Westminster School

For other uses, see Westminster School (disambiguation).

Westminster School
Coat of arms
Address
Little Dean's Yard London, SW1P 3PF [1] [2] England
Coordinates	51°29′54″N0°07′42″W / 51.4984°N 0.1284°W / 51.4984; -0.1284
Information
Type	Public school Independent day and boarding school
Motto	Latin: Dat Deus Incrementum (God Gives the Increase)
Religious affiliation(s)	Church of England [3]
Established	Earliest records date from the 14th century, refounded in 1560
Founder	Henry VIII (1541) Elizabeth I (1560 – refoundation)
Local authority	City of Westminster
Department for Education URN	101162 Tables
Chairman of Governors	Mark Batten [4]
Head Master	Gary Savage [5]
Staff	105
Gender	Boys Coeducational (Sixth Form) [6] [7]
Age	13 (boys), 16 (girls)to 18
Enrolment	747
Houses	Ashburnham   Busby's   College   Dryden's   Grant's   Hakluyt's   Liddell's   Milne's   Purcell's   Rigaud's   Wren's
Colour(s)	Pink
Publication	The Elizabethan
Alumni	Old Westminsters
Website	www.westminster.org.uk

Westminster School is a public school in Westminster, London, England, in the precincts of Westminster Abbey. It descends from a charity school founded by Westminster Benedictines before the Norman Conquest, as documented by the Croyland Chronicle and a charter of King Offa. Continuous existence is clear from the early 14th century. ^[8] Westminster was one of nine schools examined by the 1861 Clarendon Commission ^[9] and reformed by the Public Schools Act 1868. The school motto, Dat Deus Incrementum, quotes 1 Corinthians 3:6: "I planted the seed... but God made it grow." ^[10]

Its academic results place it among the top schools nationally; ^{[11] [12]} about half its students go to Oxbridge, ^[13] giving it the highest national Oxbridge acceptance rate. ^[14] In the 2023 A-levels, the school saw 82.3% of its candidates score A* or A. ^[15] The school is included in The Schools Index of the world's 150 best private schools and among top 30 senior schools in the UK. ^[16] Among its graduates are three Nobel laureates: Edgar Adrian (Nobel Prize for Physiology in 1932), Sir Andrew Huxley (likewise in 1963) and Sir Richard Stone (Nobel Prize in Economics in 1984). During the mid-17th century, the liberal philosopher of the Enlightenment, John Locke, attended the school, and seven UK prime ministers also then attended, all belonging to the Whig or Liberal factions of British politics: Henry Pelham and his brother Thomas Pelham-Holmes, Charles Watson-Wentworth, James Waldegrave, Augustus Fitzroy, William Cavendish-Bentinck, and John Russell.

Boys join the Under School at seven and the Senior School at 13 if they pass their examinations. Girls join the Sixth Form at 16. ^[17] About a quarter of the 750 pupils board. Weekly boarders may go home after Saturday morning school. ^[18]

History

Little Dean's Yard from Liddell's Arch

See also: Grammar school § History, Latin school, and Neo-Latin § Latin in school education 1500-1700

The earliest records of a school at Westminster date back to the 1340s and are held in Westminster Abbey's Muniment Room. ^[19] Parts of the buildings now used by the school date back to the tenth-century Anglo-Saxon abbey at Westminster. ^[20]

The entrance to Dean's Yard and Westminster School war memorial viewed from the Queen Elizabeth II Conference Centre in August 2012

In 1540, Henry VIII ordered the dissolution of the monasteries in England, including that of the powerful Abbots of Westminster, but personally ensured the School's survival by his royal charter. ^[21] The Royal College of St. Peter carried on with forty "King's Scholars" financed from the royal purse. By this point Westminster School had certainly become a public school (i.e. a school available to members of the paying public, rather than the private tuition arranged by the nobility). During Mary I's reign the Abbey was reinstated as a Roman Catholic monastery, but the school continued.

Elizabeth I refounded the school in 1560, ^[22] with new statutes to select 40 King's Scholars from boys who had attended the school for a year. ^[23] Queen Elizabeth frequently visited her scholars, although she never signed the statutes or endowed her scholarships; 1560 is now generally taken as the date that the school was "founded".

Elizabeth I appointed William Camden ^[24] as Head Master, and he is the only layman known to have held the position until 1937. ^[25] It was Richard Busby, ^{[26] [27]} himself an Old Westminster, who established the reputation of the school for several hundred years, as much by his classical learning as for his ruthless discipline by the birch, immortalised in Pope's Dunciad . Busby prayed publicly up School ^[28] for the safety of the Crown, on the very day of Charles I's execution, and then locked the boys inside to prevent their going to watch the spectacle a few hundred yards away. Regardless of politics, he thrashed Royalist and Puritan boys alike without fear or favour. Busby also took part in Oliver Cromwell's funeral procession in 1658, when a Westminster schoolboy, Robert Uvedale, succeeded in snatching the "Majesty Scutcheon" (white satin banner) draped on the coffin, which is now held in the library ^[29] (it was given to the school by his family three hundred years later). ^[30] Busby remained in office throughout the Civil War and the Commonwealth, when the school was governed by Parliamentary Commissioners, and well into the Restoration.

In 1679, a group of scholars killed a bailiff, ostensibly in defence of Abbey's traditional right of sanctuary after the man had arrested a person connected to the college. ^[31] Busby obtained a royal pardon for his scholars from Charles II and added the cost to the school bills.

Liddell's arch, the main entrance to Little Dean's Yard

Until the 19th century, the curriculum was predominantly made up of Latin and Greek, and all taught up School. ^[32] Westminster boys were uncontrolled outside school hours and notoriously unruly about town, but the proximity of the school to the Palace of Westminster meant that politicians were well aware of boys' exploits. After the Public Schools Act 1868, in response to the Clarendon Commission ^[33] on the financial and other malpractices at nine pre-eminent public schools, the school began to approach its modern form. It was legally separated from the Abbey, although the organisations remain close. The Dean of Westminster was ex officio the Chair of the Governing Body until 2020 and remains a Governor. There followed a scandalous public and parliamentary dispute lasting a further 25 years, to settle the transfer of the properties from the Canons of the Abbey to the school. School statutes have been made by Order in Council of Queen Elizabeth II. The Dean of Christ Church, Oxford, and the Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, were also ex officio members of the school's Governing Body until 2020. ^[34]

Unusually among public schools, Westminster did not adopt most of the broader changes associated with the Victorian ethos of Thomas Arnold, such as the emphasis on team over individual spirit, and the school retained much of its distinctive character. Despite many pressures, including evacuation and the destruction of the school roof during the Blitz, the school refused to move out of the city, unlike other schools such as Charterhouse and St. Paul's, and remains in its central London location.

Westminster Under School was formed in 1943 ^[35] in the evacuated school buildings in Westminster, as a distinct preparatory school for day pupils between the ages of eight to 13 (now seven to 13). Only the separation is new: for example, in the 18th century, Edward Gibbon attended Westminster from the age of 11 and Jeremy Bentham from the age of eight. ^[36] The Under School has since moved to Vincent Square, ^[37] overlooking the school's playing fields. Its current Master is Kate Jefferson. ^[38]

In 1967, the first female pupil was admitted to the school. Girls became full members in 1973. ^[39] In 1981, a single-sex boarding house, Purcell's, was created for girls. In 1997 the school expanded further with the creation of a new day house, Milne's, at 5a, Dean's Yard.

