The Mysteries of Udolpho

The Mysteries of Udolpho, A Romance; Interspersed with Some Pieces of Poetry

Title page from first edition
Author	Ann Radcliffe
Language	English
Genre	Gothic novel
Publisher	G. G. and J. Robinson
Publication date	8 May 1794 [1]
Publication place	England
Text	The Mysteries of Udolpho, A Romance; Interspersed with Some Pieces of Poetry at Wikisource

The Mysteries of Udolpho: A Romance is a Gothic novel by Ann Radcliffe, which appeared in four volumes on 8 May 1794 from G. G. and J. Robinson of London. Her fourth and most popular novel, The Mysteries of Udolpho tells of Emily St. Aubert, who suffers misadventures that include the death of her mother and father, supernatural terrors in a gloomy castle, and machinations of Italian brigand Signor Montoni. It is often cited as an archetypal example of the Gothic novel.

The popularity of The Mysteries of Udolpho helped cement the Gothic novel as a distinct genre, and has inspired many imitators since publication. It was a notable point of reference in Jane Austen's Northanger Abbey , which both satirizes and pays homage to Gothic literature. ^{[2] [3]}

Plot

In 1584, Emily St. Aubert is the only child of a landed rural family. Emily and her father share a close bond over their shared appreciation for nature. They grow closer after her mother's death from illness. Emily accompanies her father on a journey from their native Gascony, through the Pyrenees to the coast of Roussillon, over many mountainous landscapes. During the journey, they encounter Valancourt, a handsome man who also feels a kinship with the natural world. Emily and Valancourt fall in love.

While staying in a rural village in Languedoc, Emily's father succumbs to a long illness and is interred at the nearby monastery of St. Claire. Upon returning to her home in La Vallée, per one of his final requests, Emily destroys some hidden manuscripts created by her father. There is also a miniature portrait of a woman whom Emily has never seen in person but once witnessed her father cry over. Now orphaned, Emily is forced by her father's wishes to live with her aunt, Madame Cheron, who shares none of Emily's interests and shows little affection for her. Madame Cheron marries Montoni, a dubious nobleman from Italy, and is henceforth referred to as Madame Montoni. Montoni moves the family to his home in Venice and plans for his friend, Count Morano, to become Emily's husband. After discovering that Count Morano is nearly ruined, Montoni brings Emily and her aunt to his remote castle of Udolpho.

While at Udolpho, Emily and Madame Montoni's servant, Annette, pass through a room with a black curtain drawn over something. Annette recounts a ghost story about the former lady of Udolpho, Signora Laurentini di Udolpho. Later on, Emily passes through the room with the black curtain alone and draws back the curtain out of curiosity. What's behind the curtain severely traumatizes Emily and gives her a fear of looking behind curtains for the remainder of the story.

Count Morano tries to abduct Emily from Udolpho. He is discovered by Montoni, who wounds the Count and chases him away. In subsequent months, Montoni threatens his wife, trying to force her to sign over her properties in Toulouse that will otherwise go to Emily on his wife's death. After an attempted poisoning, he accuses Madame Montoni and imprisons her in a turret. Without resigning her estate, Madame Montoni dies of a severe illness. The estate falls under Emily's ownership.

Many frightening but coincidental events happen in the castle. Montoni harasses Emily to sign her inherited estate over to him while also allowing his friends to pursue her as part of said harassment. Eventually, Emily manages to flee with the help of Annette and Annette's lover, Ludovico. While escaping, they locate a prisoner, Du Pont, who was a neighbor of Emily, as well as a secret admirer of hers. Making their way to the coast, they board a ship bound for Marseille.

