The Duchess (horse)

Last updated • 8 min readFrom Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
The Duchess
The Duchess (horse).jpg
'The Duchess', the Winner of the Great St. Leger at Doncaster, 1816 by John Frederick Herring, Sr.
SireCardinal York
Grandsire Sir Peter Teazle
DamMiss Nancy
Damsire Beningbrough
Sex Mare
Foaled1813
Country United Kingdom
Colour Bay
OwnerWilliam Wilson
Sir Bellingham Reginald Graham, 7th Baronet
John George Lambton
TrainerJames Croft
Record33:19-7-5
Major wins
Pontefract Gold Cup (1816, 1817)
St Leger Stakes (1816)
Doncaster Stakes (1817)
Doncaster Club Stakes (1817)
Richmond Gold Cup (1817)
York Gold Cup (1818)
Great Subscription Purse (1818)
Gosforth Stakes (1819)
Newcastle Gold Cup (1819)

The Duchess (1813–1836) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare best known for winning the classic St Leger Stakes in 1816. In a racing career which lasted from March 1815 until October 1819 she competed in thirty-three races and won nineteen times. She was still unnamed when winning three races as a two-year-old in 1815, when she was one of the leading juveniles in the north of England. In the following year she was named Duchess of Leven, which was shortened to The Duchess when she was sold to Sir Bellingham Graham. She won seven of her nine races as a three-year-old, including the Gold Cup at Pontefract and the St Leger at Doncaster. The Duchess remained in training for a further three seasons, winning five times in 1817, twice in 1818 and twice in 1819, beating many leading horses of the time including Blacklock, Doctor Syntax, Rhoda and Filho da Puta. After her retirement from racing, The Duchess had some success as a broodmare.

Contents

Background

The Duchess was a bay mare bred by Mr Ellerker and was the fifth of eight foals produced by Ellerker's mare Miss Nancy (1803–1817). [1] The Duchess was the only classic winner sired by Cardinal York, a son of Sir Peter Teazle. Cardinal York was based at Mr T Kirby's stable at York, where he was standing at a fee of seven guineas in 1816. [2]

Racing career

1815: two-year-old season

Until 1913, there was no requirement for British racehorses to have official names, [3] and the horse who later became known as The Duchess competed in 1811 as Mr. W. Wilson's b. f. by Cardinal York, dam by Beningbrough.

Mr Wilson's filly made her first appearance at Catterick Bridge Racecourse on 30 March 1815 when she finished third in the one mile Yearling Stakes: [4] it was to be her only defeat of the season. The filly recorded her first win at York Racecourse on 31 May, when she won a sweepstakes from a single opponent. At the next York meeting in August she won another sweepstakes at odds of 2/1 before ending her season at Doncaster Racecourse in September. On the day following Filho da Puta's victory in the St Leger, Wilson's filly defeated three opponents in a sweepstakes over the Two-Year-Old course. [5]

1816: three-year-old season

Before the start of the 1816 season, Wilson's filly was officially named Duchess of Leven. On 18 April at Catterick Bridge Duchess of Leven made her first appearance as a three-year-old when she defeated Windlass to win the Filly Stakes over one and a half miles. [6] At York in May Duchess of Leven was matched against colts for the first time in the York Spring St Leger Stakes. The success of the St Leger at Doncaster had led other major courses, including York and Newmarket to use the name for their own long distance races for three-year-olds; the original race was renamed the "Great St Leger" for several years to distinguish itself from the imitators. The filly finished third in the race behind the Duke of Leeds' colt Rasping. On the following afternoon, Duchess of Leven began a six race winning sequence when she beat Woodpecker Lass, and five other fillies in a sweepstakes over one and a half miles. [7] In June, the filly appeared at Newcastle Racecourse in Northumberland where she defeated Lord Strathmore's filly over one mile.

