1120s

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	11th century 12th century 13th century
Decades:	1100s 1110s 1120s 1130s 1140s
Years:	1120 1121 1122 1123 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129
Categories:	Births Deaths By country By topic Establishments Disestablishments

The 1120s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1120, and ended on December 31, 1129.

Events

1120

This section is transcluded from 1120. (edit | history)

By place

Byzantine Empire

• Siege of Sozopolis: Byzantine forces under Emperor John II Komnenos conquer Sozopolis in Pisidia, from the Sultanate of Rum. The Seljuk garrison is defeated while they are trapped between the Byzantine cavalry and the army (who is besieging the fortress). ^[1]

Levant

• January 16 – Council of Nablus: King Baldwin II and Patriarch Warmund convenes an assembly at Nablus – establishing the earliest surviving written laws of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. The prelates and noblemen who attend the meeting confirm the clergy's right to collect the tithe and to bear arms "in the cause of defense". ^[2]
• Baldwin II grants the Knights Templar under Hugues de Payens and Godfrey de Saint-Omer a headquarters in a wing of the royal palace on the Temple Mount in the captured Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Old City of Jerusalem.
• Summer – Baldwin II leads a expedition to Antioch to defend the northern Crusader states. He signs a 1-year truce with Ilghazi, Artuqid ruler of Mardin, securing the possession of Kafartab and other fortresses in Syria. ^[3]

Europe

• June 17 – Battle of Cutanda: The combined forces of Aragon and Navarre under King Alfonso the Battler crush the Almoravid army near Calamocha. Alfonso recaptures the fortified towns of Calatayud and Daroca. ^[4]
• The Almoravid fleet under Amirals Abu Abd Allah ibn Maymum of Almeria, and Isa ibn Maymum of Sevilla attacks the coastline of the Christian Kingdom of Galicia. ^{[5] [ page needed ]}
• Freiburg is founded by Conrad I and his elder brother, Duke Berthold III of Zähringen, as a free market town.

England

• King Henry I gives a portion of the Stoneleigh estate (located in Warwickshire) to Geoffrey de Clinton, his chamberlain and treasurer. He builds a motte and bailey castle and forms a lake to provide better defences.
• November 25 – The White Ship is sunk in the English Channel, off Barfleur. Henry I's only legitimate son, William Adelin, is among 300 (many of them Anglo-Norman nobility) who drown.
• The Pseudo-Ingulf's Croyland Chronicle records Cornwall, as a nation distinct from England.

Asia

• Fang La, a Chinese rebel leader, leads an uprising against the Song Dynasty in Qixian Village (modern-day Zhejiang) in southeast China. He raises an army and captures Hangzhou.
• August – September (the eighth month of the Chinese calendar) – Wanyan Xiyin, a Jurchen nobleman and minister, completes the design of the first version of the Jurchen script.
• The flourishing south Chinese coastal city of Quanzhou claims a population of 500,000 citizens, including the hinterland. ^[6]

By topic

Religion

• Order of Premonstratensians founded by Norbert of Xanten at Prémontré in Picardy.
• Bishop Urban begins the construction on Llandaff Cathedral in Wales.

Science

• Walcher of Malvern, an English astronomer and mathematician, creates a system of measurement for the Earth using degrees, minutes and seconds of latitude and longitude.

1121

This section is transcluded from 1121. (edit | history)

By place

Byzantine Empire

• Emperor John II (Komnenos) recovers southwestern Anatolia (modern Turkey) from the Seljuk Turks and then hastens to the Balkans, where the Pechenegs are continuing their incursions. He transfers Byzantine troops to the Danube frontier at Paristrion.

Levant

• Summer – Seljuk forces under Toghtekin make extensive raids into Galilee. King Baldwin II, in reprisal, crosses the Jordan River with a Crusader army, and ravages the countryside. He occupies and destroys a fortress that Toghtekin has built at Jerash. ^[7]

Europe

• March 2 – Petronilla of Lorraine becomes regent of Holland (Low Countries) after her husband, Floris II (the Fat) dies. He is succeeded by his 6-year-old son Dirk VI (or Theodoric).
• A large rebellion takes place in Córdoba (modern Spain) against the ruling Almoravid Dynasty. ^[8]

England

• January 24 – Adeliza of Louvain, age 17, marries King Henry I two months after the accidental death of the heir to the English throne, Henry's only legitimate son, William Adelin.

