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Year 1204 (MCCIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.
The 1150s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1150, and ended on December 31, 1159.
Year 1252 (MCCLII) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.
The 1130s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1130, and ended on December 31, 1139.
The 1180s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1180, and ended on December 31, 1189.
The 1250s decade ran from January 1, 1250, to December 31, 1259.
Year 1192 (MCXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.
Year 1177 (MCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.
Year 1183 (MCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.
Year 1185 (MCLXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.
Year 1241 (MCCXLI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.
Minamoto no Yoritomo was the founder and the first shogun of the Kamakura shogunate of Japan, ruling from 1192 until 1199. He was the husband of Hōjō Masako who acted as regent (shikken) after his death.
The Heiji rebellion was a short civil war between rival subjects of the cloistered Emperor Go-Shirakawa of Japan in 1160 fought in order to resolve a dispute about political power. It was preceded by the Hōgen Rebellion in 1156. Heiji no ran is seen as a direct outcome of the earlier armed dispute; but unlike Hōgen no ran, which was a dispute between members of the same clan, this was rather a struggle for power between two rival clans. It is also seen as a precursor of a broader civil war.
The Taira was one of the four most important clans that dominated Japanese politics during the Heian, Kamakura and Muromachi Periods of Japanese history – the others being the Fujiwara, the Tachibana, and the Minamoto. The clan is divided into four major groups, named after the emperor they descended from: Kanmu Heishi, Ninmyō Heishi, Montoku Heishi, and Kōkō Heishi.
Minamoto no Yoshitomo was the head of the Minamoto clan and a general of the late Heian period of Japanese history. His son Minamoto no Yoritomo became shōgun and founded the Kamakura shogunate, the first shogunate in the history of Japan.
Minamoto no Yoshitsune was a military commander of the Minamoto clan of Japan in the late Heian and early Kamakura periods. During the Genpei War, he led a series of battles which toppled the Ise-Heishi branch of the Taira clan, helping his half-brother Yoritomo consolidate power. He is considered one of the greatest and the most popular warriors of his era, and one of the most famous samurai fighters in the history of Japan. Yoshitsune perished after being betrayed by the son of a trusted ally.
Hōjō Masako was a political leader who exercised significant power in the early years of the Kamakura period, which was reflected by her contemporary sobriquet of the "nun shogun". She was the eldest daughter of Hōjō Tokimasa and sister of Hōjō Yoshitoki, both of them shikkens of the Kamakura shogunate. She was the wife of Minamoto no Yoritomo, and mother of Minamoto no Yoriie and Minamoto no Sanetomo, the first, second and third shōguns of the Kamakura period.
The Genpei War (1180–1185) was a national civil war between the Taira and Minamoto clans during the late-Heian period of Japan. It resulted in the downfall of the Taira and the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate under Minamoto no Yoritomo, who appointed himself as Shōgun in 1192, governing Japan as a military dictator from the eastern city of Kamakura.
The Tale of the Heike is an epic account compiled prior to 1330 of the struggle between the Taira clan and Minamoto clan for control of Japan at the end of the 12th century in the Genpei War (1180–1185). Heike (平家) refers to the Taira (平), hei being the Sino-Japanese reading of the first Chinese character and "ke" (家) means family. Note that in the title of the Genpei War, "hei" is in this combination read as "pei" and the "gen" (源) is the first kanji used in the Minamoto clan's name.
The Tale of Hōgen is a Japanese war chronicle or military tale which relates the events and prominent figures of the Hōgen Rebellion. This literary and historical classic is believed to have been completed in the Kamakura period ca. 1320. Its author or authors remain unknown. The events which are recounted in the Hōgen story become a prelude to the story which unfolds in Tale of Heiji.
References
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In September 1159 Pope Adrian IV died, and a double election was made to the Papacy. The imperialist faction chose Octavian, cardinal-priest of St. Cecilia, who took the title of Victor IV, and the church party Roland, the chancellor, who became known as Alexander III.
- ↑ Dolan, Terence (2002) [1999]. "Chapter 8: Writing in Ireland". In Wallace, David (ed.). The Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 208. ISBN 9780521890465.
- ↑ Barnum, Samuel Weed (1876). Romanism as it is: An Exposition of the Roman Catholic System, for the Use of the American People Embracing a Full Account of Its Origin and Development at Rome and from Rome, Its Distinctive Features in Theory and Practice, Its Characteristic Tendencies and Aims, Its Statistical and Moral Position, and Its Special Relations to American Institutions and Liberties; the Whole Drawn from Official and Authentic Sources, and Enriched with Numerous Illustrations, Documentary, Historical, Descriptive, Anecdotical and Pictorial: Together with a Full and Complete Index, and an Appendix of Matters from 1871 to 1876. Hartford, CT: Connecticut Publishing Company. p. 11.
- ↑ Febbraro, Flavio; Shwetje, Burkhard (2010). How To Read World History in Art: From the Code of Hammurabit to September 11. New York: Abrams Books. p. 100. ISBN 9780810996830.
- ↑ Matsunami, Yoshihiro (1979). "Conflict within the Development of Buddhism". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 6 (1/2): 329–345. doi: 10.18874/jjrs.6.1-2.1979.329-345 . ISSN 0304-1042. JSTOR 30233204.
Wars, beginning with the Hogen rebellion of 1156 and the Heiji rebellion of 1159, occurred in rapid succession, bringing confusion and chaos to the people.
