Waverley Abbey

Last updated

Waverley Abbey
Waverley abbey panorama.jpg
The ruins of Waverley Abbey
Surrey UK location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Location within Surrey
Monastery information
Full nameThe Abbey of the Blessed Mary of Waverley
Order Cistercian
Established1128
Disestablished1536
Mother house L'Aumône Abbey, Normandy, France
Dedicated toSt Mary
People
Founder(s) William Giffard, Bishop of Winchester
Site
Location Borough of Waverley, Surrey, England
Coordinates 51°12′00″N0°45′36″W / 51.200°N 0.760°W / 51.200; -0.760
Visible remainsRuins
Public accessYes: Free of Charge
Managed by English Heritage

Waverley Abbey was the first Cistercian abbey in England, [1] founded in 1128 by William Giffard, the Bishop of Winchester.

Contents

Located about 2 miles (3.2 km) southeast of Farnham, Surrey, it is situated on a flood-plain; surrounded by current and previous channels of the River Wey. It was damaged on more than one occasion by severe flooding, resulting in rebuilding in the 13th century. Despite being the first Cistercian abbey in England, and being motherhouse to several other abbeys, Waverley was "slenderly endowed" and its monks are recorded as having endured poverty and famine.

The abbey was suppressed in 1536 as part of King Henry VIII's Dissolution of the Monasteries. Subsequently, largely demolished, its stone was reused in local buildings, likely including "Waverley Abbey House", which was built in 1723 in the northern portion of the former abbey precinct.

Waverley Abbey House, the ruins of the abbey and the surrounding land are all part of a conservation area. The house is a Grade II* listed building [2] and the ruins a scheduled monument. [3]

The ruins of the abbey are currently managed by English Heritage and open to the public.

History

Waverley Abbey was founded by Bishop William Giffard on 24 November 1128. The first abbot and 12 monks were brought from L'Aumône Abbey in Normandy, France. [4]

Giffard endowed the new abbey with all the land within the parish of Waverley, two acres of meadow at Elstead, and gave the monks permission to cut wood from his woodland at Farnham. Giffard's successor as Bishop of Winchester, Henry of Blois (younger brother of King Stephen) donated a virgate (30 acres) of land at Wandford and gave further rights at Farnham, with permission to "dig turf, heath, stone and sand".

Henry's brother King Stephen granted the abbey land at Neatham, and ("at the request of his brother") freed the abbey from the military obligations usually required of feudal landlords (Frankalmoin), and excused the abbey from the payment of certain taxes including the Danegeld. The abbey was freed from further taxes (tithes) by a papal bull issued by Pope Eugenius III in 1147. [4]

Remains of the 13th-century monks' dormitory Waverleyabbeydormitory.jpg
Remains of the 13th-century monks' dormitory

The abbey's endowment was added to by Adeliza of Louvain (wife of King Henry I), who donated the grange at Northolt. Faramus of Boulogne, nephew of King Stephen, sold the manor of Wanborough to the abbey for 125 marks of silver. The abbey's endowment and privileges were confirmed by charters issued by King Richard I and King John. [4]

Despite the donations, the abbey was described as "slenderly endowed", and was recorded as having an income of only £98 1s. 8d. in the 1291 Taxation Roll. 'A History of the County of Surrey' states: "Contrasted with the vast estates of a foundation like Bermondsey [Abbey], such a modest rent roll sinks into insignificance". Despite the small income, the abbey seems to have been home to a large number of monks, with 120 lay brothers and 70 religious brothers recorded in 1187. [4]

Within the abbey's first 200 years, seven of the abbey's monks were chosen to become abbots at other monasteries. As the first Cistercian Abbey in England, it became motherhouse of several other Cistercian houses: including Garendon Abbey, founded in Leicestershire by Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester; Forde Abbey, founded in Dorset by Richard de Brioniis; Coombe Abbey, founded in Warwickshire by Richard de Camville; and Thame Abbey, founded in Oxfordshire by Alexander, Bishop of Lincoln. Many of these became mother-houses themselves, to other Cistercian monasteries. For a time, the Abbot of Waverley Abbey claimed precedence over all the other Cistercian Abbots in England; however, this was disputed by the Abbot of Furness Abbey. [4]

The ruins of Waverley Abbey Waverley Abbey ruins - geograph.org.uk - 1167081.jpg
The ruins of Waverley Abbey

13th century

The 13th century was a difficult time for the abbey. In July 1201 the abbey was flooded "and all but carried away" by a storm which caused the abbey's crops to fail. [4] The abbey was rebuilt during the 13th century, and much of the remains visible today date from this period. [5] Construction on the new abbey church began in March 1203-04, financed by William, Rector of Broadwater; however, the abbey's monks were struck by famine and forced to beg food from other monastic houses.

