Tengku Mansur | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Wali Negara of Sumatera Timur | |
| In office 28 January 1948 –17 August 1950 | |
| President | Sukarno |
| Preceded by | Position created |
| Succeeded by | Position abolished |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1897 |
| Died | 1955 |
| Nationality | Indonesian |
| Children | 2 |
| Alma mater | STOVIA Leiden University |
Tengku Mansur or Tengku Mansoer (1897-1955) was a Malay nationalist and the only Wali Negara (head of state) of East Sumatra,part of the United States of Indonesia.
Mansur was a member of the Asahan royal family,an uncle of Sultan Saiboen. He studied medicine at the STOVIA medical school in Batavia,where from 1917 to 1919 he was the founding chairman of the Jong Sumatranen Bond,a Sumatran nationalist organization. He subsequently continued his medical studies in Leiden,where he specialized in surgery. There,he met and married a Dutch woman. He later worked as a doctor in Sulawesi and Batavia,then returned to Medan where he became a highly respected surgeon and wrote medical books in the Malay language. [1] [2]
In February 1940,Mansur was elected head of the East Sumatra Association (Persatuan Sumatera Timur - PST),an organisation that had been established in April 1938 to educate and improve the welfare of indigenous people,principally Malays,Karos,and Simalungun people. Although it had been formed by non-aristocratic people,it was thought that having a member of the Asahan royal family as leader would increase its influence and attract more members. By 1941,the organisation had 900 members. [2] [3] [4]
In 1942,the Japanese invaded and occupied the East Indies. In June 1943,the Japanese government announced that Indonesians would be permitted "political participation" and this resulted in advisory councils (shu sangi kai) being set up in each residency to consider questions put to them by the local Japanese leadership. In March 1945,Mansur was appointed chairman of the Japanese East Sumatra advisory council. [5]
On 15 August 1945,the Japanese surrendered,and two days later,Indonesian nationalist leader Sukarno proclaimed the independence of Indonesia in Jakarta. However,this surrender was only announced a week later,while the proclamation was only known about by the Indonesian elite,who worried that it would upset the relationships between the various groups. On 29 August,Mansur invited prominent Indonesian figures to his house to discuss their response to the events. There were two outcomes from this meeting:a statement asking the people to stay calm,and the establishment of a committee led by Mansur and the Sultan of Langkat tasked with explaining to the victorious Allies why they had needed to cooperate with this Japanese. This was an attempt to avoid accusations of collaboration. Rumors soon spread that this was in fact a committee established to welcome the returning Dutch colonial forces,or even to seize power in the meantime. The sultans and the Sumatran elite,anxious to protect their own status and interests,had been hoping for the return of the Dutch and for what they saw as the normal state of affairs to be restored. Masur made a decision to not cooperate with the republic. However,pro-independence activists were much stronger in their support for the Republic of Indonesia. Tensions between the two sides grew more intense,and culminated in the outbreak of the East Sumatra "social revolution" in March 1946. A large number of aristocrats were killed,and the sultanates were dissolved. According to a Dutch report,127 of Mansur's relatives were killed in this period. [6] [7] [8]
By the middle of 1946 the violence had subsided,and the arrival of Dutch military forces meant the pro-republican forces were under pressure. The surviving elite made statements of loyalty to the Dutch and began to press for an "autonomous" East Sumatra region under Dutch protection. They were supported in this by the majority of members of the Malay,ethnic Chinese and Eurasian inhabitants. This led to plans for an plantation economy-based East Sumatran state,but without the sultans in their previous privileged positions. [8]
On 31 July 1947,a mass meeting was held in Medan to call for the formation of a state of East Sumatra. One speaker read out a petition addressed to the Dutch Lieutenant Governor General asking him to recognize such a state within a federal Indonesia. He also announced the formation of a Committee for an East Sumatra Special Region (Comite Daerah Istimewa Soematera Timoer - Comite DIST) with Mansur as chairman. The Dutch began establishing the necessary bureaucracy and on August 25,a meeting was held at Mansur's house attended by DIST committee members,other supporters and Dutch officials to discuss the establishment of the state. The State of East Indonesia (NST) was established by decree on 25 December 1947,and it was officially proclaimed on 29 January the following year,with Mansur as head of state (Wali Negara). [9] [10] [11]
As head of the NST,Mansur tried to build a state that was Malay-led,but not simply a reincarnation of the old social structure headed by sultans. This caused discontent among the former aristocrats,and at the same time Mansur was unable to attract support from immigrant communities,particularly the ethnic Javanese,who still mistrusted him. Meanwhile support for the Republic of Indonesia continued to grow. By early 1950,all the states of the United States of Indonesia except East Indonesia and the NST had dissolved themselves into the Republic of Indonesia. From 3-5 May 1950,Mansur met with Indonesian Vice-president Hatta and East Indonesian head of state Soekowati and agreed to combine all three states into a unitary Indonesian state. On 17 August 1950,the NST ceased to exist. [12] [13] [14]
The Indonesian National Revolution, also known as the Indonesian War of Independence, was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal social revolution during postwar and postcolonial Indonesia. It took place between Indonesia's declaration of independence in 1945 and the Netherlands' transfer of sovereignty over the Dutch East Indies to the Republic of the United States of Indonesia at the end of 1949.
Medan is the capital and largest city of the Indonesian province of North Sumatra. The nearby Strait of Malacca, Port of Belawan, and Kualanamu International Airport make Medan a regional hub and multicultural metropolis, acting as a financial centre for Sumatra and a gateway to the western part of Indonesia. About 60% of the economy in North Sumatra is backed by trading, agriculture, and processing industries, including exports from its 4 million acres of palm oil plantations. The National Development Planning Agency listed Medan as one of the four main central cities in Indonesia, alongside Jakarta, Surabaya, and Makassar. In terms of population, it is the most populous city in Indonesia outside of the island of Java. Its population as of 2023 is approximately equal to the country of Moldova.
