, A.D. 1189. In Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, p. 81. (Dec., 1939): 591–676.
101. Steven Runciman (1990). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East 1100–1187, p. 403. Penguin Books.
102. Verg, Erich; Verg, Martin (2007), Das Abenteuer das Hamburg heißt (in German) (4th ed.), Hamburg: Ellert&Richter, ISBN 978-3-8319-0137-1
103. Warren, W. Lewis (1961). King John, pp. 39–40. London: Methuen. ISBN   0-413-45520-3.
104. Gosling, Paul (1991). From Dún Delca to Dundalk: The Topography and Archaeology of a Medieval Frontier Town A.D. c. 1187–1700., p. 237. Journal of the County Louth Archaeological and Historical Society.
105. David Nicolle (2011). Osprey: Command 12 – Saladin, p. 37. ISBN   978-1-84908-317-1.
106. David Nicolle (2011). Osprey: Command 12 – Saladin, p. 40. ISBN   978-1-84908-317-1.
107. Cartwright, Mark (2018). The Siege of Acre, 1189–91 CE. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1263/
108. David Nicolle (2011). Osprey: Command 12 – Saladin, p. 38. ISBN   978-1-84908-317-1.
109. Xiong, Victor Cunrui; Hammond, Kenneth J. (2018). Routledge Handbook of Imperial Chinese History, p. 302. ISBN   978-1317-53-822-6.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1180s .