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Afonso I, also called Afonso Henriques, nicknamed the Conqueror and the Founder by the Portuguese, was the first king of Portugal. He achieved the independence of the County of Portugal, establishing a new kingdom and doubling its area with the Reconquista, an objective that he pursued until his death.
Pope Alexander III, born Roland, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 7 September 1159 until his death in 1181.
Pope Innocent II, born Gregorio Papareschi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 14 February 1130 to his death in 1143. His election as Pope was controversial, and the first eight years of his reign were marked by a struggle for recognition against the supporters of Anacletus II. He reached an understanding with King Lothair III of Germany, who supported him against Anacletus, and whom he crowned as Holy Roman Emperor. Innocent went on to preside over the Second Council of the Lateran.
The 12th century is the period from 1101 to 1200 in accordance with the Julian calendar. In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the High Middle Ages and overlaps with what is often called the "'Golden Age' of the Cistercians". The Golden Age of Islam experienced significant development, particularly in Islamic Spain.
The 1150s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1150, and ended on December 31, 1159.
Year 1130 (MCXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.
Year 1124 (MCXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1124th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 124th year of the 2nd millennium, the 24th year of the 12th century, and the 5th year of the 1120s decade.
The 1130s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1130, and ended on December 31, 1139.
The 1260s is the decade starting January 1, 1260 and ending December 31, 1269.
Year 1268 (MCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.
The Second Council of the Lateran was the tenth ecumenical council recognized by the Catholic Church. It was convened by Pope Innocent II in April 1139 and attended by close to a thousand clerics. Its immediate task was to neutralise the after-effects of the schism which had arisen after the death of Pope Honorius II in 1130 and the papal election that year that established Pietro Pierleoni as the antipope Anacletus II.
The Battle of Ourique took place on 25 July 1139, in which the forces of Portuguese count Afonso Henriques defeated those led by the Almoravid governor of Córdoba, Muhammad Az-Zubayr Ibn Umar, identified as "King Ismar" in Christian chronicles.
"In hoc signo vinces" is a Latin phrase conventionally translated into English as "In this sign thou shalt conquer", often also being translated as "By and/or in this sign, conquer".
Ourique is a city in the District of Beja in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 5,389, in an area of 663.31 km2.
The Siege of Lisbon, from 1 July to 25 October 1147, was the military action against the Muslim-ruled Taifa of Badajoz that brought the city of Lisbon under the definitive control of the new Christian power, the Kingdom of Portugal.
The Treaty of Zamora recognized Portugal as a kingdom with its own monarch by the Kingdom of León. Based on the terms of the accord, King Alfonso VII of León recognized the Kingdom of Portugal in the presence of his cousin King Afonso I of Portugal, witnessed by the papal representative, Cardinal Guido de Vico, at the Cathedral of Zamora. Both kings promised durable peace between their kingdoms. By this treaty, Afonso I of Portugal also recognized the suzerainty of the Pope.
The Kingdom of Portugal was a monarchy in the western Iberian Peninsula and the predecessor of the modern Portuguese Republic. Existing to various extents between 1139 and 1910, it was also known as the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves after 1415, and as the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves between 1815 and 1822. The name is also often applied to the Portuguese Empire, the realm's overseas colonies.
Gonçalo Mendes da Maia, also known as O Lidador, so named for his fearlessness in the struggle against the Saracens, was a Portuguese knight of the time of Afonso Henriques, about whom tradition relates important achievements in the events preceding the independence of Portugal.
The County of Portugal refers to two successive medieval counties in the region around Guimarães and Porto, today corresponding to littoral northern Portugal, within which the identity of the Portuguese people formed. The first county existed from the mid-ninth to the mid-eleventh centuries as a vassalage of the Kingdom of Asturias and the Kingdom of Galicia and also part of the Kingdom of León, before being abolished as a result of rebellion. A larger entity under the same name was then reestablished in the late 11th century and subsequently elevated by its count in the mid-12th century into an independent Kingdom of Portugal.
The Portuguese House of Burgundy or the Afonsine dynasty was a Portuguese dynasty that ruled the Kingdom of Portugal from its founding until the 1383–85 Portuguese Interregnum.