Following a dispute with the pope, in 1208 King John confiscated all ecclesiastical property; however, the same year he spent "the last days of Holy Week" at Waverley Abbey, and allowed the return of its possessions to allow them to continue the reconstruction of the church. Two years later, after the Cistercian order refused to give in to John's demands for money, John withdrew all of the abbey's privileges. Many of the monks fled the abbey and, in fear, the abbot "fled away by night". King John then issued a decree forbidding any Cistercians to enter or leave the country.

In 1212 John confiscated all of the Cistercian Order's property using "false letters" which "reigned their property to him". The situation improved when John's dispute with the pope ended. The persecution of Waverley appears to have ended by October 1214, when the abbot was sent on official business on behalf of the King. The church's construction appears to have carried on throughout the difficult period, as on 10 July 1214 five altars were consecrated by Albin, Bishop of Ferns.

In 1225 the abbey was visited by King Henry III; he took communion at the abbey on 16 December 1225. Construction of the church was not completed, however, until 1278 (74/5 years after it began), when Nicholas de Ely, Bishop of Winchester blessed the church in honor of the Virgin Mary. The blessing was followed by a feast supposedly attended by 7,066 people; including six abbots and many knights and ladies. [4]

The abbey's difficult century continued with further floods in 1233; up to 8 ft in height, the flood destroyed several of the abbey's bridges and property. Another flood on 28 November 1265 flooded the abbey's lower buildings forcing the monks "to take refuge in the church". In 1291 the abbey was described as in "grievous poverty" after their crops had failed. [4]

The Annals of Waverley, written by the monks, records notable national and international events from the 10th to the late 13th centuries. [6] [7]

Dissolution

The Valor Ecclesiasticus of 1535 records the abbey as having a clear annual income of £174 8s. 3½d. As such it was dissolved with the lesser (poorer) monasteries in 1536, as part of King Henry VIII's Dissolution of the Monasteries. [4] There were only thirteen monks in the community at the time.

Abbots of Waverley

The following is a list of the abbots of Waverley Abbey. [4]

  • John, died 1128
  • Gilbert, 1128-9
  • Henry, died 1182
  • Henry of Chichester, 1182, resigned 1187
  • Christopher (abbot of Bruerne, Oxfordshire), 1187, removed from office 1196
  • John II. (hospitaller), 1196, died 1201
  • John III. (cellarer), 1201, died 1216
  • Adam (sub-prior), 1216, resigned 1219
  • Adam II. (abbot of Garendon Abbey, Leicestershire), 1219, resigned 1236
  • Walter Giffard (abbot of Bittlesden, Bucks), 1236, died 1252
  • Ralph (abbot of Dunkewell, Devon), 1252, resigned 1266
  • William de London, 1266
  • William de Hungerford, resigned 1276
  • Hugh de Leukenor, 1276, died 1285
  • Philip de Bedwinde, 1285
  • William, occurs 1316
  • Robert, occurs 1335
  • John III., 1344
  • John IV., 1349, died 1361
  • John de Enford, occurs 1385-6
  • William Hakeleston, 1386, died 1399
  • John Brid, 1399–1400
  • Henry, occurs 1433
  • William, occurs 1452
  • William Martyn, 1456
  • Thomas, occurs 1478 and 1500
  • William, occurs 1509
  • John, occurs 1529
  • William Alyng, occurs 1535

History after the Dissolution

Waverley Abbey House, built 1725 Waverley Abbey House, 2017.jpg
Waverley Abbey House, built 1725

Following dissolution the former abbey was granted to Sir William Fitzherbert, who was the treasurer of the king's household. [8] The abbey itself was mostly demolished, with stone reused in local building work [9] including at Loseley Park. [8]

Waverley Abbey House was built within the former abbey precinct, just north of the core abbey ruins. The east service court contains masonry from an earlier building, thought to date from the period just after the dissolution. [10] The house was constructed in 1725 for Sir John Aislabie, former Chancellor of the Exchequer, to a design by Colen Campbell, possibly for the use of John's brother William, who had recently returned from India. William died the same year and the house was sold to Charles Child of Guildford, who in turn sold it to Thomas Orby Hunter in 1847.

