1238

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	12th century 13th century 14th century
Decades:	1210s 1220s 1230s 1240s 1250s
Years:	1235 1236 1237 1238 1239 1240 1241

1238 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1238 MCCXXXVIII
Ab urbe condita	1991
Armenian calendar	687 ԹՎ ՈՁԷ
Assyrian calendar	5988
Balinese saka calendar	1159–1160
Bengali calendar	645
Berber calendar	2188
English Regnal year	22  Hen. 3  – 23  Hen. 3
Buddhist calendar	1782
Burmese calendar	600
Byzantine calendar	6746–6747
Chinese calendar	丁酉年 (Fire  Rooster) 3935 or 3728     — to — 戊戌年 (Earth  Dog) 3936 or 3729
Coptic calendar	954–955
Discordian calendar	2404
Ethiopian calendar	1230–1231
Hebrew calendar	4998–4999
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1294–1295
- Shaka Samvat	1159–1160
- Kali Yuga	4338–4339
Holocene calendar	11238
Igbo calendar	238–239
Iranian calendar	616–617
Islamic calendar	635–636
Japanese calendar	Katei 4 / Ryakunin 1 (暦仁元年)
Javanese calendar	1147–1148
Julian calendar	1238 MCCXXXVIII
Korean calendar	3571
Minguo calendar	674 before ROC 民前674年
Nanakshahi calendar	−230
Thai solar calendar	1780–1781
Tibetan calendar	阴火鸡年 (female Fire-Rooster) 1364 or 983 or 211     — to — 阳土狗年 (male Earth-Dog) 1365 or 984 or 212

Grand Prince Yuri II of Vladimir (right) dies at the battle of the Sit River (1896)

Year 1238 ( MCCXXXVIII ) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Mongol Empire

• January 15 – 20 – Siege of Moscow: The Mongols under Batu Khan and Subutai campaign across the northern heartland of the Kievan Rus', committing numerous atrocities across multiple settlements, including the sacking of an insignificant town known as Moscow. According to the Chronicle of Novgorod, Moscow is a fortified village, a trading post "on a crossroads of four rivers". The village is taken by the Mongols after 5 days of siege.
• March 4 – Battle of the Sit River: The Mongols defeat a Kievan Rus' army (some 4,000 men) under Grand Prince Yuri II of Vladimir in an engagement at the Sit River (located in the Sonkovsky District). With Yuri's death, so too dies the hope of any united Rus' resistance against the Mongols. Batu Khan splits his forces up into several contingents – ordering each to wreak havoc across the Rus' territories (modern-day Russia and Ukraine).
• March – Siege of Kozelsk: The 12-year-old Prince Vasily of Chernigov (grandson of Mstislav II Svyatoslavich), manages against all the odds, to hold out in his capital of Kozelsk for nearly two months with only citizen militia. He leads a successful sortie outside of the walls – where the garrison slaughters thousands of Mongols and destroys siege equipment. Finally, Kozelsk is conquered and Vasily is slaughtered alongside the inhabitants.
• Evpaty Kolovrat, Kievan knight ( bogatyr ), returns to his hometown of Ryazan, which was burnt to the ground by the Mongols in 1237. He gathers some 1,700 survivors and pursues Batu Khan, attacking his rearguard, and annihilating thousands of Mongols. Finally, Kolovrat is slain from afar by siege-weaponry. Batu Khan shows admiration for his bravery and as a sign of respect, returns his body and allows his soldiers to return home.
• Autumn – The Mongols under Batu Khan retire, leaving behind the ruined northern Rus' territories. He spends the rest of the year suppressing the last resistance of the Kipchaks, while his cousin Möngke (son of Tolui Khan) conquer the Alans and the northern Caucasian tribes. Later, Möngke makes a raid of reconnaissance as far as Kiev. ^[1]

Europe

• June 8 – Treaty of Stensby: The Teutonic Knights sign an agreement with King Valdemar II of Denmark ("the Conqueror"). William of Modena, Italian papal diplomat, meets Grand Master Hermann Balk and Valdemar on a Danish island, settling outstanding disputes with Denmark. ^[2] The Livonian Brothers of the Sword are merged into the Teutonic Order as an autonomous branch and become known as the Livonian Order.
• July 11 – Siege of Brescia: Emperor Frederick II begins the siege of Brescia. He rejects the negotiations of the Lombard League and insists on unconditional surrender to the imperial forces in northern Italy. This blocks all possibilities of a peaceful settlement. Milan and five other Lombard cities are attacked. In early October, after a successful sortie by the city's defenders, Frederick is forced to lift the siege.
• August 21 – Battle of Örlygsstaðir: Chieftain Sighvatr Sturluson and his son, Sturla Sighvatsson, are defeated by Kolbeinn ungi Arnórsson and Gissur Þorvaldsson, for control of Iceland (known as the Age of the Sturlungs).
• September 28 – King James I of Aragon captures the city of Valencia from the Moors, who retreat to Granada. During the campaign, James' cousin, Bernat Guillem de Montpeller, dies from wounds received in action.
• Autumn – Muhammad I, Almohad ruler of the Emirate of Granada, begins the construction of the Alhambra Complex on the site of a pre-Islamic fortress.

