1326

Isabella of France (middle) departs with her fleet and Roger Mortimer to England

Year 1326 ( MCCCXXVI ) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

1326 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1326 MCCCXXVI
Ab urbe condita	2079
Armenian calendar	775 ԹՎ ՉՀԵ
Assyrian calendar	6076
Balinese saka calendar	1247–1248
Bengali calendar	732–733
Berber calendar	2276
English Regnal year	19  Edw. 2  – 20  Edw. 2
Buddhist calendar	1870
Burmese calendar	688
Byzantine calendar	6834–6835
Chinese calendar	乙丑年 (Wood  Ox) 4023 or 3816     — to — 丙寅年 (Fire  Tiger) 4024 or 3817
Coptic calendar	1042–1043
Discordian calendar	2492
Ethiopian calendar	1318–1319
Hebrew calendar	5086–5087
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1382–1383
- Shaka Samvat	1247–1248
- Kali Yuga	4426–4427
Holocene calendar	11326
Igbo calendar	326–327
Iranian calendar	704–705
Islamic calendar	726–727
Japanese calendar	Shōchū 3 / Karyaku 1 (嘉暦元年)
Javanese calendar	1237–1238
Julian calendar	1326 MCCCXXVI
Korean calendar	3659
Minguo calendar	586 before ROC 民前586年
Nanakshahi calendar	−142
Thai solar calendar	1868–1869
Tibetan calendar	阴木牛年 (female Wood-Ox) 1452 or 1071 or 299     — to — 阳火虎年 (male Fire-Tiger) 1453 or 1072 or 300

Hugh Despenser the Younger is Hanged, drawn and quartered.

Events

January – March

• January 21 – The foundation of Oriel College (or King's College), the University of Oxford's fifth oldest (still surviving) college, is confirmed by royal charter. ^[1]
• February 10 – March 11 – The Raid on Brandenburg begins as Polish-Lithuanian forces led by King Wladyslaw the Elbow-High of Poland, and of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania under Gediminas, raid the territories of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (within the Holy Roman Empire), with the sanction of Pope John XXII. Władysław regards the Neumark (East Brandenburg) as Polish territory. ^[2]
• February 14 – Queen Ingeborg, the regent and de facto ruler of Sweden, is stripped from all political authority. Due to having many debts (known as the Scania affair), she gives up several fiefs.
• February 28 – Frederick the Fair becomes the sole Duke of Austria upon the death of his younger brother, Leopold I of the House of Habsburg.
• March 11 – The Raid on Brandenburg by King Wladyslaw of Poland is completed with the looting and destruction by Lithuanian troops of the cities of Berlin and Frankfurt an der Oder, and the capture of 6,000 German prisoners of war. The area between Frankfurt an der Order and Berlin is looted and devastated.
• March 25 – At Dagnum (a former city in what is now Albania), a peace treaty is signed between Venetian merchants at Ragusa and King Stefan Dečanski of Serbia.

April – June

• April 6 – Siege of Bursa: Ottoman forces (some 10,000 men) led by Sultan Orhan I capture the Byzantine city of Bursa. Orhan makes Bursa the first official Ottoman capital. ^{[3] [4]}
• April 19 – The Peace of Arques, brokered by King Charles IV of France, ends the Flemish Revolt, but the treaty is not supported by rebel districts in Flanders. ^[5]
• May 4 – King Christopher II of Denmark, forced to flee during an uprising, promises to give the Danish Principality of Rügen to John III of Werle and Henry II, Lord of Mecklenburg, leading to the First War of the Rügen Succession.
• June 3 – The Treaty of Novgorod, a 10-year armistice, ends decades of border skirmishes between Norway and Novgorod in the far-northern region of Finnmark.
• June 6 – In Denmark, the Reichsrat votes to remove King Christopher II from office and to replace him with 11-year-old Valdemar V, Duke of Schleswig. Valdemar's uncle, Count Gerhard of Holstein, becomes the regent for King Valdemar.