After a two-month break, Duchess of Leven returned to York in August where she won a sweepstakes over one and three quarter miles from Mr Petre's bay filly. On 11 September, Wilson's filly was matched against older horses in the Gold Cup at Pontefract Racecourse. Racing over a distance of four miles, she won from the four-year-old gelding Everlasting, with the favourite Shepherd in third place. [8] Following her race at Pontefract, Duchess of Leven was bought by Sir Bellingham Graham of Norton Conyers, a noted Master of Foxhounds, [9] and officially renamed The Duchess. On 23 September, The Duchess was one of a field of ten colts and three fillies to contest the forty-first running of the St Leger at Doncaster. She was the fourth choice in the betting at odds of 12/1 behind the filly Maritornes and the colts Rasping and Lucifer. Ridden by Ben Smith, she won the classic from Richard Watt's colt Captain Candid, with Rasping in third. [10] Three days later, running over the St Leger course and distance, The Duchess won a sweepstakes for fillies, beating Wathcote Lass "in a canter". [11] The Duchess ended her season at Richmond in October. Racing on extremely soft ground she finished second, beaten a head by Leopold in the four mile Richmond Gold Cup, with the favourite Filho da Puta in third. [12] The report of the race in the Sporting Magazine claimed that the filly should have won comfortably, but her inexperienced rider, believing he had won the race by overcoming the challenge of Filho da Puta, eased her down towards the finish and was caught in the last strides. [13] She ended the season with earnings of 1,820 guineas. [14]

1817: four-year-old season

The Duchess did not race as a four-year-old until July, when she started favourite for the Gold Cup at Preston and finished third behind the six-year-old Doctor Syntax. On her next appearance in August she finished second to Maritornes in a subscription race at York, with Captain Candid in third. [15]

On 10 September, The Duchess returned to Pontefract and won the Gold Cup for the second time, beating Mr Lambton's Silenus. two weeks later, The Duchess ran at the St Leger meeting at Doncaster, where she had four engagements. On 22 September, the day on which Ebor won the St Leger, The Duchess won a prize of 50 guineas without having to race, when Richard Watt's colt Cacambo failed to appear for a scheduled match race. Two days later, The Duchess again won without having to gallop when she was allowed to walk over for a sweepstakes over the St Leger course. Later the same day, she contested the Doncaster Stakes, a weight-for-age race over four miles. The Duchess started the 1/2 favourite and won Captain Candid. [16] On the following day, The Duchess was pitted against the leading three-year-old colt Blacklock in the Doncaster Club Stakes over two miles. She conceded fifteen pounds to the colt and won at odds of 4/7. [17] The Duchess again ended her season with a run at Richmond, where she defeated Doctor Syntax and four others to win the Gold Cup. [18]

1818: five-year-old season

In late 1818 or early 1819 The Duchess was sold again and entered into the ownership of J. G. Lambton. The Duchess began her fourth season by beating Rasping at level weights in the Gold Cup at York on 19 May. [19] She did not race again until July when she finished second in the Preston Gold Cup to Doctor Syntax who was winning the race for the fourth year in succession. In August, The Duchess ran in a division of the Great Subscription Purse over four miles at York. Starting at odds of 2/1 she won the race from Bustler, Rasping and King David. [20]

In September, The Duchess ran without success at the St Leger meeting. She was the only horse to oppose Blacklock in the Doncaster Stakes and the Doncaster Club Stakes but was beaten by the younger horse in both races. In the four mile Doncaster Cup she started favourite but finished fourth of the six runners behind Rasping. [21] For the third consecutive year she ended her season at Richmond where she finished third to Doctor Syntax and Juggler in the Gold Cup. [22]

1819: six-year-old season

In the spring of 1819, The Duchess left the north of England for the first time when she was sent to compete at Newmarket in Suffolk. On 13 April she met the leading southern mare Rhoda in a division of the Oatlands Stakes, a handicap race over the two-mile "Ditch-In" course: the two mares carried equal top weight of 125 pounds. The Duchess finished second to Lord Foley's colt Boniface, who carried 112 pounds, with Rhoda in third. [23] At the next Newmarket meeting two weeks later, The Duchess failed to conceded seven pounds to Mr Fox's colt Merlin in a 300 guinea match over the same course. [24]