Eurasia

• Summer – Sultan Mahmud II of the Seljuk Empire declares a Holy War on Georgia. He sends an expedition under Ilghazi ibn Arttuq, Artukid ruler of Mardin, to invade Georgia.
• August 12 – Battle of Didgori: King David IV (the Builder) of Georgia, with a Georgian army (55,600 men), defeats the 300,000-strong Seljuk coalition forces at Mount Didgori.

Asia

• Emperor Hui Zong sends an expedition to crush the rebellion at Hangzhou (modern-day Zhejiang) in China. The rebels are defeated, their leader Fang La is captured and executed.

By topic

Religion

• Spring – Peter Abelard, a French theologian and philosopher, is condemned and charged with the heresy of Sabellius in a synod at Soissons. Abelard writes Sic et Non .
• April 22 – Antipope Gregory VIII (supported by Emperor Henry V) is arrested by papal troops at Sutri. He is taken to Rome and imprisoned in the Septizonium.
• December 25 (Christmas Day) – The Praemonstratensian Order (Norbertines) is formed, when a group of canons make solemn vows at Prémontré. ^[9]
• Henry I founds Reading Abbey in England. The Cluniac Order populates the abbey.
• The third and largest church is completed at Cluny Abbey (modern France). ^[10]
• L'Aumône Abbey is founded by Count Theobald IV of Blois at Loir-et-Cher. ^[11]

1122

This section is transcluded from 1122. (edit | history)

By place

Byzantine Empire

• Battle of Beroia: Emperor John II Komnenos transfers the Byzantine field army from Asia Minor (where it has been engaged against the Seljuk Turks) to the Balkans. The Pechenegs who have set up their camp (defended by a circular formation of wagons) near Beroia (modern Bulgaria) are defeated. John orders the Varangian Guard (some 480 men), the elite Palace Guard to hack their way through the Pecheneg circle of wagons, causing a general rout in their camp. Pecheneg survivors are taken captive and enlisted into the Byzantine army. ^[12]

Levant

• September 13 – Count Joscelin I and Waleran of Le Puiset are taken prisoner by Turkish forces led by Belek Ghazi near Saruj in northern Syria. Belek offers Joscelin liberty in return for the cession of Edessa. He refuses to accept these terms; Joscelin and Waleran and 60 other Crusaders are taken to the castle at Kharput. ^[13]

Europe

• August 8 – A Venetian fleet under Doge Domenico Michiel with well over a hundred ships sets sail from Venice, carrying an army of around 15,000 men and siege-material. The fleet departs for Palestine – but the Venetians pause to attack Corfu (this in retaliation for the refusal of John II to renew exclusive trading privileges). For six months, throughout the winter of 1122–23, the Venetians lay siege to the Byzantine island. ^[14]
• King Alfonso the Battler of Aragon creates the lay community of knights known as the Confraternity of Belchite. It is the first local attempt to imitate the Order of the Knights Templar created in Palestine. ^[15]
• The Almoravid fleet attacks Sicily to suppress the Italo-Norman raiders. ^{[16] [ page needed ]} The same year (related?), the Muslim population of Malta rebels against the Normans.

Eurasia

• Siege of Tbilisi: The Georgians led by King David IV ('the Builder') re-conquer the city of Tbilisi from the Emirate of Tbilisi after a 1-year siege. David makes it his capital and unifies the Georgian State.

By topic

Religion

• September 23 – The Concordat of Worms: Emperor Henry V recognizes freedom of election of the clergy and promises to restore all Church property. This bringing an end to the power struggle between the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire, known as the Investiture Controversy. In the aftermath, Cappenberg Abbey is founded by Count Gottfried II for the new order of Premonstratensians.