The ship encounters a storm and the four disembark at Languedoc, returning to the village where Emily's father died. They are hosted by Count de Villefort and his family at Chateau-le-Blanc, a manor rumored to be haunted and regarded with wariness by the surrounding villages as well as the housekeeper, Dorothée. Emily befriends the daughter, Blanche. Emily is invited by the abbess of the monastery to board at the convent and she divides her time between the monastery and the chateau. While attending a festival, Valancourt appears and is reunited with Emily. Count de Villefort regards Valancourt with apprehension and later on, he privately informs Emily that while Valancourt was in Paris, he became an avid gambler and lost much of his personal wealth. This shocks Emily and when Valancourt approaches her, she turns down his affections. Valancourt is distraught and leaves.

Dorothée continually compares Emily's appearance to the former lady of the chateau, the Marchioness de Villeroi, and realizes that she is depicted in the miniature that Emily kept from her father's items. Dorothée recalls a larger picture of the lady in a closed-off section of the chateau and Emily accompanies her to the bedroom where the picture is. While Dorothée and Emily observe the picture, a ghostly figure rises from the bed and they flee in terror. After the rest of the household hears of the encounter, Ludovico volunteers to spend the night in the room to disprove the existence of any ghost. The next morning, Ludovico has vanished. The household spends the next few weeks searching for him.

Emily returns to Toulouse and establishes herself as the new owner of her aunt's estate. While in the gardens, Emily thinks she sees Valancourt out walking, but he disappears. The next morning, Annette informs her that the gardener shot a supposed robber in the night. The "robber" was not caught, though there was blood on the ground, suggesting injury. Distressed and knowing that it was more than likely Valancourt who was shot, Emily becomes despondent.

Meanwhile, Count de Villefort, Blanche, and Blanche's lover, Monsieur St. Foix, travel across the Pyrenees on their way to visit Emily. Their travel party comes upon a watchtower and request to stay for the night. The occupants, put forth as hunters, allow them inside. Blanche becomes separated from the group and happens upon three men discussing robbery and murder. Realizing that they are amongst banditti, Blanche accidentally alerts them to her presence. They attempt to interrogate her, but sounds of a fight breaking out elsewhere in the building distract them. St. Foix stumbles into the room, bleeding, and Blanche faints. When Blanche revives, her party is imprisoned and St. Foix is sickly from blood loss. They are rescued by Ludovico and escape.

At Toulouse, the de Villeforts, St. Foix, and Ludovico arrive at the manor. Ludovico explains the reason for his disappearance: When he spent the night in the room at Chateau-le-Blanc, he was abducted by pirates who (due to the chateau's proximity to the sea) had been secretly using the abandoned sector of the chateau as a treasure vault while convincing the surrounding areas that the house was haunted. They sent him to the watchtower as a prisoner and he spent several weeks there until the de Villefort party arrived. He additionally explains that one of the pirates had been the ghostly figure Emily and Dorothée had seen.

While at the monastery, Emily learns that a troubled nun, Sister Agnes, is dying and wants to see Emily. When approaching her chamber, Emily sees a stranger, Monsieur Bonnac, leaving Agnes's room. Upon Agnes seeing Emily, she enters a delirious frenzy, believing Emily a ghost. Once she calms down, she directs Emily to pull a picture out of a drawer and Emily finds a portrait of Signora Laurentini. Emily realizes that Sister Agnes is the missing Signora Laurentini di Udolpho. When Emily brings up the castle of Udolpho, Laurentini enters another delirious state and starts convulsing. Blanche accompanies Emily on a walk where they see Du Pont conversing with Bonnac, who leaves when they approach. The next day, Emily and Bonnac both receive news that Laurentini has died.

Du Pont and Bonnac's conversation is revealed to Count de Villefort: Bonnac was imprisoned in Paris with immense debt, but was freed by Valancourt. The Count explains the truth of the situation to Emily, whose hope of being with Valancourt is renewed.