The Duchess returned to the north for two races at Newcastle in June. She defeated The Marshal and Fitz-Orville in the two mile Gosforth Stakes on the Tuesday of the meeting and recorded her last victory two days later when she beat Bustler and four others in the four mile Newcastle Gold Cup. [25] In August she started favourite for a division of the Great Subscription Purse at York but finished third of the four runners behind Blacklock. The Duchess ended her racing career in October 1819 by running unplaced behind Otho and Doctor Syntax in the Richmond Gold Cup. [26]

Stud career

The Duchess was retired from racing to become a broodmare for Lambton. She passed into the ownership of the Duke of Richmond in 1826 and the Duke of Portland in 1831. She produced nine foals between 1821 and 1831:

The General Stud Book suggests that The Duchess died in 1836.

Pedigree

Pedigree of The Duchess (GB), bay mare, 1813
Sire
Cardinal York (GB)
1804		 Sir Peter Teazle
1784		 Highflyer Herod
Rachel
Papillon Snap
Miss Cleveland
Charmer
1790		 Phoenomenon Herod
Frenzy
Fitz Herod mareFitz Herod
Young Cade mare
Dam
Miss Nancy (GB)
1803		Whiskey
1791		 King Fergus Eclipse
Creeping Molly
Fenwick's Herod mareHerod
Pyrrha
Ruler mare
1791		 Ruler Young Marske
Flora
Fitz Herod mareFitz Herod
Young Cade mare (Family:4)

Related Research Articles

Charlotte was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare who won the inaugural running of the classic 1000 Guineas at Newmarket Racecourse in 1814. The Guineas was Charlotte's only race as a three-year-old but she returned to run four times in 1814. She won a Gold Cup at Stamford but was retired after being injured in a race at the same course a day later.

Rhoda (horse) British-bred Thoroughbred racehorse

Rhoda was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare who won the third running of the classic 1000 Guineas at Newmarket Racecourse in 1816 and was the most successful racehorse in Britain two years later. Rhoda was one of the most active of all British classic winners, running in at least forty-five contests between 1816 and 1820 and winning twenty-one times. Her actual number of competitive races was even higher as many of her later races were run in multiple heats, with the prize going to the first horse to win twice. She won the 1000 Guineas on her second appearance but did not run as a three-year-old after finishing unplaced in the Oaks Stakes. Rhoda won three races in 1817, ten in 1818, four in 1819 and two in 1820.

Doctor Syntax (horse) British-bred Thoroughbred racehorse

Doctor Syntax was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. Trained in Yorkshire, and racing exclusively in the North of England, Doctor Syntax won at least thirty-six races in ten seasons from 1814 to 1823. He was noted for his consistency and durability and recorded multiple wins in many of the period's leading staying races. He won the Preston Gold Cup on a record seven consecutive occasions, as well as five Lancaster Gold Cups and five Richmond Gold Cups. He was retired to stud in 1824 and proved a successful sire of winners, despite limited opportunities.

Medora (horse) British-bred Thoroughbred racehorse

Medora (1811–1835) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare who won the classic Oaks Stakes at Epsom Downs Racecourse in 1814. In a racing a career which lasted from April 1814 until May 1816 she ran thirteen times and won four races as well as twice "receiving forfeit" when her opponent did not appear for a scheduled match race. Unraced as a two-year-old Medora produced her best form in the first half of 1814, she finished third in the inaugural 1000 Guineas, won the Oaks and then claimed two races at Royal Ascot. She remained in training for two more seasons but was less successful, winning only one competitive race. She was retired to stud where she became a highly successful and influential broodmare, whose direct descendants won many major races throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.

Blacklock (horse) British-bred Thoroughbred racehorse

Blacklock was a British Thoroughbred racehorse who won seventeen of his twenty-three races. As a two-year-old in 1816 he was undefeated in three starts. In his first race as a three-year-old he finished second in the St. Leger, a neck behind Ebor. He then won four races in two weeks, including the Gascoigne Stakes and Dundas Stakes. In 1818 he recorded several wins including two of the Great Subscription Purses at York. He won a third Great Subscription Purse in 1819, along with the York Gold Cup. After retiring from racing, Blacklock became a successful stallion and was champion sire of Great Britain in 1829, the year his son Voltaire won the Doncaster Cup. He was owned by Thomas Kirby as a two-year-old, before being purchased by Richard Watt, who owned him for the remainder of his racing career. Blacklock was trained by Tommy Sykes.