Later in the century Orby Hunter added wings, with further additions by Sir Robert Rich, 5th Baronet before 1786. [10] [11] It was bought around 1796 by the merchant John (later Poulett) Thomson, from Sir Charles Rich, 1st Baronet. [12] [13] He sold it about 1832 to George Thomas Nicholson, who rebuilt it after a fire in 1833. [11] [14]

In the 20th century Waverley Abbey was owned by the Anderson family. Rupert Darnley Anderson, son of Thomas Darnley Anderson of Liverpool, inherited it from his brother Charles Rupert Anderson in 1894. His father had purchased it around 1869. [15] [16]

Waverley Abbey House is now separated from the ruins by an artificial lake.

Pillbox near Waverley Abbey Pill Box near Waverley Abbey House, Farnham - geograph.org.uk - 92300.jpg
Pillbox near Waverley Abbey

World Wars

During the First World War the house was the first country house to be converted into a military hospital. It treated over 5,000 soldiers. [17]

Part of the former abbey site formed part of the defenses called the "GHQ Line", set up to protect London during the Second World War. [18] The abbey precinct contains numerous WWII relics including anti-tank gun emplacements, [19] [20] possible auxiliary unit bases, [21] "hideouts", [22] pillboxes, [23] [24] [25] "anti-tank pimples" and "cylinders", [26] [27] [28] and anti-tank roadblocks and ditches. [29] [30]

Today

Following the wars Waverley Abbey House became a nursing home. In 1983 it was purchased (and subsequently restored) by the Christian not-for-profit organisation, CWR. [10] The house is currently used by CWR as a training and conference centre.

The ruins of the original abbey are managed by English Heritage and open to the public. [31]

Architectural description and remains

Remains of the undercroft of the lay brothers' refectory Waverley abbey undercroft.jpg
Remains of the undercroft of the lay brothers' refectory
Tiles discovered during the excavations of Waverley Abbey, 1899-1902 Waverley Abbey Brakspear 1905 133.png
Tiles discovered during the excavations of Waverley Abbey, 1899-1902

Waverley Abbey followed the typical arrangement of English Monasteries. The Abbey church, which was around 91 meters long, sat to the north of the monastic complex. To the south of the church was the cloister, the eastern range of which contained the chapter house and monk's dormitory. The southern range of the cloister contained the refectory and latrines. The eastern range contained the lay brothers' refectory and dormitory. [8] The cemetery was located to the east and north of the abbey church. [5]

The abbey's immediate precinct occupied around 50 acres, with the River Wey forming the southern and eastern boundaries. In addition to the core abbey complex, the precinct contained buildings such as the brewhouse and features such as fishponds to supply food. [8]

The ruins

Painting of the ruins of Waverley Abbey by Harry Sutton Palmer, 1906. Harry Sutton Palmer - Waverley abbey near Farnham (1906).JPG
Painting of the ruins of Waverley Abbey by Harry Sutton Palmer, 1906.

Only part of the abbey remains standing, with the ruins dating from the abbey's 13th-century reconstruction. [5] The most substantial remains are that of the vaulted undercroft, or cellar, of the lay brother's refectory, and the walls of the monk's dormitory, which largely survive to roof height. There also survives the remains of the chapter house and traces of the north and south transepts of the abbey church. [8]

Earthworks in the eastern portion of the abbey's precinct reveal the remains of several fishponds and a "water supply system". [8]

The site was excavated by the Surrey Archaeological Society between 1890 and 1903, and the ruins restored in 1966 when the site was under the care of the Ministry of Works. [5]

The ruins, Waverley Abbey House, and the surrounding land were all designated a conservation area in 1989. [33] Waverley Abbey House is protected as a Grade II* Listed Building, while the abbey ruins are a scheduled monument.