In 2005 the school was one of 50 leading independent schools found guilty of running a cartel, exposed by The Times , which had allowed them to collaborate in uncompetitive fees for thousands of customers. ^{[40] [41]} Jean Scott, the head of the Independent Schools Council, said that independent schools had always been exempt from anti-cartel rules applied to business, were following a long-established procedure in sharing the information with each other, and that they were unaware of the change to the law (on which they had not been consulted). She wrote to John Vickers, the OFT director-general, saying, "They are not a group of businessmen meeting behind closed doors to fix the price of their products to the disadvantage of the consumer. They are schools that have quite openly continued to follow a long-established practice because they were unaware that the law had changed.". ^[42] However, each school agreed to pay a nominal penalty of £10,000 and ex-gratia payments totalling £3 million into a trust designed to benefit pupils who attended the schools during the period in respect of which fee information was shared. ^{[43] [44] [45]}

In 2007, the school responded to an invitation to become the sponsor of Pimlico School, which was due to be rebuilt as an academy, but decided not to do so after Westminster City Council developed its plans. In 2013 the school collaborated with the Harris Federation to set up a selective, mixed sixth-form academy, with entrance priority being given to those from disadvantaged backgrounds. Harris Westminster Sixth Form opened nearby in 2014; pupils of the academy share some lessons and facilities of the school.

In 2010 the school and the abbey celebrated the 450th anniversary of the granting of their royal charter and Elizabeth I's refoundation of the school in 1560. Queen Elizabeth II with the Duke of Edinburgh unveiled a controversial statue in Little Dean's Yard of the Queen's namesake Elizabeth I, the nominal foundress of the School, by Old Westminster sculptor Matthew Spender. ^[46] The head of the statue came off in May 2016 after a Sixth Former (a pupil in Year 12) tried to climb onto the statue. The head has since been reattached.

In May 2013, the school was criticized for staging an auction involving the selling of internships to fund bursaries, resulting in adverse press coverage. ^[47]

In December 2017, the school announced plans to open six schools in China, working with the Hong Kong educational group HKMETG; the first opened in Chengdu in 2020. ^[48] Revenue generated by the deal will be used to support bursary funds at the existing school, and follows similar moves by Harrow School, Malvern School, Wellington College and Dulwich College. The school was criticized in the media and by its pupils for its decision to teach the Chinese national curriculum as opposed to an international curriculum normally taught by international schools. ^[49] Steve Tsang, director of the China Institute at SOAS London, was quoted in the Financial Times as saying, "I think they have no idea what they're dealing with.... If you set up a school in China, they will have a party secretary superintending the whole school and the party secretary will be responsible for political education." ^[50] The school responded that it would exercise "soft power" over the teaching and would also teach an international curriculum for students aged 16–18. ^[51] The issue was re-opened when The Times published an article quoting Professor Edward Vickers of Kyushu University, who accused the school (and King's College School, with similar plans) of "helping Chinese teach propaganda". ^[52] These plans were cancelled in November 2021 in response to "recent changes in Chinese education policy". ^[53]

The school stands mainly in the precincts of the medieval monastery of Westminster Abbey, ^[54] its main buildings surrounding its private square Little Dean's Yard (known as Yard), off Dean's Yard, where Church House, the headquarters of the Church of England, is situated, ^[55] along with some of the houses, the common room, the humanities building Weston's, and College Hall.

Liddell's House, and the school reception, taken from Dean's Yard

Just outside the abbey precincts in Great College Street is Sutcliff's (named after the tuck shop on the site of the building in the 19th century), where Geography, Art, ^[56] Theology, Philosophy and Classics (Latin and Ancient Greek) are taught. The Robert Hooke Science Centre ^[57] is further away, just off Smith Square. ^[58] As part of an expansion programme funded by donations and a legacy from A. A. Milne, ^[59] the school has acquired the nearby Millicent Fawcett Hall for Drama and Theatre Studies lessons and performances; ^{[60] [61]} the Manoukian Centre for Music Lessons ^{[62] [63] [64]} (timetabled and private) and recitals; and the Weston Building at 3 Dean's Yard. ^{[65] [66]} It often uses St John's, Smith Square as a venue for major musical concerts.

The School often uses St John's, Smith Square as a venue for major musical concerts.

College Garden, to the East of Little Dean's Yard, is believed to be the oldest garden in England, under continuous cultivation for about a millennium. ^[67] Just beyond rises the Victoria Tower of the Houses of Parliament; the King's Scholars have special rights of access to the House of Commons.^{[ citation needed ]} To the North, the Dark Cloister leads straight to the Abbey, which serves as the School Chapel. ^[68]

The playing fields are half a mile away at Vincent Square, ^[69] which Dean Vincent created for the school by hiring a horse and plough to carve 10 acres (40,000 m²) out of the open Tothill Fields. The boathouse is now some way from the school at Putney, ^[69] where it is also used for the Oxford and Cambridge boat race; but the school's First Eight still returns annually to exercise its traditional right to land at Black Rod Steps of the Palace of Westminster.

In 2011, the school agreed to buy a 999-year lease of Lawrence Hall, London from The Royal Horticultural Society. ^[70] This listed Art-Deco building adjacent to the school's playing fields at Vincent Square has been converted into a Sports Centre. It provides for climbing, martial arts, fencing, rowing, table tennis, badminton, netball, indoor football and indoor cricket. ^[71] In 2012 the school took possession of St Edward's House, which was the last Anglican monastery in London. ^[72] The building, on the corner of Great College Street and Tufton Street, now houses Purcell's, a Boarding House for girls and a Day House for boys, as well as a small Chapel and Refectory. ^[73] Westminster Under School has also been enlarged by a building in Douglas Street, which provides an Art Studio, IT Suite and Dining Hall. ^[74]

Westminster was the 13th most expensive HMC day school and tenth most expensive HMC boarding school in the UK in 2014/2015 ^[75] It achieved the highest percentage of students accepted by Oxbridge colleges over the period 2002–2006, ^[76] and was ranked as best boys' school in the country in terms of GCSE results in 2017. ^[77] In 2019, 84% of pupils scored A*-A for their A-Levels examination, while 80% scored A*-A for their GCSEs. ^[78]

Architecture

Westminster School, in the middle of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Westminster Abbey, St. Margaret's, and the Palace of Westminster, has several buildings notable for qualities, age and history.

• The Great Cloisters, St Faith's Chapel, The Chapter House, The Parlour, 1 and 2 The Cloisters, and the dormitory with the Chapel of St Dunstan are listed Grade I as a group on the National Heritage List for England. ^[79]
• The dormitory at Little Dean's Yard and the staircase and doorway in Little Dean's Yard to the Busby Library are separately listed Grade I. ^{[80] [81]}
• College Hall, the 14th-century abbot's state dining hall, is one of the oldest and finest examples of a medieval refectory and still in daily use for that purpose in term-time; outside of term it reverts to the dean as the abbot's successor. ^[82] Queen Elizabeth Woodville took sanctuary here in 1483 with five daughters and her son Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York, but failed to save him from his fate as one of the Princes in the Tower. In the 1560s, Elizabeth I several times came to see her scholars act their Latin plays on a stage in front of the attractive Elizabethan gallery, which may have been first erected especially for the purpose. ^{[83] [84]}
• College, now shared between the three Houses of College, Dryden's and Wren's, is a dressed stone building overlooking College Garden, ^[85] the former monastery's Infirmary garden, which is still the property of the Collegiate Church of Westminster Abbey. College dates from 1729 and was designed by the Earl of Burlington, based on earlier designs by Sir Christopher Wren (himself an Old Westminster).