Wizard (horse) British-bred Thoroughbred racehorse

Wizard was a British Thoroughbred racehorse. He won seven of his ten races, with all his wins coming at Newmarket. In 1809 he won the 2000 Guineas Stakes, before finishing second in the Derby Stakes. The following year he won a match race against his Derby conqueror Pope. Throughout his racing career he was owned by Christopher Wilson and trained by Tom Perren. Wizard only stood as a stallion for two years before dying in an accident in 1813. His son Young Wizard won the Riddlesworth Stakes and was the runner-up in the Derby in 1817.

Memnon (horse) British-bred Thoroughbred racehorse

Memnon was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire best known for winning the classic St Leger Stakes in 1825. In a racing career which lasted from 1824 until 1828 he ran fifteen times and won nine races. Bred and originally trained in Yorkshire, he was unbeaten in two races as two-year-old in 1824, including the Champagne Stakes and won the York version of the St Leger the following spring. In the St Leger at Doncaster in September 1825, he was successful as the heavily backed favourite in a record field of thirty runners. Memnon was later trained at Newmarket and recorded his most important subsequent victory when winning the Ascot Gold Cup as a five-year-old in 1827. After standing as a breeding stallion for five years in England with moderate results, he was sold and exported to Russia.

Barefoot (horse) British-bred Thoroughbred racehorse

Barefoot (1820–1840) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire best known for winning a chaotic and controversial race for the classic St Leger Stakes in 1823. Bred and originally trained in Yorkshire, Barefoot was beaten on his debut but began a seven race winning sequence when successful in a minor race at Pontefract in September 1822. As a three-year-old he was unbeaten in five starts including the Spring St Leger at York and the Great St Leger at Doncaster. In the latter event, he finished second in a race which was declared void after a false start before winning a re-run. Barefoot was later sold to William Vane, 1st Duke of Cleveland and competed for three further seasons with mixed results, his best efforts being wins in the Lancaster Gold Cups of 1825 and 1826. After his retirement from racing he was exported to the United States where he had limited success as a sire of winners before dying as a result of a snake bite in 1840.

Theodore (horse) British-bred Thoroughbred racehorse

Theodore was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire best known for winning the classic St Leger Stakes in 1822 at odds of 200/1. Trained in Yorkshire by James Croft, he won the second of his two races as a two-year-old and showed good form the following year, winning races at Catterick, York and Newcastle. His St Leger prospects, however, appeared remote after health problems and poor performances in training gallops. His upset win in the classic, followed by a poor run over the same course and distance two days later, attracted a great deal of comment and suspicions of race-fixing, although none of the allegations was ever proved.

Ebor (horse) British-bred Thoroughbred racehorse

Ebor (1814–1822) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire best known for winning the classic St Leger Stakes in 1817. Bred, trained and raced in Yorkshire, Ebor was lightly campaigned, running only six times in a three-year racing career which was confined to the meetings at York and Doncaster. He won four times, one of these being a walkover. His St Leger win saw him upset the favourite Blacklock in a dramatic and controversial finish. After his retirement he became a breeding stallion but died before he could make an impact at stud.

Soothsayer (horse) British-bred Thoroughbred racehorse

Soothsayer (1808–1827) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire best known for winning the classic St Leger Stakes in 1811. Bred and originally trained in Yorkshire he won the St Leger on his third racecourse appearance when still unnamed. He was later sold and trained for the remainder of his racing career at Newmarket where he won a valuable sweepstakes in 1812 and a match race against the Derby winner Phantom in 1813. He later became a successful breeding stallion, siring two classic winners and being the Leading sire in Great Britain and Ireland in 1819. He was later exported to Russia where he died in 1827.

