1256

1256 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1256; MCCLVI
Ab urbe condita	2009
Armenian calendar	705; ԹՎ ՉԵ
Assyrian calendar	6006
Balinese saka calendar	1177–1178
Bengali calendar	663
Berber calendar	2206
English Regnal year	40 Hen. 3 – 41 Hen. 3
Buddhist calendar	1800
Burmese calendar	618
Byzantine calendar	6764–6765
Chinese calendar	乙卯年 (Wood Rabbit); 3953 or 3746; — to —; 丙辰年 (Fire Dragon); 3954 or 3747
Coptic calendar	972–973
Discordian calendar	2422
Ethiopian calendar	1248–1249
Hebrew calendar	5016–5017
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1312–1313
- Shaka Samvat	1177–1178
- Kali Yuga	4356–4357
Holocene calendar	11256
Igbo calendar	256–257
Iranian calendar	634–635
Islamic calendar	653–654
Japanese calendar	Kenchō 8 / Kōgen 1; (康元元年)
Javanese calendar	1165–1166
Julian calendar	1256; MCCLVI
Korean calendar	3589
Minguo calendar	656 before ROC ; 民前656年
Nanakshahi calendar	−212
Thai solar calendar	1798–1799
Tibetan calendar	阴木兔年; (female Wood-Rabbit); 1382 or 1001 or 229; — to —; 阳火龙年; (male Fire-Dragon); 1383 or 1002 or 230

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	12th century ; 13th century ; 14th century ;
Decades:	1230s ; 1240s ; 1250s ; 1260s ; 1270s ;
Years:	1253 ; 1254 ; 1255 ; 1256 ; 1257 ; 1258 ; 1259 ;

Last updated January 16, 2024

Year 1256 ( MCCLVI ) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Mongol Empire

Spring – Mongol forces (some 80,000 men), under Hulagu Khan, cross the Oxus River, and begin their campaign to destroy the remaining Muslim states in southwestern Asia – with the first objectives being the Nizari Ismaili strongholds and Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. The roads across Turkestan and Persia are repaired, and bridges built. Carts are requisitioned to bring siege machines from China.^[1]
October – Mongol forces led by Baiju Noyan (operating under Hulagu Khan's command) win a victory over Kaykaus II, Seljuk ruler of the Sultanate of Rum, and capture Anatolia. Kaykaus flees to the Byzantine court where he seeks refuge at Constantinople. The Empire of Trebizond fearing a potential punitive Mongol expedition, becomes a vassal state and is forced to pay a tribute tax every year in gold and silk.^[2]
November 8 – 23 – Siege of Maymun-Diz: Mongol forces under Hulagu Khan successfully besiege the mountain castle of Maymun-Diz. Hulagu encircles the fortress and begins a bombardment for three days by mangonels from a nearby hilltop. On November 19, Nizari Isma'ili imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah surrenders, but a small part of the garrison refuses and fights a last stand, until they are killed after three days.^[3]
December 15 – Mongol forces under Hulagu Khan capture and dismantle Alamut Castle (near the Masoudabad region) after the surrender of the Nizari Ismaili leaders. Hulagu founds the Ilkhanate dynasty of Persia, which becomes one of the four main divisions of the Mongol Empire. The Nizari Ismaili government is disestablished, some of them migrate to Afghanistan, Badakhshan and Sindh (modern Pakistan).

Europe

War of the Euboeote Succession: Achaean forces under William II of Villehardouin attempt to gain control of the island of Euboea, which is resisted by the local Lombard barons (or "triarchs") with the aid of the Republic of Venice. William launches devastating raids in Euboea. Guy I de la Roche, the "Great Lord" of Athens and Thebes, enters the war against William, along with other barons of Central Greece.^[4]
30 July – The Venetian Marsilio Zorzi recaptures Curzola in Dalmatia, and re-establishes himself as Count of Curzola and Mèleda.^[5]

British Isles

Prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd invades the northern coastal areas that have agreed to English rule (see 1254). Edward (the Lord Edward), who has been given the areas to govern himself by his father, King Henry III, asks him for support but Henry refuses.
The ancient Irish Kingdom of Breifne splits into East Breifne and West Breifne, after a war between the O'Reillys and the O'Rourkes.

Levant

Venetian–Genoese War: A dispute between Venice and Genoa arises about concerning land in Acre owned by Mar Saba but claimed by both Venice and Genoa – which leads to a Genoese attack of the monastery in the Venetian quarter. The Venetians are supported by Pisa and the Knights Templar, while the Genoese are joined by the Knights Hospitaller.^[6]

Asia

October – The Japanese Kenchō era ends and the Kōgen era begins during the reign of the 13-year-old Emperor Go-Fukakusa.

