1197

1197 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1197 MCXCVII
Ab urbe condita	1950
Armenian calendar	646 ԹՎ ՈԽԶ
Assyrian calendar	5947
Balinese saka calendar	1118–1119
Bengali calendar	603–604
Berber calendar	2147
English Regnal year	8  Ric. 1  – 9  Ric. 1
Buddhist calendar	1741
Burmese calendar	559
Byzantine calendar	6705–6706
Chinese calendar	丙辰年 (Fire  Dragon) 3894 or 3687     — to — 丁巳年 (Fire  Snake) 3895 or 3688
Coptic calendar	913–914
Discordian calendar	2363
Ethiopian calendar	1189–1190
Hebrew calendar	4957–4958
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1253–1254
- Shaka Samvat	1118–1119
- Kali Yuga	4297–4298
Holocene calendar	11197
Igbo calendar	197–198
Iranian calendar	575–576
Islamic calendar	593–594
Japanese calendar	Kenkyū 8 (建久８年)
Javanese calendar	1104–1106
Julian calendar	1197 MCXCVII
Korean calendar	3530
Minguo calendar	715 before ROC 民前715年
Nanakshahi calendar	−271
Seleucid era	1508/1509 AG
Thai solar calendar	1739–1740
Tibetan calendar	མེ་ཕོ་འབྲུག་ལོ་ (male Fire-Dragon) 1323 or 942 or 170     — to — མེ་མོ་སྦྲུལ་ལོ་ (female Fire-Snake) 1324 or 943 or 171

Portrait of Philip of Swabia (1177–1208)

Year 1197 ( MCXCVII ) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Europe

• Spring – Emperor Henry VI travels to Italy to persuade Pope Celestine III to crown his infant son Frederick II, who has been elected "King of the Romans" at Frankfurt.
• King Richard I of England (the Lionheart) has Château Gaillard (Normandy) built on the Seine River as he fights to restore Angevin power in northern France (approximate date).
• Summer – Henry VI takes cruel measures to put down Jordan Lupin's insurrection in Sicily and southern Italy, which has been provoked by the oppression of his German officials.
• June/July – German crusaders launch a raid on Silves. ^[1]
• September 28 – Henry VI dies of malaria at Messina (also possibly poisoned), ^[2] while preparing an expedition against the Byzantine usurper Alexios III Angelos.
• Autumn – A German throne dispute begins upon the sudden death of Henry VI. Henry's brother, Philip of Swabia, takes over the family lands and claims his inheritance. ^[3]
• Autumn – A brothers' quarrel breaks out between Emeric, King of Hungary and his younger brother Duke Andrew. After a brief skirmish, Emeric is forced to cede Croatia and Dalmatia to Andrew, who begins to administer the provinces as a de facto sovereign monarch. ^[4]
• Winter – Duke Ottokar I forces his brother, Vladislaus III, to abandon Bohemia. Ottokar restores power and Vladislaus accepts the margravial title of Moravia.
• Saracen pirates, from the Balearic Islands, raid the city of Toulon in Provence, and the Benedictine monastery of Saint Honorat, on the Lérins Islands. ^[5]
• Northern Crusades: Danish forces led by King Canute VI raid the area of present-day Estonia. ^[6]
• Civil war era in Norway: conflict between king Sverre of Norway and the party of Bagler.

Wales

• April 28 – Rhys ap Gruffydd, a Welsh prince, dies and is succeeded by his eldest son Gruffydd ap Rhys II. With the help of Gwenwynwyn, his brother Maelgwn ap Rhys invades southern Wales.
• Summer – Gruffydd ap Rhys II is captured and handed over to Gwenwynwyn, who transfers him to the English. Gruffydd is imprisoned at Corfe Castle and Maelgwn ap Rhys claims the throne.

Levant

• September 10 – Henry II, Count of Champagne, king of Jerusalem, dies from falling out a first-floor window at his palace in Acre. His widow, Isabella I, becomes regent while the kingdom is thrown into consternation. ^[7]
• September 22 – About 16,000 German crusaders reach Acre, starting the crusade of 1197. Emperor Henry VI, who planned to join the forces later on, was forced to stay behind in Sicily due to illness. On September 28 he dies at Messina. Meanwhile the crusaders manage to reconquer Sidon and Beirut but return to Germany after receiving the news of the emperor's death.