The phoenix which was placed on the roof of the school in the 1950s to commemorate the school's resurgence after World War II

• School, originally built in the 1090s as the monks' dormitory, is the school's main hall, used for Latin Prayers (a weekly assembly with prayers in the Westminster dialect of Latin), ^[86] exams, and large concerts, plays and the like. From 1599 it was used to teach all the pupils, the Upper and Lower Schools being separated by a curtain hung from a 16th-century pig iron bar, which remains the largest piece of pig iron in the world.^{[ citation needed ]} The panelling "up School" is painted with the coats of arms of many former pupils. The original shell-shaped apse at the north end of the school gave its name to the 'Shell' forms taught there and the corresponding classes at many other public schools. The current shell displays a Latin epigram on the rebuilding of School, with the acrostic Semper Eadem, Elizabeth I's motto. The classroom door to the right of the Shell was recovered from the notorious Star Chamber at its demolition, but was destroyed during the Blitz. The building lies directly on top of the Westminster Abbey museum in the Norman Undercroft, and ends at the start of the Pyx Chamber. Both School and College had their roofs destroyed by incendiary bombs in the Blitz of 1941. They were re-opened by George VI in 1950. ^[87]
• The school gateway was also designed by the Earl of Burlington. It is engraved with the names of many pupils, who used to hire a stonemason for the purpose. ^[88]

Ashburnham House, as seen in 1880

• Ashburnham House houses the library ^[89] and the Mathematics Department, ^[90] and until 2005 accommodated the Economics, English and History of Art departments as well. Ashburnham House may have been built by Inigo Jones or his pupil John Webb around the time of the Restoration, as a London seat for the family, who became the Earls of Ashburnham. It incorporates remains of the mediaeval Prior's House. Its garden is the site of the monks' refectory and some of the earliest sittings of the House of Commons. In 1731 when Ashburnham housed the King's and Cottonian libraries, which form the basis of the British Library, ^[91] there was a disastrous fire, and many of the books and manuscripts still show the marks. ^[92] After the Public Schools Act 1868 there was a scandalous parliamentary and legal battle between the Dean and Chapter of Westminster Abbey and the School until the School eventually obtained Ashburnham House under the Act for £4,000. The dispute was reported in The Times and it was suggested by Thomas Wise, Secretary of The Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings that the property was "in danger of being pulled down or of being virtually destroyed by being converted into a boarding-house in connexion with Westminster School", adding that the "house is admirably suited for a residence for the Dean or one of the Canons, and is totally unfitted for a school or a boarding house." ^[93] The school responded: "The Chapter themselves have in past years greatly altered and disfigured Ashburnham-house. It had originally two wings; one was destroyed and never restored. About 1848 the roof was taken off, a story added, and a dome in the ceiling of the drawing-room demolished, the external elevation being ruined. The house now has no beauty externally, and hardly any features of interest internally, except the staircase, which in any case would be preserved". ^[94] On 28 November William Morris also became involved in the campaign, writing a letter to the editor of The Daily News . ^[95] In the event, the school demolished the adjacent Turle's House and renovated sections of the east wing, but left the staircase and drawing room untouched. ^[96] During the Second World War, the library was used for military purposes and as an American soldiers' club, the Churchill Club.

Customs

The Greaze

Pupils fight for the pancake (left), watched by the Dean of Westminster and the Head Master (right). The set of scales determines the winner.

The Greaze has been held "up School" (in the School Hall) on Shrove Tuesday since at least 1753. ^[97] The head cook ceremoniously tosses a horsehair-reinforced pancake over a high bar, which was used from the 16th century to curtain off the Under School from the Great School. Members of the school fight for the pancake for one minute, watched over by the Dean of Westminster, the Head Master, and the upper year groups of the school ^[98] and distinguished or even occasionally royal visitors. The pupil who gets the largest weight is awarded a gold sovereign (promptly redeemed for use next year), and the Dean begs for a half-holiday for the whole school. Weighing scales are on hand in the event of a dispute. A cook who failed to get the pancake over the bar after three attempts would formerly have been "booked" or pelted with Latin primers, but that tradition has long lapsed. ^{[99] [100]}

Coronation

The privilege of being the first commoners to acclaim each new sovereign at their coronation in Westminster Abbey is reserved for the King's (or Queen's) Scholars. Their shouts of "Vivat Rex/Regina" ("Long live the king/queen!") are incorporated into the coronation anthem "I was glad". ^[101] The tradition dates back to the coronation of King James II. ^[102]

Commem

The School commemorates its benefactors every year with a service in Westminster Abbey in Latin in which the Captain of the King's Scholars lays a wreath of pink roses on the tomb of Elizabeth I: the service alternates between Little Commem, held in Henry VII's Chapel and involving just the King's Scholars, and the Big Commem, to which the whole school community is invited. ^[103]

House of Commons gallery

The King's Scholars have privileged access to the House of Commons gallery, said to be a compromise recorded in the Standing Orders of the House in the 19th century, to stop the boys from climbing into the Palace over the roofs.

Latin prayers

Despite the formal separation from the abbey, ^[104] the school remains Anglican, with services in the abbey attended by the entire school at least twice a week, and many other voluntary-attendance services of worship. The school was expressly exempted by the Act of Uniformity to allow it to continue saying Latin prayers despite the Reformation. Every Wednesday there is an assembly Up School known as Latin Prayers, which opens with the Head Master leading all members of the school in chanting prayers in Latin, followed by notices in English. The school's unique pronunciation of formal Latin is known as "Westminster Latin", ^{[105] [106]} and descends from medieval English scholastic pronunciation: Queen Elizabeth I, who spoke fluent Latin, commanded that Latin was not to be said "in the monkish fashion", a significant warning upon loyalties between Church and State.

Latin plays

Since the monastic Christmas revels of medieval times, Latin plays have been presented by Scholars, with a prologue and witty epilogue on contemporary events. Annual plays, "either tragedy or comedy", were required by the school statutes in 1560, and some early plays were acted in College Hall before Elizabeth I and her whole Council. However, in a more prudish age, Queen Victoria did not accompany Prince Albert and the Prince of Wales to the play, and recorded in her diary that it was "very Improper". Today, the play is put on less frequently, any members of the school may take part, and the Master of the King's Scholars gives the Latin prologue. The 1938 play caused a diplomatic incident, with the German ambassador withdrawing offended by the words Magna Germania figuring in extenso on a map of Europe displayed.

Language

There is a Westminster jargon little known to the general public:

• Years 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 are called Fifth Form, Lower Shell, Upper Shell, Sixth Form and Remove, respectively.
• 'Green' is Dean's Yard.
• 'Yard' is Little Dean's Yard.
• 'School' is the main school hall, where Latin Prayers, exams and major plays and talks take place.
• 'Sanctuary' is the area outside the Great West Door of the Abbey off Broad Sanctuary.
• 'Fields' is Vincent Square.
• The preposition "up" is used to mean "at" or "towards" (hence up School). At my house (boarding/day) and home can be differentiated thus, up House means at School and at my house means at home.
• 'Station' is sport.
• 'Water' is rowing.