1123

This section is transcluded from 1123. (edit | history)

By place

Levant

• April 18 – King Baldwin II of Jerusalem is captured by Turkish forces under Belek Ghazi – while preparing to practice falconry near Gargar on the Euphrates. Most of the Crusader army is massacred, and Baldwin is taken to the castle at Kharput. To save the situation the Venetians are asked to help. Doge Domenico Michiel lifts the siege of Corfu (see 1122) and takes his fleet to Acre, arriving at the port in the end of May. ^[17]
• May – Baldwin II and Joscelin I are rescued by 50 Armenian soldiers (disguised as monks and merchants) at Kharput. They kill the guards, and infiltrate the castle where the prisoners are kept. Joscelin escapes to seek help. However, the castle is soon besieged by Turkish forces under Belek Ghazi – and is after some time recaptured. Baldwin and Waleran of Le Puiset are moved for greater safety to the castle of Harran. ^[18]
• May 29 – Battle of Yibneh: A Crusader army led by Eustace Grenier defeats the Fatimid forces (16,000 men) near Ibelin. Despite the numerical superiority, Vizier Al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi is forced to withdraw to Egypt while his camp is plundered by the Crusaders. Eustace returns to Jerusalem in triumph, but later dies on June 15. ^[19]
• May 30 – The Venetian fleet arrives at Ascalon and instantly set about attacking the Fatimid fleet. The Egyptians fall into a trap, caught between two Venetian squadrons, and are destroyed or captured. While sailing back to Acre, the Venetians capture a merchant-fleet of ten richly laden vessels. ^[20]
• The Pactum Warmundi: A treaty of alliance, is established between the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Republic of Venice at Acre. The Venetians receive a street, with a church, baths and a bakery, free of all obligations, in every town of the kingdom. They are also excused of all tolls and taxes. ^[21]

Europe

• August 29 – King Eystein I (Magnusson) dies during a feast at Hustad after a 20-year reign, leaving his brother Sigurd I (the Crusader) to rule over Norway.
• Sigurd I performs a Crusade, the Kalmare ledung , to Christianize the Swedish province of Småland. He makes a pact with King Niels of Denmark.

England

• May 9 – A fire in the city of Lincoln nearly destroys the Lincolnshire town; it is memorialized 600 years later by historian Paul de Rapin. ^[22]

Africa

• August 9 – Battle of Al-Dimas: A Norman campaign in North Africa ends with their troops being massacred by Zirid forces near Mahdia (modern Tunisia). ^{[23] [24]}

Asia

• February 25 – Emperor Toba abdicates in favor of his 3-year-old son Sutoku after a 16-year reign. Retired-Emperor Shirakawa rules as regent over Japan.

By topic

Religion

• March 18 – First Council of the Lateran convenes in Rome; it confirms the Concordat of Worms (see 1122) and demands clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church.
• Diego Gelmírez, archbishop of Santiago de Compostela, declares a Crusade in Al-Andalus (modern Spain) against the Almoravids. ^[25]
• The priory church of St Bartholomew-the-Great and St Bartholomew's Hospital (Barts) in London are founded by Rahere.
• Furness Abbey (or St Mary of Furness) is founded in England by Stephen, count of Boulogne, for the Order of Savigny.

1124

This section is transcluded from 1124. (edit | history)

By place

Europe

• March 26 – Henry I of England's forces defeat Norman rebels at Bourgtheroulde. ^{[26] [27] [28]}
• April 27 – David I succeeds Alexander I, to become King of Scotland. ^{[29] [30] [31]}
• December 21 – Pope Honorius II succeeds Pope Callixtus II, as the 163rd pope. ^{[32] [33] [34]}
• Gaufrid is consecrated as the first Abbot of Dunfermline Abbey. ^{[35] [36] [37]}
• The Dun Beal Gallimhe is erected by King Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair of Connacht. ^{[38] [39]}
• In Ireland, Saint Malachy, the great reformer of the Church, is made a bishop. ^{[40] [41] [42]}
• (Approximate date) – The High School of Glasgow is founded as the choir school of Glasgow Cathedral, in Scotland.