Asia

• Genghis Khan (or Temüjin), with help from the Keraites, defeats the Jurchens of the Jin dynasty. The Jin bestow Genghis' blood brother Toghrul with the honorable title of Ong Khan, and Genghis receives the lesser title of j'aut quri. During the winter, Toghrul returns and re-establishes himself as leader of the Keraites. ^[8]

By topic

Religion

• Arbroath Abbey located in the Scottish town of Arbroath, is consecrated and dedicated to St. Thomas Becket.

Births

• October 22 – Juntoku, emperor of Japan (d. 1242)
• Amadeus IV, count of Savoy (House of Savoy) (d. 1253)
• Dharmasvamin, Tibetan monk and pilgrim (d. 1264)
• Ibn al-Baitar, Moorish botanist and pharmacist (d. 1248)
• John de Braose (Tadody), English nobleman (or 1198)
• Naratheinga Uzana, Burmese prince and regent (d. 1235)
• Nicola Paglia, Italian priest and preacher (d. 1256)
• Nikephoros Blemmydes, Byzantine theologian (d. 1272)
• Oberto Pallavicino, Italian nobleman ( signore ) (d. 1269)
• Raymond VII, French nobleman and knight (d. 1249)
• Richard of Chichester, English bishop of Chichester (d. 1253)
• William de Braose, English nobleman (d. 1230)

Deaths

• April 23 – Davyd Rostislavich, Kievan Grand Prince (b. 1140)
• April 28 – Rhys ap Gruffydd, Welsh prince of Deheubarth
• June 1 – Gertrude of Bavaria, queen consort of Denmark
• July 9 – Rudolf of Wied, archbishop of Trier
• September 10 – Henry II, Count of Champagne (or Henry II), king of Jerusalem (b. 1166)
• September 18 – Margaret of France, Queen of England and Hungary, consort, daughter of Louis VII
• September 28 – Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1165) ^[9]
• November 13 – Homobonus of Cremona, Italian merchant and saint
• December 12 – Wu (or Xiansheng), Chinese empress (b. 1115)
• Alix of France, French countess consort and regent (b. 1150)
• Bretislav III, bishop of Prague (House of Přemyslid) (b. 1137)
• Burhan al-Din al-Marghinani, Arab Hanafi jurist (b. 1135)
• Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi, Arab scholar and theologian
• Jón Loftsson, Icelandic chieftain and politician (b. 1124)
• Jordan Lupin, Italo-Norman nobleman and rebel leader
• Margaritus of Brindisi, Sicilian Grand Admiral (b. 1149)
• Owain Cyfeiliog (ap Gruffydd]]), Welsh prince (b. 1130)
• Peter II (or Theodor-Peter), ruler ( tsar ) of the Bulgaria
• Peter Cantor, French theologian and writer
• Ruadhri Ua Flaithbertaigh, Irish king of Iar Connacht
• Tughtakin ibn Ayyub, Ayyubid emir (prince) of Arabia
• Walter Devereux, Norman nobleman and knight (b. 1173)
• William de Longchamp, Norman nobleman and bishop

References

1. David, Charles Wendell (1939). "Narratio de Itinere Navali Peregrinorum Hierosolymam Tendentium et Silviam Capientium, A.D. 1189". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 81 (5): 591–676 (at 660). JSTOR   985010.
2. "Henry VI died in Messina, poisoned, so it was believed, by his own entourage because of his Italian policy." P. 41 in Kenneth Varty (editor), Reynard the Fox: Social Engagement and Cultural Metamorphoses in the Beast Epic from the Middle Ages to the Present (Berghahn Books, 2000). ISBN   1-57181-737-9.
3. Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 92–93. ISBN   978-0-241-29877-0.
4. Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. pp. 86–87. ISBN   1-86064-061-3.
5. Unité mixte de recherche 5648--Histoire et archéologie des mondes chrétiens et musulmans médiévaux. Pays d'Islam et monde latin, Xe-XIIIe siècle: textes et documents. Lyon: Presses Universitaires de Lyon.
6. Sulev Vahtre (2007). Eesti ajalugu: kronoloogia, 2007. Printed by "Olion". Pg 21.
7. Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 78. ISBN   978-0-241-29877-0.
8. Biran, Michal (2012). Genghis Khan, p. 35. London: Oneworld Publications. ISBN   978-1-78074-204-5.
9. Kleinhenz, Christopher (August 2, 2004). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 492. ISBN   978-1-135-94880-1.