Station

Westminster School Boat Club's boathouse in Putney

The school has three Eton Fives courts behind Ashburnham House. The school frequently fields pupils as national entries in international competitions in rowing, or "water", and fencing.

Westminster School Boat Club is the oldest rowing club in the world, located on the River Thames. The Oxford University Boat Club uses Westminster's boathouse at Putney as its HQ for the annual Oxford and Cambridge boat race on the Thames. The boathouse was remodelled in 1997 and won a Wandsworth design award in 1999. ^[107] The school's colour is pink; Westminster rowers raced Eton College for the right to wear the colour. ^[108] One story goes that, at one annual Eton-Westminster rowing race, both crews arrived wearing pink, which was fashionable at the time. The Eton crew bought some light-blue ribbons (which later became the standard Eton colours) to differentiate themselves, but the Westminster crew won the race and the right to wear pink in perpetuity.^{[ citation needed ]} The premier Leander Club at Henley, founded in London by a number of Old Westminster rowers, later adopted it, although they call the colour cerise. ^[109] The only problems arise when racing against Abingdon School, whose team also wears pink.

The school playing fields in Vincent Square

Since 1810, when the Head Master, William Vincent, fenced off and ordered the ploughing of the waste marshlands known as Tothill Fields for use by the school, which were being threatened by London's urban sprawl, the school's main sports ground has been nearby at Vincent Square, ^{[110] [111]} with football and cricket on the main area and tennis and netball on the courts; it also hosts a playground for Westminster Under School. At 13 acres, it is the largest private, open green space in Central London, despite this, it is not large enough for all pupils doing these sports to use simultaneously the three football pitches and typically one smaller practice pitch becomes one main cricket square and several smaller practice squares for the cricket season. So the school hires and owns other sporting facilities near the school. These include the oldest boating club in the world, an astroturf ground in Battersea, and the Queen Mother Sports Centre, home to a variety of sports. "Green" (Dean's Yard) is also used, and the three Eton Fives courts in Ashburnham Garden, the garden behind Ashburnham House.

Westminster played in the first school cricket match against Charterhouse School in 1794 ^[112] and from 1796 played cricket against Eton. ^[113]

Westminster has a historic joint claim to a major role in developing Association Football. ^[114] During the 1840s at both Westminster and Charterhouse, pupils' surroundings meant they were confined to playing their football in the cloisters, ^[115] making the rough and tumble of the handling game that was developing at other schools such as Rugby impossible, and necessitating a new code of rules. On 24 November 1858, ^[116] Westminster played Dingley Dell at Vincent Square in the earliest known football fixture in the London area (Dingley Dell was the most active non-school team in the London area in the five years before the Football Association was established in 1863). ^[117] During the formulation of the rules of Association Football in the 1860s, representatives of Westminster School and Charterhouse also pushed for a passing game, in particular rules that allowed forward passing ("passing on"). Other schools (in particular Eton College, Harrow, and Shrewsbury School) favoured a dribbling game with a tight off-side rule. By 1867 the Football Association had chosen in favour of the Westminster and Charterhouse game and adopted an off-side rule that permitted forward passing. ^{[118] [119]} The modern forward-passing game was a direct consequence of Westminster and Charterhouse football.

Houses

Rigaud's House (far right), Grant's House (right), residence of the Master of the King's Scholars (centre), College (far left, top floors) and the Houses of Wren's and Dryden's (far left, ground floor)

The school is split into 11 houses, some of which are day houses (only admitting day pupils, who go home after school), the others being boarding houses with a mix of boarders and day pupils. College is the exception to this — all King's Scholars must board. Each house has a Housemaster, a teacher who is responsible for the house, the pupils in it and their welfare, and a Head of House, a pupil in the Remove, nominated by the Housemaster. The role of the Head of House largely consists of assisting the Housemaster in organising activities such as house competitions, for which the Head of House might draw up teams. Further to these positions, each day house has an Assistant Housemaster, and each boarding house has a Resident Tutor. The houses are named after people connected to the house or school in various ways – mainly prominent Old Westminsters, but also former Head Masters and Housemasters. Grant's is the oldest house for pupils other than scholars, not only of Westminster but of any public school.

Houses are a focus for pastoral care and social and sporting activities, as well as accommodation for boarders. All day houses are mixed-sex, and all houses admit girls; RR is the only boarding house not to admit girls as boarders (up until 2020) and PP does not admit boys as boarders. ^[120]

At inter-house sporting events, pupils wear house T-shirts, which are in house colours and feature the name of the house (except the College T-shirt which has no text).

House	Abbr.	Founded	Named after	Colours		Pupils
						Boarding	Day
College	CC	1560	n/a		Dark green	Mixed [121]	None
Grant's	GG	1750	The "mothers" Grant – landladies who owned the property and put up boys in the days before boarding existed, when the School only accommodated Scholars; the oldest house in any of the Public Schools.	■	Maroon on light blue	Mixed	Mixed
Rigaud's	RR	pre-1896 (rebuilt)	Stephen Jordan Rigaud – former schoolmaster	■	Black on orange (Tie uses orange on black)	Mixed	Mixed
Busby's	BB	1925	Richard Busby – former headmaster	■	Dark blue on maroon	Mixed	Mixed
Liddell's	LL	1956	Henry Liddell – former headmaster	■	Blue on yellow (ties are yellow on black or yellow and silver on black)	Mixed	Mixed
Purcell's [a]	PP	1981	Henry Purcell – former organist of Westminster Abbey	■	White on purple	Girls	Boys
Ashburnham	AHH	1881	The Earls of Ashburnham whose London house is now part of the School	■	Light blue on dark blue	None	Mixed
Wren's	WW	1948	Christopher Wren	■	Pink on black (Blue and Maroon used on ties)
Dryden's	DD	1976	John Dryden	■	Silver on red (Tie uses separated silver and red stripes on dark blue)
Hakluyt's	HH	1987	Richard Hakluyt [122]	■	Yellow on blue
Milne's	MM	1997	A. A. Milne	■	Black on orange (Tie uses Red and Yellow)

All King's Scholars, both boys and girls, are required to board in College (unless under exceptional circumstances). Wren's was formerly known as Homeboarders and Dryden's as Dale's. Before it was rebuilt, Rigaud's was known as Clapham's and Best's.