Altisidora British-bred Thoroughbred racehorse

Altisidora (1810–1825) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare best known for winning the classic St Leger Stakes in 1813. Bred, trained and raced in Yorkshire she won two of her three races as a two-year-old in 1812. She was unbeaten for the next two seasons, winning three races including the St Leger at Doncaster as a three-year-old and four as a four-year-old in 1814. In her final season she won four of her eight races including a Great Subscription Purse at York, the Fitzwilliam Stakes at Doncaster and a King's Plate at Richmond. She was retired to stud, where she had some impact, being the grand-dam of Ralph, the winner 2000 Guineas and the Ascot Gold Cup. Altisidora died in 1825 at the age of fifteen.

Otterington was a British Thoroughbred racehorse best known for winning the classic St Leger Stakes in 1812. He was one of the least successful of classic winners, winning only one other race from sixteen starts between May 1812 and June 1815. His St Leger victory was the only one of his three-year-old season, and was achieved at odds of 50/1. He subsequently won one two-runner race in eight attempts in 1813 and after missing the whole of following season he was beaten in all four of his starts as a six-year-old. Otterington's fate after his retirement from racing is unknown.

William was a British Thoroughbred racehorse best known for winning the classic St Leger Stakes in 1814. In a racing career which lasted from May 1813 until May 1815 he contested eight races and won four times. After winning his last two starts as a two-year-old, he fell on his first appearance of 1814 and was beaten in his next race before winning the St Leger at odds of 7/1. He was beaten in his only race as a four-year-old and was sold and gelded before returning for two unsuccessful efforts in 1817.

Octavian (1807–1833) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire best known for winning the classic St Leger Stakes in 1810. Despite suffering from hoof problems he was beaten only twice in a nine race career which lasted from April 1810 until September 1812, and which was conducted entirely in Yorkshire. Apart from his classic success, his most important win came in 1812, when he won a division of the Great Subscription Purse at York. He was retired to stud, where he had an early success by siring the St Leger winner Antonio, but his subsequent record was disappointing. Octavian died in 1833 at the age of twenty-six.

Paulina (1804–1819) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare best known for winning the classic St Leger Stakes in 1807. In a racing career which lasted from August 1806 until October 1809 she won nine times from fourteen races, all of which took place in Yorkshire. She was undefeated in three races as an unnamed two-year-old, before winning three of her four races in 1807 including the St Leger at Doncaster and a valuable produce sweepstakes at York. She won once from two starts as a four-year-old before winning a Great Subscription Purse at York and a King's Plate at Richmond in 1809. She had a long rivalry with another Yorkshire mare named Thomasina, winning three of their five meetings. Paulina was retired to stud where she became the female-line ancestor of many important winners including Andover and Sir Tatton Sykes.

Fyldener (1803–1829) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire best known for winning the classic St Leger Stakes in 1806. In a racing career which lasted from June 1806 until June 1809 he won six times from ten competitive starts. As a three-year-old, Fyldener won his first four races, culminating with a win in the St Leger at Doncaster Racecourse. He failed to win in an abbreviated 1807 season and missed the whole of 1808, before returning as a six-year-old in 1809 to win his last two races. After his retirement from racing he had a long, but relatively undistinguished career as a breeding stallion.

Remembrancer (1800–1829) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire best known for winning the classic St Leger Stakes in 1803. Bred and trained in County Durham, he was still unnamed when winning six races including the St Leger and the Doncaster Cup as a three-year-old, and was undefeated in four starts in 1804, including a division of the Great Subscription Purse at York Racecourse. He remained in training as a five-year-old, but had injury problems and failed to win. At stud, he was moderately successful as a sire of racehorses, but had a lasting impact on the breed through the success of his daughters as broodmares.

Antonio (horse) British-bred Thoroughbred racehorse

Antonio (1816–1828) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire best known for winning a controversial race for the classic St Leger Stakes in 1819. The classic was run twice after claims of an irregular start, but Antonio's victory in the original running was eventually allowed to stand. The rest of his racing career, which lasted from April 1819 until May 1822 was relatively undistinguished although he won five other races. After two minor successes in 1820 he missed the whole of the 1821 before returning as a six-year-old to win two races at Chester. He was then retired to stud where he had limited success as a sire of winners before his death in 1828.