Ancient yew tree

The yew tree at Waverley Abbey in October 2022 Yew tree at Waverley Abbey.jpg
The yew tree at Waverley Abbey in October 2022

A yew tree ( Taxus baccata ), which is nearly 500 years old, grows on the ruins of the walls on the southeast corner of the church. In 2022, it won the UK Tree of the Year competition organised by the Woodland Trust. [34]

High risk of flooding

In 2014, an English Heritage report identified that there is a high risk of flooding at Waverley Abbey. It detailed an "extensive threat to the south half of the estate", affecting exposed footings, masonry and land surface. [35]

Walter Scott chose the name "Waverley" for the hero of his novel Waverley . He did not himself say that this name was connected with Waverley Abbey, [36] but Leslie Stephen, writing in the 1897 Dictionary of National Biography, stated "The name was probably suggested by Waverley Abbey, near Farnham, which was within a ride of Ellis's house where he had been recently staying."

Waverley Abbey was featured in Arthur Conan Doyle's classical romance, Sir Nigel . It was the scene of his winning of his war horse, Pommers, and his youthful conflict with the abbey authorities.

Use as a film set

The abbey ruins have been used as a location in the filming of a number of films and television dramas:

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fountains Abbey</span> Ruined Cistercian monastery in Yorkshire, England

Fountains Abbey is one of the largest and best preserved ruined Cistercian monasteries in England. It is located approximately 3 miles (5 km) south-west of Ripon in North Yorkshire, near to the village of Aldfield. Founded in 1132, the abbey operated for 407 years, becoming one of the wealthiest monasteries in England until its dissolution, by order of Henry VIII, in 1539.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle Abbey</span> Benedictine abbey in Battle, East Sussex, England

Battle Abbey is a partially ruined Benedictine abbey in Battle, East Sussex, England. The abbey was built on the site of the Battle of Hastings and dedicated to St Martin of Tours. It is a Scheduled Monument.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jervaulx Abbey</span> Ruined monastery in North Yorkshire, England

Jervaulx Abbey in East Witton in North Yorkshire, 14 mi (23 km) north-west of the city of Ripon, was one of the great Cistercian abbeys of Yorkshire, England, dedicated to St Mary in 1156. It is a Grade I listed building.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rievaulx Abbey</span> Ruined mediaeval abbey in Yorkshire, England

Rievaulx Abbey was a Cistercian abbey in Rievaulx, near Helmsley, in the North York Moors National Park, North Yorkshire, England. It was one of the great abbeys in England until it was seized in 1538 under Henry VIII during the Dissolution of the Monasteries. The wider site was awarded Scheduled Ancient Monument status in 1915 and the abbey was brought into the care of the then Ministry of Works in 1917. The ruins of its main buildings are today a tourist attraction, owned and maintained by English Heritage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hailes Abbey</span> Ruined abbey in Hailes, Gloucestershire, England

Hailes Abbey is a former Cistercian abbey, in the small village of Hailes, two miles northeast of Winchcombe, Gloucestershire, England. It was founded in 1246 as a daughter establishment of Beaulieu Abbey. The abbey was dissolved by Henry VIII in 1539. Little remains of the abbey. It is a Grade I listed building and a scheduled monument.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Netley Abbey</span> Ruins of 13th-century abbey in Hampshire, England

Netley Abbey is a ruined late medieval monastery in the village of Netley near Southampton in Hampshire, England. The abbey was founded in 1239 as a house for monks of the austere Cistercian order. Despite royal patronage, Netley was never rich, produced no influential scholars nor churchmen, and its nearly 300-year history was quiet. The monks were best known to their neighbours for the generous hospitality they offered to travellers on land and sea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St Mary's Abbey, York</span> Scheduled monument ruin in York, England

The Abbey of St Mary is a ruined Benedictine abbey in York, England and a scheduled monument.