Staff

Head masters

• Since 2020 Gary Savage
• 2014–2020 Patrick Derham
• 2005–2014 Stephen Spurr
• 1998–2005 Tristram Jones-Parry
• 1986–1998 David Summerscale
• 1970–1986 John Malcolm Rae
• 1957–1970 John Dudley Carleton
• 1950–1957 Walter Hamilton
• 1937–1950 John Traill Christie
• 1919–1936 Harold Costley-White
• 1901–1919 James Gow
• 1883–1901 William Gunion Rutherford
• 1855–1883 Charles Broderick Scott
• 1846–1855 Henry George Liddell
• 1828–1846 Richard Williamson
• 1819–1828 Edmund Goodenough
• 1815–1819 William Page
• 1803-1814 William Carey
• 1802 John Wingfield
• 1788–1802 William Vincent
• 1764–1788 Samuel Smith
• 1764 John Hinchliffe
• 1753–1764 William Markham
• 1733–1753 John Nicoll
• 1711–1733 Robert Freind
• 1695–1711 Thomas Knipe
• 1639–1695 Richard Busby
• 1621–1639 Lambert Osbaldeston (jointly with Wilson until 1626)
• 1610–1626 John Wilson
• 1598–1610 Richard Ireland
• 1593–1597 William Camden
• 1572–1592 Edward Grant
• 1570–1572 Francis Howlyn
• 1564–1570 Thomas Browne
• 1563 John Randall
• 1562 Robert Rolle
• 1557 John Passey
• 1555–1556 Nicholas Udall
• 1543–1555 Alexander Nowell
• 1540 John Adams

Other notable staff

• Nick Bevan (rowing coach, later headmaster of Shiplake College)
• John Sargeaunt (English Master)
• David Riches (rowing coach, history teacher)

Controversies

Fee fixing

Between 2001 and 2004, the school was one of fifty independent schools involved in the independent school fee fixing scandal in the United Kingdom. It was subsequently found guilty of operating a fee-fixing cartel by the Office of Fair Trading. The commission argued that until 2000, the practice had been legal and that the commission had not been aware of the change to the law. ^[123]

Rape culture and racism

Two independent reviews were commissioned after national campaigns from Everyone's Invited and Black Lives Matter unearthed evidence of rape culture and racism at Westminster School. ^[124] In March 2022, the school issued a "sincere and unreserved" apology for harm caused by racism, sexual harassment and other harmful sexual behaviour. ^{[124] [125]}

Review into harmful sexual behaviours

In March 2021, alumni compiled a "dossier of rape culture" at the school. ^[126] A 21-page document included 76 entries on "everyday life" for female pupils and included claims of rape, sexual assault, and sexual harassment. ^[127] Allegations were levelled at both students and teachers. ^{[126] [128]}

In March 2022, a review into harmful sexual behaviour at the school was headed by Fiona Scolding QC. The review considered 44 Westminster-related posts submitted to Everyone's Invited alongside other evidence. The review found that 25% of pupils and 65% of girls surveyed said they experienced physical or verbal harmful sexual behaviours, sexual discrimination, and unwanted sharing of images. ^[124] There was also "a strong sense from pupil interviewees of a social hierarchy within the school where some male pupils' status was dictated by familial wealth, academic success and charisma." ^[124] Submissions to Everyone's Invited also recalled the Westminster Tree website that mapped sexual contact between students. ^[129]

A total of 44 recommendations included an overhaul of the school's relationships and sex education curriculum, "active bystander" training, and a greater emphasis on building healthy relationships. The report also recommended training for housemasters, matrons, and tutors on managing pastoral issues including mental health. Other recommendations include a behavioural code of conduct for students informed by the student body. ^[124]

Racism and race review

In 2020, more than 250 alumni signed a letter lobbying the school to combat the "toxic culture of racism within the student body." Signatories complained that Westminster did not include any black authors in their curriculum and overlooked Britain's role in the slave trade. ^[130]

In March 2022, Challenge Consultancy published a Race Review of Westminster School that found "continued denial of the racism and the invisibility of the issue". ^[124] Challenge Consultancy was commissioned by Westminster School to facilitate understanding of how staff and pupils perceive the culture around race, ethnicity and cultural diversity and consider how it can better engage with these issues in the future. The review's authors were led by Femi Otitoju who found evidence that international pupils including British Asian, British Black, Chinese and Jewish pupils "recounted a lack of sensitivity and delays in responding to emotions they experienced when calling out unacceptable behaviour". ^[124] 25 recommendations included the recruitment of "diverse teaching staff," a publicised racial harassment policy, and an increased offer of counselling for victims. ^[124]

Old Westminsters

See also: List of people educated at Westminster School

About 900 people educated at Westminster School are in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Former pupils are known at the school as "Old Westminsters" and include the following:

• Richard Hakluyt (1553–1616), writer ^[131]
• Thomas Braddock (1556–1607), clergyman and translator ^[132]
• Ben Jonson (1573–1637), poet and dramatist ^[133]
• Arthur Dee (1579–1651), alchemist and royal physician
• George Herbert (1593–1633), public orator and poet ^[134]
• John Dryden (1631–1700), poet and playwright ^[135]
• John Locke (1632–1704), philosopher ^[136]
• Sir Christopher Wren (1632–1723), architect and scientist, co-founder of the Royal Society ^[137]
• Robert Hooke (1635–1703), scientist ^[138]
• Henry Purcell (1659–1695), composer
• Joseph Thurston (1704–1732), poet admired by Alexander Pope ^[139]
• Charles Wesley (1707–1788), Methodist preacher and writer of over 6,000 hymns ^[140]
• Sir Charles Asgill, 1st Baronet (1714–1788), banker and Lord Mayor of London (1757–1758)
• Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel (1725–1786), First Lord of the Admiralty
• Augustus Henry Fitzroy, 3rd Duke of Grafton (1735–1811), Prime Minister
• Edward Gibbon (1737–1794), historian ^[141]
• Charles O'Hara (1740 – 25 February 1802), British military officer in the Seven Years' War, American War of Independence, and French Revolutionary War, later Governor of Gibraltar
• Charles Cotesworth Pinckney (1746–1825), ADC to Washington 1777, defeated by Jefferson in 1804 in contest for Presidency
• Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832), lawyer, eccentric and philosopher ^[142]
• Thomas Pinckney (1750–1828), American soldier, politician, and diplomat
• Sir Charles Asgill, 2nd Baronet (1762–1823), British soldier and principal in the Asgill Affair
• Robert Southey (1774–1843), poet, historian and biographer ^[143]
• Matthew Lewis (1775–1818), novelist and dramatist ^[144]
• FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan (1788–1855), lost his right arm at Waterloo, C-in-C in the Crimea who is honoured with a statue in Dean's Yard
• John Russell, 1st Earl Russell (1792–1878), Prime Minister
• Augustus Short (11 June 1802 – 5 October 1883), the first Anglican bishop of Adelaide, South Australia
• Harry Robert Kempe (1852–1935), electrical engineer, author and editor. ^[145]
• A. A. Milne (1882–1956, QS), author and journalist ^[146]
• Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos (1893–1972), Cabinet Minister during World War II, chairman of the National Theatre Board
• Hossein Ala' (1882–1964), former Prime Minister of Iran
• Sir Adrian Boult (1889–1983), conductor
• Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian (1889–1977) Nobel prize winner
• Charles William Anderson Scott (1903–1946), pioneer aviator
• Sir John Gielgud (1904–2000, GG), actor and director ^[147]
• Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith (1909–1981), historian ^[148]
• Kim Philby (1912–1988), high-ranking member of British intelligence, one of the Cambridge Five and NKVD/KGB double agent
• Sir Norman Parkinson (1913–1990), portrait and fashion photographer
• Richard Stone (1913–1991), winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics ^[149]
• Roger Kidner (1914–2007), publisher and railway photographer ^[150]
• Sir Andrew Huxley (1917–2012), Nobel prizewinning physiologist
• Sir Peter Ustinov (1921–2004), actor, writer, director and raconteur ^[151]
• John Cole (1923–1995), fashion photographer
• Tony Benn (1925–2014), politician ^[152]
• Peter Brook (1925–2022, LL 1937–1938), theatre director
• Nigel Lawson (1932–2023, WW 1945–1950), former Chancellor of the Exchequer, father of Nigella Lawson
• Simon Gray (1936–2008, WW 1949–1954), playwright and diarist ^[153]
• Jonathan Fenby (born 1942, LL 1956–1960), journalist, author and former Editor of The Observer and South China Morning Post
• Sir Martyn Poliakoff (born 1947) Professor of Chemistry and narrator of The Periodic Table of Videos ^[154]
• Andrew Lloyd Webber (born 1948, QS 1960–1965), composer and producer ^[155]
• Stephen Poliakoff (born 1952, WW 1966–1970), director, playwright and television dramatist ^[156]
• Chris Huhne (born 1954), disgraced Liberal Democrat politician
• Dominic Grieve (born 1956), former attorney-general and pro-European politician
• Jon Crowcroft (born 1957), Professor at the University of Cambridge
• Shane MacGowan (1957-2023, AHH 1972–1973), musician
• Adam Boulton (born 1959), journalist, broadcaster and author
• Andrew Graham-Dixon (born 1960), art critic and writer
• Edward St Aubyn (born 1960), author and journalist ^[157]
• Timothy Winter (born 1960), Shaykh Zayed Lecturer in Islamic Studies, Faculty of Divinity, Cambridge University
• David Heyman (born 1961), film producer ^{[158] [159] [160]}
• Alexander Beard (born 1963), arts administrator
• Matt Frei (born 1963, RR 1978–1981), broadcaster ^[161]
• Ian Bostridge (born 1964), classical tenor
• Gavin Rossdale (born 1965), musician, songwriter, and lead singer with rock band Bush
• Michael Sherwood (born 1965), banker
• Lucasta Miller (born 1966), writer and critic
• Helena Bonham Carter (born 1966, LL 1982–1984), actress ^[162]
• Jason Kouchak (born 1967), pianist and composer
• Noreena Hertz (born 1967, CC 1983–85), economist and campaigner
• Nick Clegg (born 1967, LL), Liberal Democrat leader, MP for Sheffield Hallam, former Deputy Prime Minister ^[163]
• James Robbins (1968–1972, GG), broadcaster
• Ruth Kelly (born 1968, DD 1984–86), cabinet minister ^[164]
• Afshin Rattansi (RR 1981–83), journalist
• Marcel Theroux (born 1968), novelist and broadcaster ^[165]
• Joe Cornish (born 1968), broadcaster, director and screenwriter
• Adam Buxton (born 1969), comedian
• Giles Coren (born 1969, RR 1982–1988), journalist
• Lucy Walker (born 1970), documentary film-maker ^[166]
• Louis Theroux (born 1970), broadcaster
• Jonathan Yeo (born 1970), artist
• Dido Armstrong (born 1971, WW, 1987–1989), British musician under the name "Dido"
• Polly Arnold (born 1972) Director of the Chemical Sciences Division at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
• Martha Lane Fox (born 1973), head of Digital Public Services ^[167]
• James Reynolds (born 1974), BBC News presenter
• Conrad Shawcross (born 1977), artist
• Pinny Grylls (born 1978, HH 1994–1996), documentary film-maker
• Benjamin Yeoh (born 1978), playwright
• Christian Coulson (born 1978), Harry Potter actor
• Simon Ambrose (born 1979), Chairman of the London Contemporary Orchestra
• Alexander Shelley (born 1979), conductor
• Anna Stothard (born 1983), novelist
• Michael Penniman (born 1983), musician under the name "Mika"
• Jack Farthing (born 1985), actor
• Grace Chatto (born 1985), cellist in the band Clean Bandit
• Alfred Enoch (born 1988), Harry Potter actor
• Alexander Guttenplan (born 1990), captain of winning University Challenge team 2010
• Jack Aitken (born 1995), racing driver
• Blondey McCoy (born 1997), artist and model
• Olivia Hardy (2021-2023), singer
• George Grylls (born 1994), journalist

A monument to commemorate former pupils who died in the Crimean War, situated in the Sanctuary, next to the Great West Door of Westminster Abbey

Victoria Cross holders

Six pupils of Westminster have been awarded the Victoria Cross:

• Edmund Henry Lenon (1830–1893, at Westminster June 1851 – 1855)
• William George Hawtry Bankes (1836–1858) (at Westminster April 1850 – 1856)
• Sir Nevill Maskelyne Smyth (1868–1941, at Westminster June 1882 – 1885). He served in the First World War
• Arthur Martin-Leake (1874–1953; at Westminster June 1888 – 1891), one of only three to receive twice ^[168]
• William Hew Clark-Kennedy (1879–1961, at Westminster June 1893 – 1896)
• Richard Wakeford (1921–1972, at Westminster June 1934 – 1940)

See also

• List of the oldest schools in the United Kingdom
• List of the oldest schools in the world
• Old Westminsters F.C.
• Schools' Head of the River Race
• The Old Boys' Network