References
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- ↑ Ulomov, V.I.; Medvedeva, N.S. (2014). "Специализированный каталог землетрясений для задач общего сейсмического районирования территории Российской Федерации" [Specialized catalog of earthquakes for the purpose of general seismic zoning of the territory of the Russian Federation](PDF). O.Y. Smidt Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
- ↑ Bijsterveld, Arnoud-Jan (2007). Do Ut Des: Gift Giving, Memoria, and Conflict Management in the Medieval Low Countries. Hilversum, Netherlands: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 112. ISBN 9789065509581.
- ↑ Avonds, Piet (2016) [2001]. "Brabant, Duchy of". In Jeep, John M. (ed.). Routledge Revivals: Medieval Germany (2001): An Encyclopedia. New York and London: Taylor & Francis. p. 72. ISBN 9781351665407.
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- ↑ Gillespie, Alexander (2016). "Volume II: 1000 CE to 1400 CE". The Causes of War. Oxford and Portland, OR: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 56–57. ISBN 9781782259541.
- ↑ Houben, Hubert (2002). Roger II of Sicily: A Ruler Between East and West. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 70–71. ISBN 9780521655736.
- ↑ White, Graeme J. (2000). Restoration and Reform, 1153–1165: Recovery from Civil War in England. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 50. ISBN 9781139425230.
- ↑ Crouch, David (2013) [2000]. The Reign of King Stephen: 1135-1154. London and New York: Routledge. p. 323. ISBN 9781317892977.
- ↑ Dalton, Paul (2002) [1994]. Conquest, Anarchy and Lordship: Yorkshire, 1066-1154. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 196. ISBN 9780521524643.
- ↑ Evans, G. R. (2000). Bernard of Clairvaux. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 15. ISBN 9780198028994.
- ↑ Stroll, Mary (1987). The Jewish Pope: Ideology and Politics in the Papal Schism of 1130. Brill Studies in Intellectual History. Vol. 8. Leiden, New York, Copenhagen and Cologne: BRILL. p. 80. ISBN 9789004246577.
- ↑ Birk, Joshua C. (2016). Norman Kings of Sicily and the Rise of the Anti-Islamic Critique: Baptized Sultans. New York: Springer. p. 122. ISBN 9783319470429.
- ↑ Takayama, Hiroshi (1993). The Administration of the Norman Kingdom of Sicily. The Medieval Mediterranean. Leiden, Boston and Köln: BRILL. p. 64. ISBN 9789004098657.
- ↑ Thierry, Augustin (2011). History of the Conquest of England by the Normans: Its Causes, and Its Consequences, in England, Scotland, Ireland, and on the Continent. Cambridge Library Collection. Vol. 2. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 203. ISBN 9781108030243.
- ↑ Solé, Glória; Reis, Diana; Machado, Andreia (Autumn 2016). "The Potentialities Of Using Historical Fiction And Legends In History Teaching: A Study With Primary Education Portuguese Students". History Education Research Journal. 14 (1): 143. doi:10.18546/HERJ.14.1.11 (inactive July 28, 2024).
The second fictional narrative, Legend Of Ourique Miracle, Gentil Marques' version (1997), focuses on the Battle of Ourique, 1139, which was fought between Christians and Moors in the Alentejo (South of Portugal), during the Christian reconquest process. D. Afonso Henriques had planned to conquer land in the south of Portugal and also seize cattle, slaves and other booty. Despite being out numbered by Muslim forces, according to legend, the Portuguese were able in the battle, with God's help, to capture five Moorish kings and their troops. After this resounding victory D. Afonso Henriques proclaimed himself King of Portugal (or was acclaimed by his troops still on the battlefield). Accordingly from 1140 he used the denomination Portugallensis Rex (King of Portucalian or King of the Portuguese).
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (link) - ↑ A Handbook for Travellers in Portugal: A Complete Guide for Lisbon, Cintra, Mafra, Evora, the British Battle-fields, Santarem, Alcobaça, Batalha, Coimbra, Busaco, Oporto, Braga, Guimarães, the Caldas and Mountain-passes, &c. London, Paris and Lisbon: John Murray. 1875. pp. 54–55.