North America

• Arnald becomes the first Bishop of Greenland. ^{[43] [44] [45]}

Middle East

• July 7 – Tyre falls to the Crusaders. ^{[46] [47] [48]}

1125

This section is transcluded from 1125. (edit | history)

By place

Levant

• June 11 – Battle of Azaz: The Crusader states led by King Baldwin II of Jerusalem defeat the Seljuk forces at Azaz and raise the siege of the town. Baldwin mobilizes a force of 1,100 armoured knights (from Antioch, Edessa and Tripoli) and 2,000 foot-soldiers. The Crusaders capture the Seljuk camp and Baldwin takes enough loot to ransom the prisoners taken by the Seljuk Turks (including his 4-year-old daughter Ioveta and Joscelin II who are taken hostage). Aq-Sunqur al-Bursuqi, governor ( atabeg ) of Mosul, withdraws to Aleppo and is forced to make a truce, leaving the frontier in northern Syria in peace for 18 months. ^[49]

Europe

• May 23 – Emperor Henry V dies of cancer in Utrecht after leading an expedition against King Louis VI (the Fat) of France and then against the citizens of Worms. Having no legitimate children, Henry leaves his possessions to his nephew, Frederick II (the One-Eyed), duke of Swabia. At the Hoftag diet in Regensburg, Lothair II (duke of Saxony) is elected King of Germany and crowned at Aachen on September 13.
• Lothair II (supported by Pope Honorius II) asks Frederick II to restore to the crown the estates that he has inherited from Henry V. Frederick refuses, and by year's end a succession dispute breaks out between the House of Welf and the House of Hohenstaufen. The latter is led by Frederick and his brother Conrad III, duke of Franconia.
• King Inge the Younger of Sweden is murdered in Vreta Abbey, instigated by Queen Ulvhild Håkansdotter after a 20-year reign. Her cousin Magnus I (the Strong) proclaims himself ruler over the Lands of Sweden (Norrland, Svealand and Gothenland) (until 1134).
• The Venetians pillage the islands of Rhodes, ravage Samos and Lesbos, and occupy Chios (controlled by the Byzantine Empire). The Florentines sack and conquer the neighboring independent republic of Fiesole in Italy.
• Saracen pirates raid the city of Antibes in Provence, and the Benedictine monastery of Saint Honorat on the Lérins Islands (French Riviera). ^[50]
• The first fair in Portugal is created in Ponte de Lima; it is an early sign of the commercialization and economic development. ^[51]
• King Alfonso I (the Battler) of Aragon and Navarre leads a Castellan raid in Andalusia (Southern Spain). ^[52]

England

• King Henry I arranges the marriage between his nephew Stephen of Blois and the 20-year-old Matilda, daughter and heiress of Eustace III, count of Boulogne. This gives Stephen control of the County of Boulogne and also lands in England that has belonged to Eustace (who dies on his return from the Holy Land).

Asia

• November – Jin–Song War: Emperor Tai Zong of the Jurchen-led Jin Dynasty declares war on the Chinese Song Dynasty – and orders his armies to invade Song territory. He sends the Western army to the city of Taiyuan in Shanxi province and the Eastern army to Bianjing (modern-day Kaifeng), the Song capital. The Song forces are not expecting an invasion and are caught off guard. ^[53]
• The Khamag Mongol, a Mongolic tribal confederation, begins to play an important role on the Mongolian Plateau. They occupy the fertile lands of the basins of the rivers Onon, Kherlen and Tuul in the Khentii Mountains.

By topic

Arts

• Albert of Aix, German historian and writer, begins his Historia Hierosolymitanae expeditionis (approximate date).

Education

• March 29 – Reading School is founded in Berkshire in England.

Religion

• A collection of Zen Buddhist koans is compiled, in the Chinese Blue Cliff Record .

1126

This section is transcluded from 1126. (edit | history)

By place

Byzantine Empire

• Summer – Emperor John II Komnenos re-confirms the treaty of 1082. This ends the hostilities with Hungary and Venice. John secures Braničevo, and recovers the region of Sirmium on the Danube, but is forced by Venice to renew the exclusive commercial privileges.

