Plot summary
Set during the Yuan dynasty in the 14th century,the novel's protagonist,Weiyangsheng (未央生;lit. "Unrealised One" or "Unfinished One"),visits a Buddhist temple,where he meets a monk,who notes that he exhibits wisdom but also lust. Weiyangsheng says that the monk's purpose in life is to sit on a zafu (or prayer mat) and meditate,while his desire is to marry a beautiful woman and sit on a "carnal prayer mat" (肉蒲團). The title of the novel comes from this line said by Weiyangsheng.
Weiyangsheng is an egoistic young scholar who often boasts of his aspiration to marry the most beautiful woman in the world. He seeks neither fame nor glory,and prefers to indulge in women and sex. A monk called "Budai Heshang" (布袋和尚;lit. "Monk with a Cloth Sack") once urged him to give up on his philandering ways and follow the path of Buddhism,while his father-in-law,the Taoist Tiefei (鐵扉道人),also attempted to persuade him to be more decent,but Weiyangsheng ignored both of them.
On a trip to the capital city,Weiyangsheng encounters Saikunlun (賽崑崙),a bandit,and becomes sworn brothers with him. Saikunlun introduces Weiyangsheng to Tianji Zhenren (天際真人),a Taoist magician,who surgically enhances Weiyangsheng's penis by splicing strips of a dog's penis into it,causing it to be enlarged and become more 'powerful'. With Saikunlun's help,Weiyangsheng gets involved in illicit sexual relationships with many married women,including:Yanfang (艷芳),the wife of Quan Laoshi (權老實);Xiangyun (香雲),the wife of Xuanyuanzi (軒軒子);Ruizhu (瑞珠),the wife of Woyunsheng (臥雲生);Ruiyu (瑞玉),the wife of Yiyunsheng (倚雲生).
When Quan Laoshi learns of his wife's relationship with Weiyangsheng,he is furious and is determined to take revenge. He disguises himself and infiltrates Weiyangsheng's household,where he has an affair with Weiyangsheng's wife,Yuxiang (玉香),and makes her pregnant. Quan elopes with Yuxiang and sells her to a brothel to be a prostitute. Later,he realises that he has committed grave sins and decides to show penitence by becoming a monk and studying under Budai Heshang.
Meanwhile,in the brothel,Yuxiang is trained in a special technique –writing calligraphy by clutching a brush with her genitals. Later,she meets Xuanyuanzi,Woyunsheng and Yiyunsheng,and has sex with each of them. When Weiyangsheng visits the brothel,Yuxiang recognises her husband and commits suicide in shame. Weiyangsheng is given a good beating,which makes him come to his senses. He decides to follow in Quan Laoshi's footsteps and become a monk under Budai Heshang. He also castrates himself to avoid being distracted from this calling by his surgically enhanced penis.
The alternative Chinese titles of the novel –Huiquanbao (The Karmic Cycle) and Juehouchan (Zen After Awakening) –reflect the overarching theme of the story,specifically on Zen and the Buddhist concept of karma:Weiyangsheng had improper sexual relationships with the wives of Quan Laoshi and others,and later he received his karmic retribution when these men had sex with his wife;his sexual escapades came to an end when he finally 'awakened' (i.e. came to his senses) and decided to pursue Zen by following Budai Heshang.
Analysis
The novel is part of the development away from earlier story-tellers' conventions toward a self-conscious original literary composition. The author's stance allows "refined interplay of irony between the characters,the plot,the readers,and,less perceptibly,the author himself". While story is "clearly an allegory",it does "not pretend to hide its realistic,pornographic nature". The structure of the narrative,a "rake's progress of a sort",is "neatly woven towards a climax",the outcome of which is an "apt,artificial conclusion of the ironical Buddhist framework" in the body of the narrative which follows the prologue in the first chapter. However,the first chapter seems to express the view that "sex is healthy,not devitalising,as in the traditional Chinese assertion,so long as it is 'taken' as if it were a drug,and not 'consumed' as if it were an ordinary food". The "moralistic,Buddhist stance,which leads to self-emasculation,need not be taken seriously. Yet its assistance in denouncing the stingy Confucian puritanism it attacks,is certainly intended." [2]
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