Notes

1. Formerly Barton Street, and originally a part of Dryden's

References

1. "Westminster School". BBC News. 15 January 2009. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
2. Performance tables, Westminster School Archived 12 October 2009 at the UK Government Web Archive . Department for Education, 2005.
3. School Overview – Westminster School Archived 15 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine , schoolsfinder (government website).
4. "Governing Body". Westminster School. 1 February 2021. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
5. "New Head Master Announced". Westminster School. 25 November 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
6. "Westminster School, Westminster, London Area, Independent Schools". Isc.co.uk. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
7. "Schools List South". Ogden Trust. 25 January 2008. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
8. "Our History". Westminster School.
9. "A Guide to Public Schools in the United Kingdom". Publicschools.co.uk. Archived from the original on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
10. "1 Corinthians 3:6 I planted the seed and Apollos watered it, but God made it grow".
11. "Top UK 100 boarding schools by A-levels results". www.ukuni.net. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
12. Kirk, Ashley; Scott, Patrick (24 August 2019). "Best independent schools in the UK: Compare league table results for A-levels" . The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
13. "University Destinations". Westminster School. Archived from the original on 3 November 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
14. "These are officially the private schools who get the most students into Oxbridge". The Tab. London. 10 September 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
15. "Westminster School Reviews, Rankings, Fees And More". Britannia UK. London. 10 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
16. McNamee, Annie (6 April 2024). "These are UK's best private schools, according to a prestigious ranking". Time Out. London. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
17. "Westminster School". UK Boarding Schools Guide. Retrieved 30 August 2011.^{[ permanent dead link ]}
18. Schools Guide. The Tatler. London. 2009.
19. "History". Westminster School. Archived from the original on 24 August 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
20. "About the Abbey". Westminster Abbey.
21. "Historical notes on Westminster Schools". Archived 3 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine Westminster City Council. "After the dissolution of the monasteries in 1540, Henry VIII personally ensured its survival by statute".
22. "Elizabeth I has been credited with founding the Westminster School in 1560". Luminarium.org. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
23. "Westminster School in London". Londonancestor.com. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
24. "William Camden". Westminster Abbey. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
25. The King's Nurseries, John Field, page 29
26. "Dr. Richard Busby, Lord of the Manor & Headmaster of Westminster School". Clutch.open.ac.uk. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
27. "Dr. Richard Busby's legacy". Clutch.open.ac.uk. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
28. "Up School" is a Westminster term, meaning in or to the ancient school hall.
29. Denis Larionov & Alexander Zhulin. "The 'Majesty Scutcheon.' taken from Cromwell's bier. ebooksread.com electronic library". Ebooksread.com. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
30. "The Majesty Scutcheon" . Retrieved 29 February 2024.
31. "The King's Scholars' Pardon" . Retrieved 29 February 2024.
32. "Westminster School Past and Present". Wyman & Sons. 1884. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
33. Public Schools and Private Education: The Clarendon Commission, 1861–64. Manchester University Press. 1988. ISBN   9780719025808 . Retrieved 10 July 2015.
34. "Westminster School: The Governing Body". www.westminster.org.uk. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
35. "Westminster Under School". Westminsterunder.org.uk. Archived from the original on 26 November 2005. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
36. The Record of Old Westminsters
37. "Innovative. Individual. Inspirational". Education UK. 27 May 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
38. "Westminster Under School". Westminsterunder.org.uk. Archived from the original on 9 May 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
39. Rae, John (18 April 2009). "The Old Boys' Network". The Spectator. London. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
40. Halpin, Tony (10 November 2005). "Independent schools face huge fines over cartel to fix fees". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 10 March 2007.(subscription required)
41. Calvert, Jonathan (4 May 2003). "Parents may sue on school fee rise 'cartel'". The Times. London.^{[ dead link ]}(subscription required)
42. "Private schools send papers to fee-fixing inquiry" . The Daily Telegraph. London. 1 March 2004. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
43. "OFT names further trustees as part of the independent schools settlement" (Press release). Office of Fair Trading. 21 December 2006. Archived from the original on 2 April 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
44. Clare, John (25 February 2006). "Why did OFT take a pile-driver to crack a nut?" . The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
45. MacLeod, Donald (9 November 2005). "Elite schools 'breached law' on fees". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
46. "Queen unveils statue of Elizabeth I at Westminster Abbey" . The Telegraph. London. 22 May 2010. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2016.(subscription required)
47. "Luke Hurst: Westminster School are Slapping You in the Face With a Big Wad of Cash" Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Huffington Post. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
48. Bennett, Rosemary (7 December 2017). "Westminster School to open in China". The Times. London. Retrieved 7 December 2017.(subscription required)
49. Phillips, Tom (7 December 2017). "Westminster School to set up branches in China to teach Chinese curriculum". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
50. "Westminster School to teach Chinese curriculum in China – Political education at UK private school's new sites to fall under Communist party direction" . Financial Times. London. 7 December 2017. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2017.(subscription required)
51. Coughlan, Sean (7 December 2017). "Westminster to open six schools in China". BBC News. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
52. Bennett, Rosemary (18 May 2018). "Westminster and Kings accused of helping Chinese teach propaganda". The Times. London. Retrieved 20 May 2018.(subscription required)
53. Wood, Poppy (3 November 2021). "Westminster School abandons plans for sister sites in China amid concerns about communist curriculum". i news. London. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
54. "Westminster School has been teaching scholars in the precincts of the Abbey since at least 1394" (PDF). Westminster City Council. 10 July 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2009.
55. "The Corporation of Church House". Church House. 10 June 1940. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
56. Westminster School|Activities|Art Archived 31 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine
57. "Projects". Weston Williamson Architects. Archived from the original on 10 September 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
58. Westminster School|Academic Life|Robert Hooke Science Centre Archived 29 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine
59. Mount, Harry (12 October 2004). "Trust me: TJP would gain nothing from taking a PGCE" . The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2010.(subscription required)
60. Westminster School |Activities |Drama Archived 29 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine
61. "Radio 4 Making History – Latest programme". BBC. 18 October 2005. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
62. "Commercial Case Studies". Smartcomm. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
63. Westminster School|Activities|Music Archived 28 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine
64. "London Conducting Workshop Details". London-conducting-workshop.com. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
65. "Academic Life - Weston building". Westminster School. Archived from the original on 24 January 2010.
66. "Archived copy". www.byrnegroup.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
67. "College Garden". Westminster Abbey. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
68. Horan, Tom (2 April 2009). "The Old Boys' Network: a Headmaster's Diaries, 1970–86 by John Rae: Review" . The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2010.(subscription required)
69. Westminster School|Activities|Sports Archived 12 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine
70. "Westminster School News". Westminster.org.uk. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
71. "The Elizabethan Newsletter, 2012/2013, p. 14". oldwestminster.org.uk/. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
72. Society of St. John the Evangelist#British congregation.
73. "The Elizabethan Newsletter, 2012/2013, p. 16". oldwestminster.org.uk/. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
74. "The Elizabethan Newsletter, 2012/2013, p. 17". oldwestminster.org.uk/. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
75. "Private School Fees". Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
76. "Oxbridge 'elitism'".
77. "Top 100 Schools by GCSE".
78. "Westminster School UK: Reviews, Ranking, Fees And More". Britannia StudyLink Malaysia: UK Study Expert. 30 October 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
79. Historic England. "The Great Cloisters, including St Faiths Chapel, The Chapter House... (1066370)". National Heritage List for England . Retrieved 9 August 2021.
80. Historic England. "Little Dean's Yard (College of Westminster School) (1066372)". National Heritage List for England . Retrieved 9 August 2021.
81. Historic England. "Little Dean's Yard: Staircase to Doorway and Gateway to 'School' and Busby Library (1066373)". National Heritage List for England . Retrieved 9 August 2021.
82. Archived 16 October 2009 at the Portuguese Web Archive
83. "Abbey's 'secret' hall opens its doors". London: BBC News. 28 February 2002. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
84. "Six hundred years of history". BBC News. 28 February 2002. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
85. "College Garden". Westminster Abbey. 25 October 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
86. Westminster School Almanack, p. 13.
87. The King's Nurseries, John Field, p. 101.