Vaudey Abbey, also known as Vandy Abbey or Vandey Abbey, was an English Cistercian abbey. It was founded in 1147 by William, Count of Aumale, Earl of York. Its site is within the Grimsthorpe Castle park, in Lincolnshire, 3.7 miles (6 km) northwest of Bourne on the A151, but there are no remains of the Abbey aside from earthworks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beaulieu Abbey</span> Medieval Cistercian abbey in England

Beaulieu Abbey was a Cistercian abbey in Hampshire, England. It was founded in 1203–1204 by King John and populated by 30 monks sent from the abbey of Cîteaux in France, the mother house of the Cistercian order. The Medieval Latin name of the monastery was Bellus Locus Regis or monasterium Belli loci Regis. Other spellings of the English name which occur historically are Bewley and Beaulie.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sawley Abbey</span> Historic site in Sawley, Lancashire

Sawley Abbey was an abbey of Cistercian monks in the village of Sawley, Lancashire, in England. Created as a daughter-house of Newminster Abbey, it existed from 1149 until its dissolution in 1536, during the reign of King Henry VIII.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Whalley Abbey</span> Former Cistercian abbey in Lancashire, England

Whalley Abbey is a former Cistercian abbey in Whalley, Lancashire, England. After the dissolution of the monasteries, the abbey was largely demolished and a country house was built on the site. In the 20th century the house was modified and it is now the Retreat and Conference House of the Diocese of Blackburn of the Church of England. The ruins of the abbey are recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building, and are a Scheduled Ancient Monument.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Revesby Abbey</span>

Revesby Abbey was a Cistercian monastery near the village of Revesby in Lincolnshire, England. The abbey was founded in 1143 by William de Roumare, Earl of Lincoln, and the first monks came from Rievaulx Abbey.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bardney Abbey</span> British Benedictine abbey in Lincolnshire

Bardney Abbey in Lincolnshire, England, was a Benedictine monastery founded in 697 by King Æthelred of Mercia, who was to become the first abbot. The monastery was supposedly destroyed during a Danish raid in 869. In 1087, the site was refounded as a priory, by Gilbert de Gant, Earl of Lincoln, and it regained status as an abbey in 1115.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boxley Abbey</span> Former Cistercian monastery in Kent, England

Boxley Abbey was a Cistercian monastery in Sandling, near Maidstone in Kent, England. It sits at the foot of the North Downs and falls within the parish of Boxley.

Garendon Abbey was a Cistercian abbey located between Shepshed and Loughborough, in Leicestershire, United Kingdom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kirkstead Abbey</span>

Kirkstead Abbey is a former Cistercian monastery in Kirkstead, Lincolnshire, England.

Stanley Abbey was a medieval abbey near Chippenham, Wiltshire, England, which flourished between 1151 and 1536.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Forde Abbey</span> Building in Somerset, England

Forde Abbey is a privately owned former Cistercian monastery in Dorset, England, with a postal address in Chard, Somerset. The house and gardens are run as a tourist attraction while the 1,600-acre (650 ha) estate is farmed to provide additional revenue. Forde Abbey is a Grade I listed building.

Swineshead Abbey was an abbey in Swineshead, Lincolnshire.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leicester Abbey</span> Former Augustinian monastery in Leicester, England

The Abbey of Saint Mary de Pratis, more commonly known as Leicester Abbey, was an Augustinian religious house in the city of Leicester, in the East Midlands of England. The abbey was founded in the 12th century by the Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester, and grew to become the wealthiest religious establishment within Leicestershire. Through patronage and donations the abbey gained the advowsons of countless churches throughout England, and acquired a considerable amount of land, and several manorial lordships. Leicester Abbey also maintained a cell at Cockerham Priory, in Lancashire. The Abbey's prosperity was boosted through the passage of special privileges by both the English Kings and the Pope. These included an exemption from sending representatives to parliament and from paying tithe on certain land and livestock. Despite its privileges and sizeable landed estates, from the late 14th century the abbey began to suffer financially and was forced to lease out its estates. The worsening financial situation was exacerbated throughout the 15th century and early 16th century by a series of incompetent, corrupt and extravagant abbots. By 1535 the abbey's considerable income was exceeded by even more considerable debts.