Levant

• Spring – The Crusaders under Pons, count of Tripoli, attack the fortress of Rafaniya (once held by Pons' grandfather Raymond IV), which dominates the entry of the Buqaia from the Orontes Valley. They besiege the fortress for 18 days and capture it on March 31. ^[54]
• Autumn – Bohemond II takes over his inheritance of the Principality of Antioch. He sails from Otranto with a Norman fleet of 24 ships, carrying a number of troops and horses. Bohemond lands at the port of St. Symeon early in October and is welcomed at Antioch. ^[54]

Europe

• February 18 – Battle of Chlumec: Duke Soběslav I defeats a German army under King Lothair III and his Moravian ally, Duke Otto II the Black. Soběslav becomes the head of the Bohemian Principality. ^[55]
• March 8 – Queen Urraca of León ("the Reckless") dies after a 17-year reign. She is succeeded by her 21-year-old son Alfonso VII el Emperador who becomes king of León (until 1157).
• Ragnvald Knaphövde, pretender to the Swedish throne, is killed by upset peasants at a local thing . Sweden is without a ruler, but Magnus I ("the Strong") claims sovereignty over Gothenland.
• Summer – King Alfonso the Battler of Aragon and Navarre launches a campaign raid into Granada in Andalusia (modern Spain) against the Almoravids.
• Winter – King Lothair III makes Henry X ("the Proud"), duke of Bavaria to succeed his late father, Henry IX ("the Black"), who has died on December 13.

Britain

• Shrewsbury Castle is granted by King Henry I to his second wife, Queen Adeliza of Louvain (or Adelicia). The command of the castle is given to William FitzAlan.
• Rutherglen (located in South Lanarkshire) becomes one of the first of the Royal Burghs in Scotland.

Asia

• Spring – In China, scholars and farmers demonstrate around the capital city of Kaifeng, for the restoration of a trusted military official, Li Gang (李綱). Small conflicts erupt between the protestors and the government.
• January 18 – Emperor Hui Zong of the Song Dynasty abdicates in favour of his eldest son, Qin Zong after a 24-year reign. Hui Zong assumes the honorary title of Taishang Huang (or "Retired Emperor").
• Jin–Song War: Jurchen forces reach the Yellow River Valley, two days after New Year. Remnants of the court flee south, including much of the populace, and communities such as the Kaifeng Jews. ^[56]
• January 31 – Jurchen forces lay siege to Kaifeng. Qin Zong negotiates the terms of surrender, agreeing an annual indemnity. He orders Song forces to defend the prefectures of the Northern Song.

By topic

Literature

• Adelard of Bath, an English philosopher, translates Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī's arithmetic and astronomical works into Latin.
• Two previously written Chinese pharmaceutical works, one by Shen Kuo and the another Su Shi, are combined in one written work.

Religion

• Olegarius, archbishop of Tarragona, creates a community of knights (known as the "Confraternity of Tarragona"), to combat the Almoravids in Catalonia. ^[57]

1127

This section is transcluded from 1127. (edit | history)

By place

Europe

• March 2 – Charles I (the Good), count of Flanders, is murdered; he leaves no children. King Louis VI (the Fat) appoints William Clito (son of Robert Curthose) as new ruler. But the Flemish towns of Bruges, Ghent, Saint-Omer and Ypres recognize (with English financial support) Thierry of Alsace as rival count.
• Summer – King Roger II of Sicily claims the Hauteville possessions in Italy as well the overlordship of Capua. However, a coalition of Norman noblemen in Apulia and Calabria resist (supported by Pope Honorius II) against Sicilian rule. The same year, Roger regains control over Malta after a rebellion. ^[58]
• Roger II establishes a pact with the maritime Republic of Savona to guarantee the security of the Mediterranean Sea, ^[59] probably following an Almoravid raid against the Sicilian realm. ^[60]
• December 18 – Conrad III (with support of the imperial cities, Swabia and Austria) is elected and crowned as anti-king of Germany at Nuremberg.

England

• King Henry I arranges the marriage of his daughter Matilda (the widow of Emperor Henry V) to the 14-year-old Geoffrey of Anjou (son of Count Fulk V). This is done to ensure an alliance between England and Anjou, and to prevent Fulk allying with Louis VI.
• Henry I has the English nobles swear allegiance to Matilda as the rightful heir to the throne. She becomes Queen of England and Normandy when he dies.

Levant

• Imad ad-Din Zengi, a Turkish military leader, becomes governor ( atabeg ) of Mosul. He seizes the cities of Nisibin, Sinjar and Harran in the Jazira Region (Northern Mesopotamia).