- ↑ Lea, Henry Charles (1867). An Historical Sketch of Sacerdotal Celibacy in the Christian Church. Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott. pp. 328–329.
1139 Lateran Celibacy.
- ↑ Dusil, Stephan (2018). "Chapter 7: The Emerging Jurisprudence, the Second Lateran Council of 1139 and the Development of Canonical Impediments". In Eichbauer, Melodie H.; Summerlin, Danica (eds.). The Use of Canon Law in Ecclesiastical Administration, 1000–1234. Leiden and Boston: BRILL. p. 140. ISBN 9789004387249.
- ↑ Kelly, John Norman Davidson; Walsh, Michael J. (2010) [1986]. A Dictionary of Popes. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 169. ISBN 9780199295814.
- ↑ Runciman, Steven (December 3, 1987). A History of the Crusades. CUP Archive. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-521-34771-6 . Retrieved February 20, 2024.
- ↑ Clapp, James A.; Dadoyan, Seta B. (September 8, 2017). The Armenians in the Medieval Islamic World: Armenian Realpolitik in the Islamic World and Diverging Paradigmscase of Cilicia Eleventh to Fourteenth Centuries. Routledge. p. 218. ISBN 978-1-351-48576-0 . Retrieved February 23, 2024.
- ↑ Jien; Brown, Delmer Myers; Ishida, Ichirō (1979). 愚管抄: A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. p. 324. ISBN 9780520034600.
- ↑ Kwon, Yung-Hee K.; Kim, Yung-Hee (1994). Songs to Make the Dust Dance: The Ryōjin Hishō of Twelfth-century Japan. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. p. 160. ISBN 9780520080669.
- ↑ Caporale, Gaetano (1885). Il martirio e culto dei santi Conone e figlio protettori della città di Acerra (in Italian). Tip. del Lampo. p. 63.
- ↑ Theuws, Frans; Roymans, Nico (1999). Land and Ancestors: Cultural Dynamics in the Urnfield Period and the Middle Ages in the Southern Netherlands. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. p. 331. ISBN 9789053562789.
- ↑ Woodward, Bernard Bolingbroke; Cates, William Leist Readwin (1872). Encyclopaedia of Chronology: Historical and Biographical. London: Lee and Shepard. p. 875.
- ↑ Van, K. Dijck-Mulier (1992). "[The tomb monuments of the Dukes of Brabant (12th-14th century)]". Verhandelingen - Koninklijke Academie voor Geneeskunde van Belgie. 54 (5): 395–412. ISSN 0302-6469. PMID 1288029.
- ↑ Dimnik, M. (2011). "The dynastic rivalry for Kursk (1054 to the 1150s)". Сіверщина в історії України. 4: 94. ISSN 2218-4805.
On 18 February 1139 Yaropolk Vladimirovich died in Kiev and was succeeded by his brother Vyacheslav
- ↑ Martin, Janet (2006). "Calculating Seniority and the Contests for Succession in Kievan Rus'". Russian History. 33 (2/4): 267–281. doi:10.1163/187633106X00168. ISSN 0094-288X. JSTOR 24664444.
After Monomakh's death, his sons, Mstislav (1125-1132) and Iaropolk (1132-1139), held the throne
- ↑ Barber, Malcolm (2004). The Two Cities: Medieval Europe 1050–1320 (Second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. p. 506. ISBN 9781134687503.
- ↑ Leyser, Karl (1982). Medieval German and Its Neighbours, 900-1250. London: A&C Black. p. 282. ISBN 9780907628088.
- ↑ Stalley, R. A. (September 20, 2017). "A Twelfth-Century Patron of Architecture". Journal of the British Archaeological Association. 34: 62–83. doi:10.1080/00681288.1971.11894910.
- ↑ Crosby, E. (2013). The King's Bishops: The Politics of Patronage in England and Normandy, 1066–1216. The New Middle Ages. New York: Springer. ISBN 9781137352125.
- ↑ Davis, R. H. C. (1991). From Alfred the Great to Stephen. London and Rio Grande: A&C Black. p. 251. ISBN 9781852850456.
- ↑ Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Wiles, Sue (2014). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Tang Through Ming, 618-1644. Armonk, NY and London: M.E. Sharpe. p. 450. ISBN 9780765643162.