1281

Last updated

1281 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar 1281
MCCLXXXI
Ab urbe condita 2034
Armenian calendar 730
ԹՎ ՉԼ
Assyrian calendar 6031
Balinese saka calendar 1202–1203
Bengali calendar 687–688
Berber calendar 2231
English Regnal year 9  Edw. 1   10  Edw. 1
Buddhist calendar 1825
Burmese calendar 643
Byzantine calendar 6789–6790
Chinese calendar 庚辰年 (Metal  Dragon)
3978 or 3771
     to 
辛巳年 (Metal  Snake)
3979 or 3772
Coptic calendar 997–998
Discordian calendar 2447
Ethiopian calendar 1273–1274
Hebrew calendar 5041–5042
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat 1337–1338
 - Shaka Samvat 1202–1203
 - Kali Yuga 4381–4382
Holocene calendar 11281
Igbo calendar 281–282
Iranian calendar 659–660
Islamic calendar 679–680
Japanese calendar Kōan 4
(弘安4年)
Javanese calendar 1191–1192
Julian calendar 1281
MCCLXXXI
Korean calendar 3614
Minguo calendar 631 before ROC
民前631年
Nanakshahi calendar −187
Thai solar calendar 1823–1824
Tibetan calendar ལྕགས་ཕོ་འབྲུག་ལོ་
(male Iron-Dragon)
1407 or 1026 or 254
     to 
ལྕགས་མོ་སྦྲུལ་ལོ་
(female Iron-Snake)
1408 or 1027 or 255
Japanese attack Mongol ships, Moko Shurai Ekotoba (c. 1291) Mooko-SamuraiShips.jpg
Japanese attack Mongol ships, Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba (c. 1291)

Year 1281 ( MCCLXXXI ) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

Contents

Events

By place

Byzantine Empire

  • Spring Siege of Berat: A Byzantine relief force under Michael Tarchaneiotes arrives at the strategically important citadel of Berat. Tarchaneiotes avoids a confrontation with the Angevines and relies on ambushes and raids instead. He manages to capture the Angevin commander, Hugh of Sully, a few of Sully's guards escape and reach their camp – where they report his capture. Panic spreads among the Angevin troops at this news and they begin to flee towards Avlon. The Byzantines take advantage of their disordered flight and attacks, joined by the troops in the besieged citadel. Tarchaneiotes takes an enormous booty, a small remnant of the Angevin army manages to cross the Vjosa River and reach the safety of Kanina. [1]
  • October 18 Emperor Michael VIII (Palaiologos) is excommunicated by Pope Martin IV without any warning or provocation. Martin authorizes Charles I, king of Sicily, to make a Crusade against Michael, who has re-established his rule in Constantinople. Charles prepares an expedition in Sicily and assembles a fleet of 100 ships, and 300 more in Naples, Provence, and the Greek territories, which carry some 8,000 cavalrymen. [2]

Europe

Middle East

  • September Two Mongol armies (some 50,000 men) advance into Syria. One, is commanded by Abaqa Khan – who attacks the Mamluk fortresses along the Euphrates frontier. The second one, led by his brother Möngke Temür makes contact with Leo III, king of Cilician Armenia, and then marches down through Aintab and Aleppo into the Orontes valley. Where he is joined by knights of the Hospitaller Order and some French mercenaries. Meanwhile, Sultan Qalawun assembles his Mamluk forces at Damascus. [5]
  • October 29 Battle of Homs: In a pitched battle, Mamluk forces (some 30,000 men) led by Qalawun destroy the Mongol center, Möngke Temür is wounded and flees. He orders a retreat, followed by a disorganized army. The Armenian-Georgian auxiliaries under Leo III fight their way back northwards. The Mongol army recrosses the Euphrates without losses, the river remains the frontier between the Mongols and the Mamluk Sultanate. [6]
  • Osman I, founder of the Ottoman Empire, becomes bey of the Söğüt tribe in central Anatolia after the death of his father, Ertuğrul Ghazi. Osman's accession to power is not peaceful, as he has to fight his relatives before he gets hold of the clan's leadership. One of Osman's major rivals is his uncle Dündar Bey, who rebels against him. [7]

Asia

By topic

Markets

Religion

Births

Deaths

References

  1. Setton, Kenneth M. (1976). The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries, p. 137. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. ISBN   0-87169-114-0.
  2. Geanakoplos, Deno John (1959). Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West, 1258-1282: A Study in Byzantine-Latin Relations, pp. 341–42. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. OCLC   1011763434.
  3. Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 81. ISBN   978-0-8122-2302-6.
  4. Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 149. ISBN   0-304-35730-8.
  5. Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 327. ISBN   978-0-241-29877-0.
  6. Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 327–328. ISBN   978-0-241-29877-0.
  7. Shaw, Stanford (1976). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, pp. 13–14. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-29163-7.
  8. Davis, Paul K. (1999). 100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present, p. 145. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-514366-9.
  9. Munro, John H. (2003). "The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution". The International History Review. 15 (3): 506–562.