July – September

• July 14 – Wartislaw IV, Duke of Pomerania makes an alliance with Gerhard III, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg, who has taken control of Denmark after overthrowing King Christopher II. Wartislaw IV becomes ill and dies 18 days later.
• July 15 – The Scottish Parliament meets at Cambuskenneth and votes to restore 10-year-old Robert Stewart, grandson of Robert the Bruce to the line of succession to the throne of Scotland. Robert is granted lands in Argyll, Roxburghshire and the Lothians, and will eventually become King of Scotland in 1371. ^[6]
• July 16 – Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta departs from Cairo on a trip through Palestine on the way to Damascus. ^[7]
• August 9 – Ibn Battuta arrives in Damascus after a three-week journey from Cairo. ^[7]
• August 27 – Queen Isabella of France draws up a marriage contract between the 13-year-old Prince Edward (the future Edward III) and Philippa of Hainault, guaranteeing that the wedding will take place within two years. ^[8]
• September 15 – Dmitry, Grand Prince of Tver, is executed for the murder of Grand Duke Yuri of Moscow at Sarai on orders of Özbeg Khan, ruler of the Golden Horde that controls much of what is now Asian Russia.

Isabella's campaign (green) and the retreat of Edward II to Wales (brown)

• September 24 – Invasion of England: Isabella of France and her supporters (including Roger Mortimer) land at Orwell in Suffolk. Their aim is to remove King Edward II from his throne and place Prince Edward there as the new ruler. Meanwhile, residing at the Tower of London, Edward tries to raise support in the capital, but instead, there is anarchy in London and mobs killing Edward's officials (including his treasurer, Walter de Stapledon). ^[9]

October – December

• October 18 – Isabella of France begins the Siege of Bristol, which is defended by Hugh Despenser the Elder. ^[10]
• October 26 – After eight days, the castle of Bristol is captured by Queen Isabella, and Hugh Despenser the elder is taken captive. With Bristol secured, Isabella moves her base of operations to Hereford, near the Welsh border. There, she orders Henry of Lancaster to locate and arrest Edward II.
• October 27 – The day after his capture at Bristol, Hugh Despenser the Elder, the chief adviser to King Edward II of England, is dressed in his armor and hanged in public. Afterwards, Hugh's body is dismembered, with his head presented to Queen Isabella to show to others among Edward's allies.
• October 27 – Declaring that they are acting in the name of King Edward and giving as the reason that he is away in France, Queen Isabella and Crown Prince Edward issue a writ summoning the English Parliament to assemble on December 14 at Westminster.
• November 16 – King Edward II of England is captured at Neath Abbey in Wales and brought to England, where he is imprisoned at Kenilworth Castle in Warwickshire.
• December 3 – Queen Isabella and Crown Prince Edward, claiming to act on behalf of King Edward II, issue a new writ postponing the opening of the English Parliament from December 14 to January 7. The new parliament will approve the replacement of King Edward II by the Crown Prince as "Keeper of the Realm". ^[11]

By place

Europe

• Summer – German forces led by Henry II, Lord of Mecklenburg occupy the western territories belonging to the Principality of Rügen. The towns of Barth and Grimmen surrender after a short siege. ^[12]
• Autumn – Gerhard III, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg allies himself with the Danish magnates. In response, the Hanseatic towns of Demmin, Stralsund, Greifswald and Anklam join the alliance.

Middle East

• Spring – Ibn Battuta, Moroccan scholar and explorer, arrives after a journey of over 3,500 km (2,200 miles) at the port of Alexandria, at the time part of the Bahri Mamluk Empire. ^[13]

By topic

Education

• Clare College, the University of Cambridge's second oldest (still surviving) college, is founded.