Characters

• Emily St. Aubert: Much of the action takes place from Emily's point of view. She has a deep appreciation of the sublimity of nature, shared with her father. She is unusually beautiful and gentle with a slight, graceful figure, fond of books, nature, poetry and music. She is described as virtuous, obedient, resourceful, brave, sensitive, and self-reliant. Her childhood home is La Vallée. Her sensitivity leads her to dwell (often in tears) on past misfortunes and imagine with dread troubles that may befall her. She is given to writing verse, selections of which punctuate the novel.
• Monsieur St. Aubert: Emily's father, he dies early in the novel while he, Emily and Valancourt are travelling. He warns Emily on his death bed not to become a victim of her feelings, but to acquire command over her emotions. His unaccountable relationship with the Marchioness de Villeroi is one of the novel's mysteries.
• Valancourt, younger brother of the Count Duvarney, Valancourt forms an attachment to Emily while travelling with her and her father through the Pyrenees. He is a dashing, enthusiastic young man with a noble character, on furlough from the army when he meets her. St. Aubert sees Valancourt as a desirable match for Emily, although he lacks wealth.
• Madame Cheron (later Madame Montoni) is St. Aubert's sister and Emily's aunt. She is a selfish, worldly, vain, wealthy widow living on her estate near Toulouse, when Emily becomes her ward after St. Aubert's death. She is contemptuous and cold, even cruel to Emily at first, thinking solely of herself, but near her death, she softens slightly to Emily, who patiently aids and comforts her.
• Montoni is a prototypical Gothic villain. Brooding, haughty and scheming, he masquerades as an Italian nobleman to gain Madame Cheron's hand in marriage, then imprisons Emily and Madame Cheron in Udolpho in an attempt to take control of Madame Cheron's wealth and estates. He is cold and often cruel to Emily, who believes him to be a captain of banditti .
• Count Morano is introduced to Emily by Montoni, who commands that she marry him. Emily refuses, but Morano still pursues her in Venice and later Udolpho. When Montoni finds that Count Morano is not as rich as he hoped, he abruptly withdraws his support from the suit. Morano tries twice to abduct Emily, but both attempts fail.
• Annette, a maid who has accompanied Madame Cheron from France, is talkative and inclined to exaggeration and superstition, but faithful, affectionate and honest. She is in love with Ludovico and often gets locked in closets.
• Ludovico, one of Montoni's servants, falls in love with Annette and provides assistance to Emily. He is more sensible than Annette, and is brave and quick-thinking. He is the one who locks the closets.
• Cavigni, Verezzi, and Bertolini are cavaliers and friends of Montoni. Cavigini is sly, careful, and flatteringly assiduous. Verezzi is a "man of some talent, of fiery imagination, and the slave of alternate passions. He was gay, voluptuous, and daring; yet had neither perseverance or true courage, and was meanly selfish in all his aims." Bertolini is brave, unsuspecting, merry, dissipated and markedly extravagant. His flightiness to Emily distresses her.
• Orsino, an assassin described as the "chief favourite" of Montoni, is cruel, suspicious, merciless and relentlessly vengeful.
• Marchioness de Villeroi is a mysterious figure whose miniature Emily finds in a secret panel in her father's closet. She was married to Marquis de Villeroi, but becomes estranged from him and dies through the intervention of Laurentini di Udolpho. She was a sister to M. St. Aubert, and thereby Emily's aunt.
• Signora Laurentini di Udolpho (also called Sister Agnes) is a nun in the French monastery of St. Claire. She dies in the final volume of the novel, whereupon she is revealed to be Signora Laurentini, heiress of the house of Udolpho. She has estranged the Marquis de Villeroi, her first love, from his wife, after which she retires to the monastery to live in guilt. She divides her fortune between Emily and the wife of M. Bonnac.
• The Marquis de Villeroi was the lover of Laurentini before he married the Marchioness. He leaves the Chateau-le-Blanc after her death.
• Francis Beauveau, Count De Villefort is heir to the mansion at Chateau-le-Blanc in Languedoc. He inherits it from his friend the Marquis de Villeroi. He has two children by a previous marriage, Blanche and Henri, and is married to the Countess De Villefort.
• Lady Blanche, a sweet young woman with a deep appreciation of the sublime, who writes poetry, resides at Chateau-le-Blanc and befriends Emily, with whom she shares many interests.
• Dorothée, a servant at the Chateau-le-Blanc, is superstitious like Annette, but less inclined to be found in a closet.
• Monsieur Du Pont is one of Emily's suitors. He steals a portrait miniature of Emily belonging to her mother, which he later returns. He helps Emily and her companions escape from Udolpho. He is a friend of De Villefort, who supports his suit. When Emily steadfastly rejects him, he turns his attentions to Blanche, but is thwarted again when she marries St. Foix.
• Monsieur Quesnel, Emily's uncle, is cold and unfeeling towards Emily until she becomes an heiress.
• Madame Clairval, Valancourt's aunt and an acquaintance of Madame Cheron, initially approves of the match between Valancourt and Emily, but finally decides there are better prospects for both of them.
• Monsieur Bonnac, an officer in the French service about 50 years old, Emily meets at the convent. His wife inherits Castle Udolpho.
• Monsieur St. Foix, suitor of Blanche, marries her at the end of the novel.