North Sumatra, also called North Sumatra Province, is a province of Indonesia located in the northern part of the island of Sumatra, just south of Aceh. Its capital and largest city is Medan on the east coast of the island. It is bordered by Aceh on the northwest and Riau and West Sumatra on the southeast, by coastlines located on the Indian Ocean to the west, and by the Strait of Malacca to the east.
The Aceh War, also known as the Dutch War or the Infidel War (1873–1904), was an armed military conflict between the Sultanate of Aceh and the Kingdom of the Netherlands which was triggered by discussions between representatives of Aceh and the United States in Singapore during early 1873. The war was part of a series of conflicts in the late 19th century that consolidated Dutch rule over modern-day Indonesia.
The Proclamation of Indonesian Independence was read at 10:00 Tokyo Standard Time on Friday, 17 August 1945 in Jakarta. The declaration marked the start of the diplomatic and armed resistance of the Indonesian National Revolution, fighting against the forces of the Netherlands and pro-Dutch civilians, until the latter officially acknowledged Indonesia's independence in 1949. The document was signed by Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta, who were appointed president and vice-president respectively the following day.
The Sultanate of Asahan was a Malay sultanate from approximately 1630 AD until 1946 AD. It was located in the north-east of the island of Sumatra, in what is now Indonesia and covered what is now the Asahan Regency.
The Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence, sometimes referred to, but better known locally, as the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Indonesian Independence, was an organization set up in March 1945 by the Japanese military authority in Java during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies as the initial stage of the establishment of independence for the area under the control of the Japanese 16th Army. The BPUPK held two plenary meetings; the first was from 28 May to 1 June 1945 and the second was between 10 and 17 July 1945.
The Sultanate of Deli was a 1,820 km² Malay state in east Sumatra founded in 1630. A tributary kingdom from 1630 it was controlled by various Sultanates until 1814, when it became an independent sultanate and broke away from the Sultanate of Siak.
Malay Indonesians are ethnic Malays living throughout Indonesia. They are one of the indigenous peoples of the country. Indonesian, the national language of Indonesia, is a standardized form of Riau Malay. There were numerous kingdoms associated with the Indonesian Malays along with other ethnicities in what is now Indonesia, mainly on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra. These included Srivijaya, the Melayu Kingdom, Dharmasraya, the Sultanate of Deli, the Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura, the Riau-Lingga Sultanate, the Sultanate of Bulungan, Pontianak Sultanate, and the Sultanate of Sambas. The 2010 census states that there are 8 million Malays in Indonesia; this number comes from the classification of Malays in East Sumatra and the coast of Kalimantan which is recognized by the Indonesian government. This classification is different from the Malaysia and Singapore census which includes all ethnic Muslims from the Indonesian archipelago as Malays.
The Sultanate of Langkat was a Malay Muslim state located in modern Langkat Regency, North Sumatra. It predates Islam in the region, but no historical records before the 17th century survive. It prospered with the opening of rubber plantations and the discovery of oil in Pangkalan Brandan.
The Federal Consultative Assembly, was a committee established on 8 July 1948 to discuss the form of the planned federal United States of Indonesia. Its membership comprised the leaders of the various federal states established by the Dutch in the areas they occupied following their attack on the areas of Indonesia controlled by republican forces during the Indonesian National Revolution (1945–1949). It took part in negotiations with the Dutch in August and September 1948, and participated in the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference at which the Dutch agreed to hand over sovereignty to the United States of Indonesia.
The State of East Sumatra was established by the Netherlands after the reoccupation of North Sumatra in July, 1947, during the first of the Dutch "police actions" against the fledgling Republic of Indonesia. In 1949, as part of a peace deal that concluded the Indonesian National Revolution, it joined the United States of Indonesia, of which the Republic was also a component state. In August, 1950, it was absorbed into the Republic as part of the province of North Sumatra. The area covered by the former state included the present-day regencies of Langkat, Deli Serdang, Serdang Bedagai, Karo, Simalungan, Batubara and Asahan, together with the cities geographically within those regencies.
The State of Pasundan was a federal state (negara bagian) formed in the western part of the Indonesian island of Java by the Netherlands in 1948 following the Linggadjati Agreement. It was similar to the geographical area now encompassed by the current provinces of West Java, Banten and Jakarta.
The East Sumatra revolution, also known as the East Sumatra social revolution, began on 3 March 1946. Across 25 "native states", many sultanates were overthrown and mass killing of members of the aristocratic families were performed by armed pergerakan groups. To the opportunistic pergerakan militants, the revolutionary movement was seen as one of the means for East Sumatra to be freed from colonial overlordship and to join the larger Indonesian National Revolution. Participants of the revolution were believed to be provoked by leaders to kill aristocrats and create violence. These belligerents had three prime objectives: to eliminate the sultans and aristocrats, to seize their wealth and to eliminate the region's feudal social structure. The revolution brought about the formation of the State of East Sumatra, which was dissolved when the region became part of the Indonesian republic.
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Abdoe'lxarim M. S., who was born Abdoel Karim bin Moehamad Soetan, was a journalist and Communist Party of Indonesia leader. He was interned in Boven-Digoel concentration camp from 1927 to 1932. During World War II, he collaborated with the Japanese and became an important figure in recruiting support for them in Sumatra; after their defeat he then became a key figure in the anti-Dutch republican forces during the Indonesian National Revolution.
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