References

  1. ↑ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Cistercians in the British Isles". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  2. ↑ Historic England (26 April 1950). "Waverley Abbey House (Grade II*) (1258221)". National Heritage List for England .
  3. ↑ Historic England (20 November 1925). "Waverley Abbey: a Cistercian monastery south of Waverley Abbey House (Grade Scheduled Monument) (1007814)". National Heritage List for England .
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 H.E. Malden, ed. (1967). 'House of Cistercian monks: Abbey of Waverley', A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 2. Victoria County History. pp. 77–89.
  5. 1 2 3 4 WAVERLEY ABBEY, English Heritage: PastScape
  6. ↑ Brakspear 1905, p. 1.
  7. ↑ Dunphy & Bratu 2016, Waverley Annals.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ware, G (1976). The White Monks of Waverley. Farnham: Farnham and District Museum Society.
  9. ↑ Waverley Abbey, Farnham Town Council
  10. 1 2 3 "History". Waverley Abbey House. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
  11. 1 2 Stutchbury, Howard Edward (1967). The Architecture of Colen Campbell . Manchester University Press. pp.  150 note 32. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
  12. ↑ "Poulett Thomson, Charles Edward (1799–1841), of 11 Suffolk Street, Pall Mall, Mdx., History of Parliament Online" . Retrieved 1 October 2017.
  13. ↑ The Gentleman's Magazine. W. Pickering. 1839. p. 432.
  14. ↑ Burke 1871, p. 989.
  15. ↑ "Major Rupert Anderson and Mrs Amy Anderson of Waverley Abbey, Tilford – Surrey in the Great War" . Retrieved 1 October 2017.
  16. ↑ Kerry, Charles (1873). "A History of Waverley Abbey, in the County of Surrey". Internet Archive . Guildford: Andrews & Son. p. 60. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
  17. ↑ "Nicholson". 9 September 2011.
  18. ↑ Foot W (2009). "Defence Area 13: Waverley Abbey" (PDF). Defence Areas: a national study of Second World War anti-invasion landscapes in England. English Heritage. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
  19. ↑ MONUMENT NO. 1421623, English Heritage: PastScape
  20. ↑ MONUMENT NO. 1424254, English Heritage: PastScape
  21. ↑ MONUMENT NO. 1424217, English Heritage: PastScape
  22. ↑ MONUMENT NO. 1424216, English Heritage: PastScape
  23. ↑ MONUMENT NO. 1424246, English Heritage: PastScape
  24. ↑ MONUMENT NO. 1424255, English Heritage: PastScape
  25. ↑ MONUMENT NO. 1424258, English Heritage: PastScape
  26. ↑ MONUMENT NO. 1424247, English Heritage: PastScape
  27. ↑ MONUMENT NO. 1424253, English Heritage: PastScape
  28. ↑ MONUMENT NO. 1424256, English Heritage: PastScape
  29. ↑ MONUMENT NO. 1424257, English Heritage: PastScape
  30. ↑ MONUMENT NO. 1425848, English Heritage: PastScape
  31. ↑ Waverley Abbey, English Heritage
  32. ↑ Brakspear 1905, Plate 15.
  33. ↑ Waverley Abbey Conservation Area, Waverley Borough Council
  34. ↑ Barkham, Patrick (4 November 2022). "Ancient yew in ruined Surrey abbey crowned UK tree of the year". The Guardian.
  35. ↑ "Flooding and the English Heritage Inland Estate | Historic England". historicengland.org.uk. 24 January 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  36. ↑ Rigney 2012, p. 4.
  37. ↑ "Invasion". Internet Movie Database.
  38. ↑ "28 Days Later..." Internet Movie Database.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 "Surrey Film Locations". SurreyLife. 22 April 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  40. ↑ "Elizabeth: The Golden Age". Archived from the original on 29 August 2011. Retrieved 2 September 2011.
  41. ↑ "British Film Locations : Hot Fuzz (2007)" . Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  42. ↑ "Animal Soup". Internet Movie Database.
  43. ↑ Christi Daugherty (9 January 2015), Night School: The Web Series - Episode Five - "All the Pretty Killers", archived from the original on 21 December 2021, retrieved 7 July 2018
  44. 1 2 Graves, Kieran (8 April 2023). "Surrey ruins used in blockbuster films set for King's coronation transformation". Surrey Live. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  45. ↑ Harrison, Ellie (12 November 2017). "Where is BBC1 drama Howards End filmed?" . Retrieved 12 November 2017.

Bibliography

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.