Pewett was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare best known for winning the classic St Leger Stakes in 1789. Her name was spelled in various ways including Pewet, Pewit and Pewitt and would appear to be a reference to the northern lapwing. In a racing career which lasted from May 1789 and May 1792 she won four of her thirteen races. In the St Leger she finished second to a colt named Zanga, but was awarded the race when the winner was disqualified for causing interference. After her retirement from racing she became a successful broodmare whose descendants won many important races throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

References

  1. ↑ The General stud book. 2. C, J, E & J P Weatherby. 1869. p. 126. Retrieved 2013-03-28.
  2. ↑ Sporting magazine (Oct. 1816-Mar. 1817). J Wheble. 1817. p. 278. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  3. ↑ Morris, Tony; Randall, John (1990). Horse Racing: Records, Facts, Champions(Third Edition). Guinness Publishing. ISBN   0-85112-902-1.
  4. ↑ Edward and James Weatherby (1816). Racing calendar. 1815. C H Reynell. p. 3. Retrieved 2013-03-28.
  5. ↑ Edward and James Weatherby (1816). Racing calendar. 1815. C H Reynell. p. 132. Retrieved 2013-03-28.
  6. ↑ Edward and James Weatherby (1817). Racing calendar. 1816. C H Reynell. p. 9. Retrieved 2013-03-28.
  7. ↑ Edward and James Weatherby (1817). Racing calendar. 1816. C H Reynell. p. 33. Retrieved 2013-03-28.
  8. ↑ Edward and James Weatherby (1817). Racing calendar. 1816. C H Reynell. p. 118. Retrieved 2013-03-28.
  9. ↑ Henry Hall Dixon (1870). Saddle and Sirloin: Or, English Farm and Sporting Worthies. Vinton & Co. p.  443 . Retrieved 2013-03-29. The Duchess .
  10. ↑ Edward and James Weatherby (1817). Racing calendar. 1816. C H Reynell. p. 132. Retrieved 2013-03-28.
  11. ↑ Sporting magazine (Oct. 1816-Mar. 1817). J Wheble. 1817. p. 11. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  12. ↑ Edward and James Weatherby (1817). Racing calendar. 1816. C H Reynell. p. 152. Retrieved 2013-03-28.
  13. ↑ Sporting magazine (Oct. 1816-Mar. 1817). J Wheble. 1817. p. 19. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  14. ↑ Sporting magazine (Oct. 1816-Mar. 1817). J Wheble. 1817. p. 111. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  15. ↑ Edward and James Weatherby (1818). Racing calendar. 1817. C H Reynell. p. 99. Retrieved 2013-03-28.
  16. ↑ Edward and James Weatherby (1818). Racing calendar. 1817. C H Reynell. p. 129. Retrieved 2013-03-28.
  17. ↑ Edward and James Weatherby (1818). Racing calendar. 1817. C H Reynell. p. 130. Retrieved 2013-03-28.
  18. ↑ Edward and James Weatherby (1818). Racing calendar. 1817. C H Reynell. p. 149. Retrieved 2013-03-28.
  19. ↑ Edward and James Weatherby (1819). Racing calendar. 1818. C H Reynell. p. 32. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  20. ↑ Edward and James Weatherby (1819). Racing calendar. 1818. C H Reynell. p. 92. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  21. ↑ Edward and James Weatherby (1819). Racing calendar. 1818. C H Reynell. p. 132. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  22. ↑ Edward and James Weatherby (1819). Racing calendar. 1818. C H Reynell. p. 148. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  23. ↑ Edward and James Weatherby (1820). Racing calendar. 1819. C H Reynell. p. 5. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  24. ↑ Edward and James Weatherby (1820). Racing calendar. 1819. C H Reynell. p. 14. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  25. ↑ Edward and James Weatherby (1820). Racing calendar. 1819. C H Reynell. p. 52. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  26. ↑ Edward and James Weatherby (1820). Racing calendar. 1819. C H Reynell. p. 148. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  27. ↑ The General stud book. 3. Reynell & Weight. 1855. p. 65. Retrieved 2013-03-28.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.