Publication

The Mysteries of Udolpho was published by the radical bookseller George Robinson's company G. G. and J. Robinson at 25, Paternoster Row, in the City of London. ^[4] The Robinsons paid her £500 for the manuscript and later also published her A Journey Made in the Summer of 1794 . ^[5]

Reception and influence

In August 1794, The Critical Review published a review of The Mysteries of Udolpho praising it as "the most interesting novel in the English language," but also criticizing the novel's excessive descriptions and anticlimactic ending. ^[6] Some scholars attribute the review to Samuel Taylor Coleridge, though others dispute this claim. ^[7]

Modern critics have noted the influence of The Mysteries of Udolpho on the works of many later writers, including Edgar Allan Poe, ^[8] John Keats, ^[9] and Henry James. ^[10]

References in other works

• The novel is a focus of attention in Jane Austen's 1817 novel Northanger Abbey , which both satirizes and pays homage to it.
• In Walter Scott's novel Waverley (1814), Scott humorously references Udolpho in the introductory chapter while meditating appropriate subtitles for Waverley.
• The epigraph to the novel, written by Radcliffe herself; "Fate sits on these dark battlements, and frowns,.." is quoted in full by Washington Irving in his Tales of the Alhambra (1832), noting that the lines "used to thrill me in the days of boyhood." ^[11]
• The Veiled Picture; or, The Mysteries of Gorgono (1802) is a chapbook abridgement of it, preserving most characters and plot elements but dispensing with details and descriptions.
• The Castle of Udolpho is mentioned in a letter from Rebecca Sharp to Miss Sedley in William Thackeray's 1848 novel Vanity Fair . ^[12]
• The Castle of Udolpho is mentioned in the defense attorney's speech in Fyodor Dostoevsky's 1880 novel The Brothers Karamazov . ^[13]
• BBC Radio 4 has broadcast two adaptations. The first is a 1996 two-part version by Catherine Czerkawska starring Deborah Berlin as Emily and Robert Glenister. ^[14] The second is a 2016 one-hour piece by Hattie Naylor with Georgia Groome as Emily. ^[15]
• In 2007, The Mysteries of Udolpho appeared as a graphic novel in the Gothic Classics: Graphic Classics series. ^[16]
• A dramatisation by Carole Diffey was published in July 2015.^{[ citation needed ]}
• In series 1 episode 12 ("Homefront") of Young Justice , the Mysteries of Udolpho was the book used to open a secret passage in the League's library. Several characters in the series are seen reading it.
• In Henry James's 1898 novel The Turn of the Screw , the second sentence in Chapter 4 reads: "Was there a 'secret' at Bly – a mystery of Udolpho or an insane, an unmentionable relative kept in unsuspected confinement?"
• In Anthony Trollope's Framley Parsonage (1860), a room for interviewing debtors at the London office of solicitors Gumption & Gazebee is likened to the torture chamber at Castle Udolpho. ^[17]
• In Edgar Allan Poe's short story "The Oval Portrait" (1842), "Mrs. Radcliffe" is mentioned in an allusion to The Mysteries of Udolpho.
• In Emily of New Moon by Lucy Maud Montgomery, Emily mentions having read The Mysteries of Udolpho when exploring her aunt's strange, "gothic" house.
• In Herman Melville's novella Billy Budd, Sailor (1924) the narrator says that an incident "is in its very realism as much charged with that prime element of Radcliffian romance, the mysterious, as any that the ingenuity of the author of the Mysteries of Udolpho could devise." ^[18]
• In Frances Eleanor Trollope's "That Unfortunate Marriage" (1888), "And may one ask where she is? It is not, I presume a Mystery of Udolpho!".