Asia

• January 9 – Jin–Song Wars: Jurchen forces sack the Chinese capital of Kaifeng of the Northern Song Dynasty during the Jingkang Incident. They capture Emperor Qin Zong, along with his father, Hui Zong, and members of the House of Zhao. ^[61]
• June 12 – Qin Zong's younger brother, the 20-year-old Gao Zong, re-establishes the Song Dynasty (as the Southern Song Dynasty) in Lin'an (modern-day Hangzhou) and is proclaimed emperor.

By topic

Religion

• The Kalyan minaret (as part of the Po-i-Kalyan mosque complex) is completed in Bukhara (modern Uzbekistan).

1128

This section is transcluded from 1128. (edit | history)

By place

Byzantine Empire

• Byzantine–Hungarian War: Emperor John II (Komnenos) defeats the Hungarians and their Serbian allies at the fortress of Haram (or Chramon), which is modern-day Nova Palanka. ^[62]

Europe

• June 24 – Battle of São Mamede: Count Alfonso I (Henriques) defeats the forces led by his mother, Queen Theresa of Portugal, near Guimarães, and gains control of the county. Alfonso styles himself "Prince of Portugal".
• June 29 – Conrad III, anti-king of Germany, is crowned "King of Italy" by Archbishop Anselmo della Pusterla at Monza in Lombardy.
• July 27 – The city of Bruges (modern Belgium) is founded. It receives its city charter – as well new walls and canals are built.
• Pope Honorius II invests Roger II of Sicily as duke of Apulia at Benevento, after his failure to form an coalition against Roger.
• King Louis VI (the Fat) of France agrees to the accession of Thierry of Alsace (or Theoderic), as count of Flanders.

England

• June 17 – King Henry I marries his only legitimate daughter, dowager Empress Matilda, to the 14-year-old Geoffrey V (the Fair), count of Anjou.

Britain

• Hugues de Payens, French Grand Master of the Order of the Knights Templar, visits both England and Scotland, where he raises men and money for the Order.

Asia

• Jin–Song War: Emperor Gao Zong of the Song Dynasty establishes a new capital at Yangzhou, while the government retreats south, after Jurchen forces capture the previous capital of Kaifeng, in the Jingkang Incident.
• Forces of the Kingdom of Champa invade Vietnam. ^[63]

By topic

Religion

• November 24 – Waverley Abbey is founded by Bishop William Giffard. The first abbot and 12 Cistercian monks are brought from L'Aumône Abbey in Normandy. ^[64]
• Honorius II recognizes and confirms the Order of the Knights Templar. The French abbot Bernard of Clairvaux codifies the rule of the Order. ^[65]
• Holyrood Abbey is founded in Edinburgh by King David I of Scotland.
• Kelso Abbey is founded by Scottish monks of the Tironensian Order.

1129

This section is transcluded from 1129. (edit | history)

By place

Europe

• April 14 – Following the Capetian tradition, King Louis VI (the Fat) has his eldest son Philip crowned as co-ruler of France at Rheims Cathedral. Louis himself becomes the national protector of all France.
• June 2 – Fulk V, count of Anjou, marries Melisende (daughter of King Baldwin II) the heir to the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Fulk gives up his title which passes to his 15-year-old son, Geoffrey V (the Fair).
• September – Roger II of Sicily gains recognition as duke at Melfi from the Norman nobles of Naples, Bari, Capua, Salerno and other cities that have resisted him.
• Burgsteinfurt Castle is built in what is now Steinfurt (modern Germany).

Asia

• Jin–Song War: Emperor Gao Zong of the Song Dynasty moves the capital from Yangzhou to Hangzhou, after the Jurchen Jin Dynasty captures Kaifeng in the Jingkang Incident.
• March 26 – Gao Zong abdicates the throne after a mutiny of the palace guard. His 2-year-old son Zhao Fu succeeds him, but Empress Meng becomes regent and the sole ruler.
• April 20 – Gao Zong regains the throne (with the support of the imperial army led by General Han Shizhong). Zhao Fu is forced the abdicate with Meng having ruled for 25 days.
• July 24 – Former Emperor Shirakawa dies at his native Kyoto. His son Toba begins his cloistered rule, sharing power with Sutoku, a grandson of Shirakawa.

By topic

Religion

• January 23 – Henry of Blois becomes bishop of Winchester after the death of William Giffard (who was also Lord Chancellor to King Henry I) in England.

Significant people

• Al-Mustarshid
• Pope Honorius II

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