By topic

Natural Disaster

June 30 – A large volcanic eruption in Harrat Rahat (near Medina) is associated with an Islamic prophecy.^[7]

Religion

May 4 – Pope Alexander IV issues the papal bull Licet ecclesiae catholicae, constituting the Order of Saint Augustine at Lecceto Monastery.
August 25 – In Bologna, slavery and serfdom are abolished; this event is recorded in the document called Liber Paradisus (or Heaven Book).

Births

January 6 – Gertrude the Great, German mystic (d. 1302)
January 24 – Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, Spanish nobleman (d. 1309)
February 9 – William de Warenne, English nobleman (d. 1286)
March 21 – Henry I (Lackland), German nobleman (d. 1318)
October 23 – Möngke Temür, Mongol ruler of Shiraz (d. 1282)
Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati, Andalusian grammarian (d. 1344)
Adolph VI, count of Holstein-Pinneberg-Schauenburg (d. 1315)
Ahmad al-Suhrawardi, Persian calligrapher and musician (d. 1340)
Al-Dimashqi, Syrian geographer, explorer and writer (d. 1327)
Andrea Dotti, Italian nobleman, preacher and saint (d. 1315)
Ibn al-Banna, Almohad scholar and mathematician (d. 1321)
Jamal al-Din al-Mizzi, Syrian scholar and philologist (d. 1341)
John Segrave, English nobleman and seneschal (d. 1325)
Padishah Khatun, Mongol female ruler and writer (d. 1295)
Robert of Clermont, French prince and nobleman (d. 1317)
Roger Mortimer, English nobleman and constable (d. 1326)

Deaths

January 4 – Bernhard von Spanheim, German nobleman
January 18 – Maria of Brabant, duchess of Bavaria (b. 1226)
January 28 – William II of Holland, king of Germany (b. 1227)
February 9 – Alice de Lusigan, English noblewoman (b. 1224)
February 16 – Nicola Paglia, Italian Dominican priest (b. 1197)
April 12 – Margaret of Bourbon, queen of Navarre (b. 1217)
April 23 – Sabrisho V, patriarch of the Church of the East
May 1 – Mafalda of Portugal, Spanish abbess and queen
May 6 – Peter Nolasco, French religious leader (b. 1189)
May 12 – Matilda of Amboise, French noblewoman (b. 1200)
May 28 – Guglielmo Fieschi, Italian deacon and cardinal
June 13 – Tankei, Japanese Buddhist sculptor (b. 1173)
September 1 – Kujō Yoritsune, Japanese shogun (b. 1218)
September 21 – William of Kilkenny, English bishop of Ely
October 14 – Kujō Yoritsugu, Japanese shogun (b. 1239)
November 5 – Christina de Valognes, Scottish noblewoman
Bertram de Criol (or Criel), English constable and diplomat
Jacob Anatoli, French Jewish translator and writer (b. 1194)
Johannes de Sacrobosco, English scholar and astronomer
Klement of Ruszcza, Polish nobleman and knight (b. 1190)
Najm al-Din Razi, Persian philosopher and writer (b. 1177)
Pandulf of Anagni, Italian bishop and military commander
Peter de Ramsay, Scottish nobleman, cleric and bishop
Þórður kakali Sighvatsson, Icelandic chieftain (b. 1210)
Rodrigo González Girón, Spanish nobleman and knight
Sibt ibn al-Jawzi, Arab preacher and historian (b. 1185)

References

↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 249–250. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
↑ Peacock, A.C.S.; Yildiz, Sara Nur, eds. (2013). The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East, pp. 118–119. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-0-85773-346-7.
↑ Willey, Peter (2005). Eagle's Nest: Ismaili Castles in Iran and Syria, pp. 75–85. Boomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-85043-464-1.
↑ Setton, Kenneth M. (1976). The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries, p. 78. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. ISBN 0-87169-114-0.
↑ Mazzon, Martino (2020). "ZORZI, Marsilio". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 100: Vittorio Emanuele I–Zurlo (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-8-81200032-6.
↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 236. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
↑ The Seismicity of Egypt, Arabia and the Red Sea: A Historical Review p. 40

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[1] Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 249–250. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.

[2] Peacock, A.C.S.; Yildiz, Sara Nur, eds. (2013). The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East, pp. 118–119. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-0-85773-346-7.

[3] Willey, Peter (2005). Eagle's Nest: Ismaili Castles in Iran and Syria, pp. 75–85. Boomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-85043-464-1.

[4] Setton, Kenneth M. (1976). The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries, p. 78. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. ISBN 0-87169-114-0.

[5] Mazzon, Martino (2020). "ZORZI, Marsilio". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 100: Vittorio Emanuele I–Zurlo (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-8-81200032-6.

[6] Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 236. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.

[7] The Seismicity of Egypt, Arabia and the Red Sea: A Historical Review p. 40

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