Trasak Paem

Last updated
Ang Chey (Trasak Paem)
King Ang Chey.PNG
Reign1336-1340
Successor Nippean Bat
Diedc. 1340
Angkor, Khmer Empire
SpouseCandravati
Issue Nippean Bat
Names
ព្រះបាទ អង្គ​ជ័យ
House House of Trasak Paem

Trasak Paem is commonly considered as a ruler from legend of the Khmer Empire who presumably died around 1340. [1]

Contents

He is the first Khmer sovereign mentioned by the Cambodian Royal Chronicles alone. He is the first among a series of nineteen rulers of the Khmer Empire that are presumed to have ruled Cambodia since 443 BC. This list is possibly too short to be credible. [2] The Chronicles indicate that Trasak Paem (also named Chay) was the royal gardener of a king named Sihanouk, often identified with Jayavarman IX as known from Khmer inscriptions.

Biography

Rise of the regicidal gardener

According to the Cambodian Royal Chronicles, [3] a certain Chay was born from the union of a hermit from Phnom Kulen and a peasant woman from the Samre tribe. His skill in growing sweet cucumbers earned him the title of Neay Trasac Paem (“Chef of Tasty Cucumbers”). He reserved the consumption of it for his king, named Norodom, son of Senaka, who had caused a flood to destroy his land after he angered the naga king Puchang. King Sihanouk gave Trasak Paem his spear to protect his crops. One night, Chay mortally wounded his sovereign with his weapon when the latter wanted to test his zeal. However, before succumbing, the monarch demanded that his assassin not be worried because he had only obeyed his orders and could not be held responsible for the recklessness of his king.

Election as the new king

As the deceased sovereign left no heir and the astrologers, Brahmans, generals and others could not agree on the name of the successor and decided to rely on the deities. To do this, a ceremony is organized where a white elephant was invited to choose among the most eminent members of the nobility that the empire then counted to determine which was the most eligible to become the new king. The pachyderm very quickly neglected this areopagus and turned towards the crowd who have come to join the celebration and directed itself toward an anonymous person who turned out to be the regicide gardener. The dignitaries had to reluctantly accept this monarch of modest extraction, but faced with their hostility, the new king resolved to leave Angkor for a residence that he had built at Banteay Samré; nevertheless this distance did not put an end to the defamatory practices and it was only after having eliminated the faithful of his predecessors that Chay could begin a reign which would prove to be uneventful. [4]

Royal wedding and legitimate descendance

Trasak Paem married Candravati the daughter of his predecessor and the couple would thus be at the origin of the dynasty which still reigns over Cambodia today. According to the Chronicles King Chay left two sons known by their posthumous names:

Analysis

Historiography

The legend of Trasak Paem The Cambodian Royal Chronicles give two different accounts of the legend of Trasak Paem, one that happens after the flood of 729, and another one that is placed in 1340, as translated by Jean Moura and Etienne Aymonier. This time gap was filled in by a series of king and led French historiography to explain the little trust that could be given to Cambodian Royal Chronicles in terms of historical accuracy.

The legend of Trasak Paem has a narrative very similar to one present in the Burmese Chronicles of Maha Yazawin and Pagan Yazawin . The latter relates who the Bagan dynasty ended the invasion of Khubilai Khan. The Burmese legend probably made into the Khmer Chronicles through a Burmese collection of folk tales known as The Precedents of Princess Thoodamma Tsari from which other legends were also translated to Khmer. The Burmese legend had been translated into English by Richard Fleming St Andrew St John in the Burmese Reader .

In the Burmese folk tale, the time frame, which refers to the land of Parajinaka at the time of Vessabhū Buddha and the reign of King Mahamanda, is voluntarily purely fictional. Mahamanda, which means the "frivolous king" in Burmese, translates as Sdach Pal in Khmer, with Sdach meaning "king" and pal meaning "forgetful, idiotic, mean".

The correspondence between the two narratives is striking and due to the greater antiquity of the Burmese Chronicle, it is presumable that the Cambodian narrative of Trasak Paem was copied on the latter. [5]

In 1905, Trasak Paem was widely believed in Cambodia as a historical figure. In 1965, he was still a common reference in the political debate. [6] By 1995, Trasak Paem had widely been accepted as a legendary rather than historical figure. [1]

Change of court religion

The legend of Trasak Paem seems to symbolize the profound cultural change in the country that Achille Dauphin-Meunier calls the "14th Century Revolution". [7]

This revolution would correspond with the definitive advent of Theravada Buddhism to the detriment of Hinduism which will experience a rapid decline. The king, until then of divine essence and considered as an intermediary between men and the heavens, suddenly became a simple mortal who owed his throne to the virtues he has accumulated in his lives. The goal for the inhabitants was no longer to build mountain temples that would earn them the favor and protection of the gods, but to follow the virtuous conduct of their king in the hope of reaching plenitude. At that period, Sanskrit also ceased to be used in the inscriptions which disappear definitively and in the cult in favor of the Pali.