Births

• February 3 – Robert Clavering, English official and politician (d. 1394)
• March 5 – King Louis I of Hungary and Croatia (d. 1382) ^[14]
• March 30 – Ivan II of Moscow), Russian Grand Prince (d. 1359) ^{[15] [16]}
• May 1 – Rinchinbal Khan (Ningzong), Mongol emperor (d. 1332)
• May 8 – Joan I, queen of France (House of Auvergne) (d. 1360) ^[17]
• June 29 – Murad I, Turkish ruler of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1389)
• August 16 – Amaury IV, French nobleman and knight (d. 1373) ^[18]
• September 5 – Beatrice of Sicily, Sicilian noblewoman (d. 1365)
• September 15 – Yolande of Bar, French noblewoman (d. 1395)
• November 5 – Anawrahta II, Burmese prince and ruler (d. 1349)
• date unknown
  • As-Salih Ismail, Egyptian nobleman, prince and ruler (d. 1345)
  • Kitabatake Akiyoshi, Japanese nobleman and samurai (d. 1383)
  • Kusunoki Masatsura, Japanese nobleman and samurai (d. 1348)
  • Olivier the Butcher, Breton knight and constable (d. 1407)
  • Imagawa Sadayo, Japanese poet and governor (d. 1420)
  • Isaac ben Sheshet, Spanish Talmudic authority (d. 1408)
  • Ivan Asen IV, Bulgarian nobleman and prince (d. 1349)
  • Manuel Kantakouzenos, Byzantine nobleman (d. 1380)
  • Robert of Durazzo, Italian nobleman and knight (d. 1356)
  • Simeon Uroš, Serbian nobleman and pretender (d. 1370)
  • Tang He (Dingchen), Chinese rebel leader (d. 1395)
  • Wartislaw V, German nobleman and co-ruler (d. 1390) ^[19]
  • William Wingfield, English official and politician (d. 1398)

Deaths

• January 18 – Robert FitzWalter, English nobleman and knight (b. 1247)
• January 29 – Roger de Beler, English nobleman, justice and politician ^[20]
• February 28 – Leopold I, Duke of Austria, German nobleman (b. 1290) ^[21]
• March 26 – Alessandra Giliani, Italian anatomist and scientist (b. 1307) ^[22]
• April 6 – Pandolfo I Malatesta, Italian nobleman and knight ( condottiero )
• May 6 – Bernard of Świdnica, Polish nobleman, knight and ruler (House of Piast)
• May 11 – Mats Kettilmundsson, Swedish knight, statesman and seneschal of the realm (b. c. 1280)
• May 31 – Maurice de Berkeley, English nobleman (b. 1281)
• July 29 – Richard Óg de Burgh, Irish nobleman (House of Burgh) (b. 1259)
• August 3 – Roger Mortimer, English nobleman, knight and judge (b. 1256)
• September 15
  • Dmitry of Tver, Russian nobleman and Grand Prince (b. 1299)
  • William FitzJohn, Irish prelate, archbishop and Lord Chancellor
• October 9 – Reginald I of Guelders, Dutch nobleman, knight and ruler (b. 1255)
• October 14
  • Richard de Stapledon, English nobleman, knight and judge
  • Walter de Stapledon, English nobleman and bishop (b. 1261)
• October 27 – Hugh Despenser the Elder, English chief adviser (b. 1261)
• October 31, Juan de Castilla y Haro ("Juan the One-Eyed"), Spanish nobleman (b. 1293)
• November 17 – Edmund FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Arundel, English nobleman and knight (b. 1285)
• November 24 – Hugh Despenser the Younger, English knight (b. 1286)
• November 25 – Koreyasu, Japanese nobleman and shogun (b. 1264) ^[23]
• December 28 – David II Strathbogie, Earl of Atholl, Scottish nobleman and constable ^[24]
• date unknown
  • Alexander of San Elpidio, Italian friar, bishop and writer (b. 1269)
  • Al-Yunini, Syrian religious scholar, historian and writer (b. 1242)
  • Amanieu VII, French nobleman and knight (House of Albret) ^[25]
  • David of Grodno, Lithuanian nobleman, knight and castellan ^[26]
  • John Palaiologos, Byzantine nobleman and governor (b. 1288)
  • John Walwayn, English scholar, official and Lord Treasurer ^[27]
  • Mondino de Liuzzi, Italian physician and anatomist (b. 1270) ^[28]
  • Ser Petracco, Italian jurist, chancellor and politician (b. 1267)
  • Sheikh Edebali, Ottoman judge and religious leader (b. 1206)
  • William de Braose, Norman nobleman and knight (b. 1260)