England

• January – Simon de Montfort marries the 23-year-old Eleanor, sister of King Henry III. While the marriage takes place with the king's approval, the act itself is performed secretly and without consulting the barons. Eleanor has previously been married to William Marshal and has sworn a vow of perpetual chastity upon his death, which she breaks by marrying Montfort. Archbishop Edmund of Abingdon condemns the marriage for this reason.

Middle East

• March 6 – Al-Kamil, Ayyubid ruler of Egypt, dies at Damascus and is succeeded by his 18-year-old son Al-Adil II. After Al-Kamil's death, a civil war breaks out, and his elder son As-Salih Ayyub, sets out from Damascus to invade Egypt. But a sudden coup d'état dethrones him in favour of his uncle, As-Salih Ismail. ^[3]
• The Nizari Imam Muhammad III and the Abbasid caliph Al-Mustansir send a joint diplomatic mission to the European kings Louis IX of France and Henry III of England to forge a Muslim–Christian alliance against the Mongols, but this is unsuccessful. ^{[4] [5]}

1238

Births

• March 12 – Serafina, Italian noblewoman and saint (d. 1253)
• April 23 – Narathihapate (or Sithu IV), Burmese ruler (d. 1287)
• May 1 – Magnus VI (the Law-mender), king of Norway (d. 1280)
• May 3 – Emilia Bicchieri, Italian nun and prioress (d. 1314)
• July 11 – Dafydd ap Gruffydd, prince of Wales (d. 1283)
• Al-Bahrani, Arab Shia scholar and philosopher (d. 1280)
• Guglielmo Agnelli, Italian sculptor and architect (d. 1313)
• Henry de Montfort, English nobleman and knight (d. 1265)
• Hōjō Nobutoki, Japanese nobleman and regent (d. 1323)
• Madhva Acharya, Indian Hindu religious leader (d. 1317)
• Maurice FitzGerald, Irish nobleman and justiciar (d. 1277)
• Meinhard II, duke of Carinthia (House of Gorizia) (d. 1295)
• Nicholas Segrave, English nobleman and knight (d. 1295)
• Nizamuddin Auliya (or Awliya), Indian Sufi scholar (d. 1325)
• Otto de Grandson, Savoyard nobleman and knight (d. 1328)
• Pedro Armengol, Spanish nobleman and priest (d. 1304)
• Rinchen Gyaltsen, Tibetan imperial preceptor (d. 1279)
• Yang Hui, Chinese mathematician and writer (d. 1298)
• Yao Sui, Chinese politician, poet and writer (d. 1313)
• Yunus Emre, Seljuk poet, mystic and writer (d. 1328)
• Zhang Hongfan, Chinese general and admiral (d. 1280)

Deaths

• March 4
  • Joan of England, queen consort of Scotland (b. 1210) ^[6]
  • Vasilko Konstantinovich, Kievan prince (b. 1209)
  • Yuri II of Vladimir, Kievan Grand Prince (b. 1188)
• March 6 – Al-Kamil, Ayyubid ruler of Egypt (b. 1177)
• March 16 – Benchō, Japanese Buddhist monk (b. 1162)
• March 19 – Henry I (the Bearded), duke of Poland
• March 21 – Awhad al-Din Kermani, Persian Sufi poet
• June 9 – Peter des Roches, bishop of Winchester
• July 9 – William de Malveisin, bishop of St. Andrews
• July 10 – Sophia of Wittelsbach, German noblewoman
• September 28 – Jeanne des Roches, French baroness
• December 26 – Alexander de Stavenby, English bishop
• Abu abd Allah Muhammad (or Ibn Hud), Almohad ruler
• Azriel of Gerona, Catalan rabbi and scholar (b. 1160)
• Evpaty Kolovrat, Kievan warrior and knight (b. 1200)
• Heinrich I von Müllenark, German archbishop (b. 1190)
• Hugh le Despenser, English nobleman and high sheriff
• Hugh of Ibelin (the Strong), Cypriot knight (b. 1213)
• John I (Axouchos Komnenos), Byzantine emperor
• John of Béthune, French military leader and knight
• Matsudono Moroie, Japanese nobleman (b. 1172)

References

1. Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 211. ISBN   978-0-241-29877-0.
2. David Nicolle (2005). Osprey: Lake Peipus 1242 – Battle on the Ice, p. 48. ISBN   1-85532-553-5.
3. Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 176–177. ISBN   978-0-241-29877-0.
4. Daftary, Farhad (1992). The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge University Press. pp. 418–420. ISBN   978-0-521-42974-0.
5. Daftary, Farhad. "The Mediaeval Ismailis of the Iranian Lands | The Institute of Ismaili Studies". www.iis.ac.uk. Archived from the original on August 3, 2016. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
6. Elizabeth Ewan, ed. (2006). The biographical dictionary of Scottish women : from the earliest times to 2004 (Reprinted ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p.  400. ISBN   0-7486-1713-2.