Papilio helenus, the red Helen, is a large swallowtail butterfly found in forests of southern India and parts of southeast Asia.
Papilio polymnestor, the blue Mormon, is a large swallowtail butterfly found in south India and Sri Lanka. In India it has bee recently reported from the eastern part of India, from the State of Jharkhand. It is the "state butterfly" of the Indian state of Maharashtra. With a wingspan of 120–150 mm, it is the fourth largest butterfly of India.
Schadonia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi. Established by German lichenologist Gustav Wilhelm Körber in 1859, this genus of crustose lichens is characterised by its black, sessile apothecia, muriform ascospores, and growth on mosses, plant debris, and rocks in montane habitats. While traditionally placed in the family Ramalinaceae, recent studies have suggested its classification may be uncertain within the order Lecanorales, with some researchers proposing its placement in the Pilocarpaceae or the resurrection of the family Schadoniaceae. The genus currently comprises four recognised species.
Sporopodium is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Pilocarpaceae.
Cryptothecia is a genus of white to greenish crustose lichens that grow on bark, wood, or leaves, in tropical or subtropical areas worldwide. It has a conspicuous prothallus that develops around its periphery which can be bright red in some species, hence the common name wreath lichen. The main vegetative body (thallus) lacks a cortex (ecorticate and is often immersed in the substrate or byssoid. The medulla is white, well defined, and often peppered with calcium oxalate crystals. Ascomata are not well defined, being cushions of soft white mycelium immersed in the medullary tissue, hence the name from the Greek krypto = "to conceal" and theke = "a container or sheath". It contains Trentepohlia, a green alga, as its photobiont partner.
Mazosia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Roccellaceae.
Awasthiella is a genus of fungi in the family Verrucariaceae. A monotypic genus, it contains the single species Awasthiella indica.
Zahlbrucknerella is a genus of filamentous, rock-dwelling lichens in the family Lichinaceae.
Dalip Kumar Upreti is an Indian lichenologist. He served as Director and Chief Scientist at CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow during 1988 to 2017. Also he served as Head of Lichenology and herbarium division. Presently he is serving as CSIR-Emeritus Scientist in the same division.
Emmanuël Sérusiaux is a Belgian lichenologist. His career, spanning more than four decades, has combined both lichenology research and political aspects of nature conservation. He spent several periods working as a researcher at the National Fund for Scientific Research and the University of Liège, the latter in which he accepted a faculty position as professor and head of the Plant Taxonomy and Conservation Biology unit. Sérusiaux also served for three non-consecutive appointments as Deputy Chief of Staff in the Government of Wallonia. He retired from both his academic and political positions in 2019.
Mazosia lueckingii is a species of foliicolous (leaf-dwelling) lichen in the family Roccellaceae. Found in India, it was formally described as a new species in 2008 by Krishna Pal Singh and Athokpam Pinokiyo. The type specimen was collected by the first author in the Darjeeling district at an altitude of 1,200 m (3,900 ft), where it was found growing on dicotyledon leaves. The lichen has a verrucose (warty) thallus with brown, hairless verrucae, a black hypothallus, and ascospores that measure 34–45 by 4–7 μm with 4 or five septa. The specific epithet lueckingii honours German-born lichenologist Robert Lücking, who, according to the authors, "has made remarkable contributions to the taxonomy and ecology of foliicolous lichens".
Sporopodium awasthianum is a species of foliicolous (leaf-dwelling) lichen in the family Roccellaceae. Found in India, it was formally described as a new species in 2008 by Krishna Pal Singh and Athokpam Pinokiyo. The type specimen was collected by the first author in the Tengapani Reserve Forest at an altitude of 250 m (820 ft), where it was found growing on dicotyledon leaves. The lichen has a finely verrucose (warty) thallus with whitish-pale to greyish green or brownish verrucae, a white hypothallus, and colourless, muriform (chambered) ascospores that measure 50–85 by 15–20 μm. The specific epithet awasthianum honours Indian lichenologist Dharani Dhar Awasthi, who, according to the authors, "has made valuable contributions to Indian lichenology, and who is still continuing his efforts towards the development of lichenology in India".
Thelenella is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Thelenellaceae. It has 30 species. The genus was circumscribed by Finnish lichenologist William Nylander in 1855, with Thelenella modesta assigned as the type species.
Aderkomyces sikkimensis is a species of foliicolous (leaf-dwelling) crustose lichen in the family Gomphillaceae. Found in India, it was formally described as a new species in 2006 by Athokpam Pinokiyo, Krishna Pal Singh, and Robert Lücking. The type specimen was collected by the first author from a subtropical forest near Damthang (Sikkim). It has also been recorded from the Darjeeling district of West Bengal. The specific epithet refers to the region of the type locality.
Phylloblastia is a genus of foliicolous (leaf-dwelling) lichens in the family Verrucariaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 1921 by Finnish lichenologist Edvard August Vainio, with Phylloblastia dolichospora assigned as the type species.
The following outline provides an overview of and topical guide to lichens.
Robert Lücking is a German lichenologist, known for his extensive research on foliicolous lichens and his significant contributions to the taxonomy, ecology, and biodiversity of fungi and lichens. He earned his master's and PhD from the University of Ulm, focusing on foliicolous lichens. He has received numerous awards for his work, including the Mason E. Hale Award for his doctoral thesis, the Augustin Pyramus de Candolle prize for his monograph, and the Tuckerman Award twice for his publications in the scientific journal The Bryologist.
Pallidogramme is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has 8 species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichens.
Phlyctis monosperma is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Phlyctidaceae. It is characterised by its greyish-white, loose, granular thallus, single-spored asci, and distinctive chemical substances. The lichen is found in the subtropical evergreen forests of the Eastern Himalayas and Western Ghats of India, where it grows on rough tree bark in close association with plant-dwelling bryophytes at elevations above 2,000 m (6,600 ft). It also occurs in Sri Lanka.
Upretia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It has three species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichens. Upretia is characterised by its small ascospores and narrow, rod-shaped conidia. The distribution of the genus ranges from mid-altitude rocky terrains in India to both arid and higher altitudinal environments in China.