Notes

1. Norton, Rictor (1999). Mistress of Udolpho: The life of Ann Radcliffe. Leicester University Press. p. 93. ISBN   0-7185-0202-7.
2. Karafili Steiner, Enit (2012). Jane Austen's Civilized Women Morality, Gender and the Civilizing Process. Routledge. p. 47. ISBN   978-1-848-93178-7. Archived from the original on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
3. Caroline Webber,"The Mysteries of Udolpho" Archived 12 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine . The Literary Encyclopedia. 11 October 2008. Accessed 4 June 2011.
4. DeLucia, JoEllen (2015). "Radcliffe, George Robinson and Eighteenth-Century Print Culture: Beyond the Circulating Library". Women's Writing. 22 (3): 287–299. doi:10.1080/09699082.2015.1037981.
5. The Journals and Letters of Fanny Burney (Madame d'Arblay) Vol. III, 1793–1797, ed. Joyce Hemlow etc. (Oxford: OUP, 1973), p. 63, n. 8; the contract for Udolpho is housed at the University of Virginia Library.
6. Gamer, Michael (Winter 1993). "'The Most Interesting Novel in the English Language': An Unidentified Addendum to Coleridge's Review of Udolpho" . The Wordsworth Circle . 24 (1): 53–54. doi:10.1086/TWC24043102. JSTOR   24043102.
7. Roper, Derek (January 1960). "Coleridge and the 'Critical Review'" . The Modern Language Review . 55 (1): 11–16. doi:10.2307/3720329. JSTOR   3720329. Archived from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
8. Whitt, Celia (8 July 1937). "Poe and 'The Mysteries of Udolpho'". Studies in English . 17: 124–131. JSTOR   24043102.
9. Shackford, Marth Hale (March 1921). "The Eve of St. Agnes and the Mysteries of Udolpho" . PMLA . 36 (1): 104–118. doi:10.2307/457265. JSTOR   457265. Archived from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
10. Nettels, Elsa (November 1974). "'The Portrait of a Lady' and the Gothic Romance" . South Atlantic Bulletin . 39 (4): 73–82. doi:10.2307/3198233. JSTOR   3198233.
11. Washington, Irvine (1871). "The Alhambra". Philadelphia, J.B. Lippincott & Co. p. 111.
12. Vanity Fair. New York: John Wurtele Lovell, 1881. p. 72.
13. The Brothers Karamazov. Everyman's Library. Translated by Pevear; Volokhonsky. New York: Alfred A. Knopf (published 1992). 1880. pp. 731, 734.
14. "Ann Radcliffe – the Mysteries of Udolpho". BBC Radio 4 Extra.
15. "Drama, the Mysteries of Udolpho". BBC Radio 4.
16. Pomplun, Tom: "Gothic Classics: Graphic Classics Volume 14". Eureka Productions, 2007.
17. "Retrieved 16 December 2019". Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
18. Melville, Herman (1979). Billy Budd, Sailor. New York: New American Library. p. 38. ISBN   9780451524461.

External links

• The Mysteries of Udolpho at Project Gutenberg
• The Mysteries of Udolpho at Standard Ebooks
• The Mysteries of Udolpho free downloads in multiple ebook formats
• The Mysteries of Udolpho public domain audiobook at LibriVox
• The Mysteries of Udolpho, via Google Books