References

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2. Carlyle, Thomas (2010). The Works of Thomas Carlyle, pp. 128–129. Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   9781108022354.
3. Nolan, Cathal J. (2006). The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, pp. 100–101. Volume 1. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN   9780313337338.
4. Rogers, Clifford (2010). The Oxford Encyclopaedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, p. 261. Volume 1. Oxford University Press. ISBN   9780195334036.
5. Tebrake, William H. (1993). A Plague of Insurrection: Popular Politics and Peasant Revolt in Flanders, 1323–1328, p. 98. University of Pennsylvania Press.
6. Stephen Boardman, The Early Stewart Kings: Robert II and Robert III, 1371–1406 (Birlinn, 2007) p.3
7. H.A.R. Gibb, The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Hakluyt Society, 1958)
8. "Edward III marriage contract auctioned". BBC History Magazine (May 2019). BBC: 13.
9. "BBC - Radio 4 - This Sceptred Isle - Isabella and Mortimer". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
10. Weir, Alison (2006). Queen Isabella: She-Wolf of France, Queen of England, p. 234. London: Pimlico Books. ISBN   978-0-7126-4194-4.
11. Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 158. ISBN   0-304-35730-8.
12. Ingeborg Lohfink: Vorpommern – Begegnung mit dem Land am Meer. Hinstorff Verlag, Rostock, 1991. ISBN   3-356-00418-2.
13. Defrémery, C.; Sanguinetti, B.R., eds. (1853). Voyages d'Ibn Batoutah (Volume 1), p. 27. Paris: Société Asiatic.
14. "Louis I | king of Hungary". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
15. Janet Martin (1995). Medieval Russia, 990–1584. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   0-521-36832-4.
16. "Ivan II | Russian prince". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
17. Cox, Eugene L. (1967). The Green Count of Savoy, pp. 60–61. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
18. Scott-Stokes, Charity; Given-Wilson, Chris, eds. (2008). Chronicon Anonymi Cantuariensis, p. 29. Oxford University Press.
19. Martin Wehrmann (1919). Geschichte von Pommern, Vol 1, second edition. Verlag: Friedrich Andreas Perthes, Gotha. Reprinted: Augsburg, 1992. ISBN   3-89350-112-6.
20. Fryde, Natalie (1979). The tyranny and fall of Edward II 1321–1326. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   9780521222013.
21. Wurzbach, Constantin von (1860). "Habsburg, Leopold I. der Glorreiche". In Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich, p. 409. Vienna: Kaiserlich-Königliche Hof- und Staatsdruckerei.
22. Oakes, Elizabeth H. (2007). Encyclopedia of world scientists (Rev. ed.). New York: Facts on File. ISBN   978-1438118826.
23. Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth (2005). Japan Encyclopedia, p. 561. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN   978-0-674-01753-5.
24. Alexander Rose (2002). Kings in the North the House of Percy in British History, p. 213. ISBN   1-84212-485-4.
25. Labarge, Margaret Wade (1980). Gascony, England's First Colony 1204–1453. London: Hamish Hamilton.
26. Šapoka, Adolfas (1937). "Dovydas". In Vaclovas Biržiška (ed.). Lietuviškoji enciklopedija, pp. 1334–1336 (in Lithuanian). Vol. 6. Kaunas: Spaudos Fondas.
27. McNamee, Colm (2006). The Wars of the Bruces: Scotland, England and Ireland 1306–1328, pp. 51–52. ISBN   0859766535.
28. Beasley, AW (1982). "Orthopaedic aspects of mediaeval medicine". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, pp. 970–975.