- ↑ Selinger, Vyjayanthi R. (2013). "Chapter 1: Genpei Jōsuiki and the Historical Narration of the Genpei War". Authorizing the Shogunate: Ritual and Material Symbolism in the Literary Construction of Warrior Order. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 1. ISBN 9789004255333.
- ↑ Abels, Richard Philip; Bachrach, Bernard S. (2001). The Normans and Their Adversaries at War: Essays in Memory of C. Warren Hollister. Woodbridge, UK, Rochester, NY: Boydell & Brewer. p. 99. ISBN 9780851158471.
- ↑ Perkins, Kenneth J. (2016). Historical Dictionary of Tunisia (Third ed.). Lanham, MA, Boulder, CO, New York, London: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 197. ISBN 9781442273184.
- ↑ Jacobs, Daniel; Morris, Peter (2001). The Rough Guide to Tunisia. London and New York: Rough Guides. p. 432. ISBN 9781858287485.
- ↑ Tout, Thomas Frederick (1920). Chapters in the Administrative History of Mediaeval England: The Wardrobe, the Chamber and the Small Seals. Vol. 1. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press. p. 88.
- ↑ Abbey, Chatteris (1999). The Cartulary of Chatteris Abbey. Woodbridge, UK and Rochester, NY: Boydell Press. p. 29. ISBN 9780851157504.
- ↑ Karn, Nicholas (2007). "Nigel, bishop of Ely, and the restoration of the exchequer after the 'anarchy' of King Stephen's reign*". Historical Research. 80 (209): 299–314. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2281.2006.00392.x. ISSN 1468-2281.
The author of the Liber Eliensis indicates that Richard was appointed in 1159, during the preparations for the Toulouse campaign
- ↑ Carter, Steven D. (2014). The Columbia Anthology of Japanese Essays: Zuihitsu from the Tenth to the Twenty-First Century. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 162. ISBN 9780231537551.
- ↑ Henshall, K. (2012) [1999]. A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower. London and New York: Springer. p. 32. ISBN 9780230369184.
- ↑ Miyawaki–okada, Junko (January 1, 2006). "The Japanese Origin of the Chinggis Khan Legends". Inner Asia. 8 (1): 123–34. doi:10.1163/146481706793646819. ISSN 2210-5018.
Minamoto no Yoshitsune, or Gen Gikei as his name is in Sino-Japanese pronunciation, was born in 1159 as a half brother of Minamoto no Yoritomo
- ↑ Salamon, Maciej; Hardt, Matthias; Kruk, Mirosław Piotr; Sulikowska, Aleksandra (2012). "The Archetypal Crusader. Henry of Sandomierz, the Second Youngest Son of Bolesław III by Darius Von Güttner-Sporzyński". Rome, Constantinople and Newly-converted Europe: Archaeological and Historical Evidence. Kraków, Leipzig, Rzeszów, Warszawa: Geisteswissenschaftliches Zentrum Geschichte und Kultur Ostmitteleuropas. p. 215. ISBN 9788389499851.
Within the decade of his birth Henry’s father died, and Henry’s elder half-brother Władysław ii Wygnaniec (the exile [1105-1159]) ascended the Polish throne.
- ↑ Berend, Nora; Urbańczyk, Przemysław; Wiszewski, Przemysław (2013). Central Europe in the High Middle Ages: Bohemia, Hungary and Poland, c.900–c.1300. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 175. ISBN 9781107651395.
- ↑ Garland, Lynda (1999). Byzantine Empresses: Women and Power in Byzantium AD 527-1204. London and New York: Routledge. p. 201. ISBN 9781134756391.
- ↑ Runciman, Steven (1954). A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187. University Press. p. 359. ISBN 9780521061636.
About the end of the year 1159 the Empress Irene, born Bertha of Sulzbach, had died leaving only a daughter behind her.
- ↑ Eden, Bradford Lee (2004). Kleinhenz, Christopher (ed.). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. New York and London: Routledge. p. 487. ISBN 9781135948801.
- ↑ Williams, George L. (2004). Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes. Jefferson, NC and London: McFarland. p. 25. ISBN 9780786420711.
- ↑ Steinberg, S. H. (1991) [1939]. Historical Tables 58 BC – AD 1990 (12th ed.). London and Basigstoke: Springer. p. 45. ISBN 9781349127467.
- ↑ Lingard, John (1874). "Chapter VIII: William I, Surnamed The Conqueror". The History of England: From the First Invasion by the Romans to the Accession of William and Mary in 1688. Dublin: James Duffy & Sons. p. 216.
- ↑ McDougall, Sara (2017). Royal Bastards: The Birth of Illegitimacy, 800-1230. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 202. ISBN 9780198785828.
In 1159 William "Longsword", count of Boulogne, earl of Warenne by right of his wife, the son of King Stephen of England and his wife Matilda of Boulogne, died without issue.
- ↑ Hillenbrand, Carol (2003). "The Imprisonment of Reynald at Châtillon". In Robinson, Chase F. (ed.). Texts, documents, and artefacts [electronic resource]: Islamic studies in honour of D.S. Richards. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 91. ISBN 9789004128644.
- ↑ Dashdondog, Bayarsaikhan (2011). The Mongols and the Armenians (1220-1335). Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 36. ISBN 9789004186354.
- ↑ Slack, Corliss K. (2003). The A to Z of the Crusades. Lanham, MD and Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press. p. 84. ISBN 9780810863316.