88. "History of the School Gateway". Westminster School. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
89. Westminster School |Academic Life |The Library Archived 15 January 2003 at the Wayback Machine
90. "Westminster Almanack, p. 16" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
91. Cotton Manuscripts Archived 12 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine , British Library.
92. "Burnt Cotton Collection survey enables digitisation prioritisation" . Retrieved 10 July 2015.
93. [The Times (London, England), Wednesday, 23 November 1881; pg. 8]
94. [The Times (London, England), Monday, 28 November 1881; p. 6]
95. Morris, William (14 July 2014). The Collected Letters of William Morris, Volume II, Part A: 1881–1884, Volume 2. Princeton University Press. ISBN   9781400858675 . Retrieved 10 July 2015.
96. Donovan, Andrea Elizabeth (12 December 2007). William Morris and the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings. Routledge. ISBN   9781135914080 . Retrieved 10 July 2015.
97. "Westminster School, Milestones". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2015. 1753 – "First recorded 'Pancake Greaze".
98. "Health and safety diminishes Westminister School's annual Pancake 'Greaze'" . The Telegraph. 4 March 2010. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
99. "One Pancake for Fifteen Boys" (PDF). The New York Times. 2 March 1899.
100. "English Schoolboys: Recollections of Westminster" (PDF). The New York Times. 11 July 1903.
101. "Guide to the Coronation Service". Westminster Abbey. Archived from the original on 5 December 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
102. Lawrence E. Tanner (1934), Westminster School: A History, Country Life Ltd, London, p. 36.
103. "Big Commem 2014". Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
104. "Westminster School, a public school with ancient and modern buildings nearby, was once the Abbey School." Archived 11 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine
105. Annals of Westminster School by John Sargeaunt, 1898
106. Charles Low reads the Election Dinner graces
107. Archived 12 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
108. Prospectus Archived 25 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine , p. 20. "In 1837 there was a boat race against Eton in which each school chose their colours – Westminster chose pink which remains the school's colour to this day."
109. "Leander Club – Shop – About". Leander.co.uk. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
110. Shearer, Paul (16 May 2009). "Palatial surroundings" . Financial Times. London. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022.
111. Coren, Giles (23 May 2009). "Forget the Ashes This is how to play cricket". The Times. London. Retrieved 6 April 2010.^{[ dead link ]}
112. The Earliest School Match Archived 25 January 2004 at the Wayback Machine
113. "Eton College v Westminster 1796". Cricket Archive. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
114. "History of Football – The Global Growth". FIFA. Archived from the original on 4 September 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
115. "World Cup kicked off in the Cloisters". Westminster Abbey. 1 June 2006. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
116. Bell's Life , 12 December 1858
117. Curry, Graham (3 April 2019). "Football in the capital: a local study with national consequences". Soccer & Society. 20 (3): 512–527. doi:10.1080/14660970.2017.1355790. ISSN   1466-0970. S2CID   148890249.
118. Morris Marples, A History of Football, Secker and Warburg, London 1954, p. 50.
119. FIFA.com – Football Rules are brilliant! Archived 5 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine
120. Westminster School |Entry Levels |Entry at 7/8 Archived 6 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine
121. Derham, Patrick (15 September 2017). "A great moment in the history of @wschool. The induction of the Queen's Scholars including the first four girls.pic.twitter.com/LaixNZ7EIu". @PatrickDerham. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
122. "Hakluyt's Online | About Hakluyt's". Homepages.westminster.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
123. "Private schools fee-fixing ruling". BBC News. 9 November 2005.
124. "Everyone's Invited: Westminster School apologises after sexual harassment claims". BBC News. 14 March 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
125. Woolcock, Nicola (12 March 2022). "Westminster headmaster apologises after abuse and race reviews". The Times. London. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
126. King, Jordan (21 March 2021). "Ex-pupils compile dossier of 'rape culture' at £40,000-a-year private school". Metro. London. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
127. Ellery, Ben; Amos, Katy; Woolcock, Nicola (20 March 2021). "Former pupils compile dossier of 'rape culture' at Westminster School". The Times. London. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
128. Nachiappan, Arthi; Watts, Ryan (5 April 2021). "Students accuse 'groping' teachers in school sex abuse scandal". The Times. London. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
129. Prichard, Evie (31 March 2021). "What I went through as a pupil at Westminster School". The Times. London. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
130. "Top public school accused of 'toxic culture of racism' among pupils". The Guardian. London. 14 June 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
131. Gerald Roe Crone. "Richard Hakluyt (British geographer)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
132. Stephen Wright, "Bradock, Thomas (1555/6–1607)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 23 June 2017
133. "Ben Jonson (English writer)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
134. "George Herbert (British poet)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
135. "John Dryden (British author)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
136. "John Locke (English philosopher)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
137. "History – Historic Figures: Sir Christopher Wren (1632–1723)". BBC. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
138. "Chronology of Robert Hooke". Roberthooke.org.uk. Archived from the original on 14 April 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
139. ODNB. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
140. "Charles Wesley (English clergyman)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
141. "Edward Gibbon (British historian)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
142. "Jeremy Bentham (British philosopher and economist)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
143. "Robert Southey (English author)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
144. "Matthew Gregory Lewis (English writer)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
145. "The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37630.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
146. "Milne, Alan Alexander (MLN900AA)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
147. "Sir John Gielgud (British actor and director)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
148. Chambers Biographical Dictionary. Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd. 2007. Retrieved 26 May 2011. Hosted by Credo Reference.
149. Pesaran, M. H. (2000). "Life and Work of John Richard Nicholas Stone 1913-1991". The Economic Journal. 110 (461): 146–165. doi:10.1111/1468-0297.00511.
150. "Obituary: RW Kidner". the Guardian. 5 October 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
151. "Sir Peter Ustinov (British actor, author, and director)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
152. "Tony Benn: End of an era". BBC News. 10 March 2001. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
153. "Simon Gray (British dramatist)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
154. "In the footsteps of Tizard – Periodic Table of Videos", The Periodic Table of Videos, The University of Nottingham, 13 March 2013, archived from the original on 7 November 2021, retrieved 28 May 2013
155. Moore, Charles (6 July 2009). "Shining a light on the magic of the coronation in Westminster Abbey" . The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
156. Wroe, Nicholas (28 November 2009). "A life in drama: Stephen Poliakoff". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
157. Cooke, Rachel (8 January 2006). "Interview: Edward St Aubyn". the Guardian. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
158. Interview by Michael White – 16 July 2009 00:00 EDT (16 July 2009). "'Harry Potter' Producer Ignored First Rowling Book: Interview". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
159. "Making Harry Potter magic – Norwalk News – The Hour – Norwalk's Newspaper". The Hour. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
160. "His Wizard Connection". The Baltimore Sun. 17 July 2011. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
161. "Matt Frei: Aiming for the White House". The Independent. London. 26 May 2008. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
162. "Helena Bonham Carter Biography – Yahoo! Movies". Yahoo!. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
163. Oliver, Jonathan (14 September 2008). "Nick Clegg may send sons to private school". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 17 May 2009. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
164. "Profile: Ruth Kelly". BBC News. 24 September 2008. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
165. "Marcel Theroux – More than just a family affair". The Independent. London. 16 August 2001. Archived from the original on 19 May 2009. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
166. "Notable OWW".
167. "Martha my very dear". BBC News. 2 March 2000. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
168. Westminster School Development Office, (2005), The Elizabethan Newsletter 2004/2005, page 4, (Westminster School)

Further reading

• John Rae (2009). The Old Boy's Network. Short Books.
• Tony Trowles (2005). A Guide to the Literature of Westminster Abbey, Westminster School and St. Margaret's Church 1571–2000. Boydell Press.
• John Rae (1994). Delusions of Grandeur: A Headmaster's Life. HarperCollins.
• Lance Bertelsen (1987). The Nonsense Club: Literature and Popular Culture, 1749–1764 . Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN   978-0-19-812859-5.
• John Field (1986). The King's Nurseries: The Story of Westminster School (2nd ed.). James & James. ISBN   978-0-907383-01-7.
• John Dudley Carleton (1965). Westminster School: A History (revised ed.). R. Hart-Davis.
• Lawrence Edward Tanner (1934). Westminster School: A History. Country Life.
• Reginald Airy (1902). Handbooks to the Great Public Schools: Westminster. George Bell & Sons.
• John Sargeaunt (1898). Annals of Westminster School. Methuen.
• Frederic Forshall (1884). Westminster School: Past and Present. Wyman & Sons.
• Westminster School Almanack

External links

• Official website