Botanic discovery of the Khmer rulers

Belgian writer Jean Guillaume, in his research on the history of domesticated food plants, considers that the legend of Trasak Paem may be a myth related to the appearance of a new variety of vegetable, a sweet cucumber, of which Jayavarman would have been so fond that he reserved the crops for himself and putting them under the care of their gardener. [8]

Legacy

Cambodian road sign for Street 62 in Phnom Penh, named after Trasak Paem. Cambodia road sign G3-02.svg
Cambodian road sign for Street 62 in Phnom Penh, named after Trasak Paem.
Preah Trasak Paem Street (Street 63) Preah Trasak Paem Street (63).jpg
Preah Trasak Paem Street (Street 63)

Royal regalia: the victory spear

The victory spear (Preah Lompeng Chey) associated with the legend of Trasak Paem is one of Khmer royal regalia, along with the royal sword called Preah Khan Reach, the dagger called Kris given to the Muslim king of Cambodia, Ramathipadi I by a Malay princess. [9]

Political reference

Despite being a legendary figure, King Trasak Paem has been a regular reference for modern monarchs of Cambodia. Between 1872 and 1882, King Norodom made four visits to caves on Phnom Chriev in search of powerful Buddha images supposedly hidden there by legendary king Ta Trasak Paem. [10]

King Sihanouk referred to the popular legend of King Trasak Paem, a neak mean bon, to justify his 1955 abdication in favour of his father Suramarit, and his new role as chairman of the Sangkum Reastr Niyum. [11] In fact, Sihanouk described himself as a "very courageous and energetic man as was “Ta Trasak Paem” (the old man with sweet cucumbers) who did not hesitate to slay his King". [12]

By drawing on the legend [of Trasak Poem], Sihanouk was able to replace the idea of rule by traditional quasi-divine right with a slightly more democratic and popular notion of exclusive political power.

Ian Harris, Cambodian Buddhism: History and Practice [13]

Topography

Street 63 in Phnom Penh is also known as Trasak Paem Street. It is next to Khan Châmkar Mon and has a length of 1.99 kilometres. [14]

See Also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum</span> Cambodian politician (1905–2009)

Chau Sen Cocsal, also known as Chhum, was a Cambodian civil servant and politician who served as Prime Minister of Cambodia in 1962 and President of the National Assembly twice, in 1962–1963 and 1966–1968. Chhum was awarded the honorary title "Samdech" in 1993 by King Norodom Sihanouk.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sisowath Monipong</span> 10th Prime Minister of Cambodia

Sisowath Monipong was the second son of the former King of Cambodia, Sisowath Monivong and Princess Norodom Kanviman Norleak Tevi. He took part in Cambodian politics during and after World War II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ang Eng</span> Cambodian King

Ang Eng was King of Cambodia from 1779 to his death in 1796. He reigned under the name of Neareay Reachea III.

Khin Sok was a Cambodian historian, linguist, literature and arts scholar. He acquired a doctorate of history in Paris, published scientific works, taught as a professor in the Royal University of Phnom Penh and was a member of the Royal Academy of Cambodia. His publications during the second half of the 20th century profoundly contributed to the scientific interpretation of historical sources, literature and the systemic development of the modern Khmer language. As a participant of the Khmerization movement he encouraged the promotion of a culturally independent Cambodia on the basis of enlightened and scholarly education in an international context.

Jayavarman IX, also known as Jayavarmadiparamesvara was sovereign of the Khmer Empire from 1327 to 1336.

Preah Keo II also known as Kaev Hua II or Keo Fa II was a Cambodian king from 1673 to 1674. He was the son of Barom Reachea V.

Kaev Hua III or Chey Chettha V (1674–1731), born Ang Em, was a Cambodian king in the early 18th century.

Thommo Reachea IV (1706–1747), born Ang Em, was a Cambodian king during Post-Angkor Period.

Nippean Bat, also known as Ponhea Kreak by his personal name, was ruler of the Khmer Empire from 1340 to 1346. Nippean Bat or "Nirvana Pada" was the eldest son of Trasak Paem. According to the Royal Chronicles, he succeeded his father and during his reign, the Thais led a revolt declaring their own independent kingdoms and became free from the vassalage of the Khmer empire.

Preah Khan Reach – the Khmer Royal Sacred Sword – is a double-edge straight sword, with a chiseled steel blade sheathed in a jeweled gold scabbard. Though it has disappeared since 1970, it was considered the symbol of Khmer sovereignty and legitimacy to the throne for whoever possessed it.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wat Moha Leap</span> Wooden Buddhist monastery in Cambodia

Wat Moha Leap, or vatt Mahā Lābh (វត្តមហាលាភ), is a century-old Buddhist pagoda in Kampong Cham province, Cambodia. It is the country's last standing temple with a wooden structure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wat Vihear Suor</span> Royal Buddhist monastery in Cambodia

Wat Vihear Suor is a Theravada Buddhist temple located in Kandal Province, Cambodia. It was built on an older pre-Buddhist cult site belonging to the Angkor era.

Ta Pech, Khleang Moeung or Sena Moeung is a mythical-historical sixteenth century military leader in, and a guardian spirit neak ta whose field of action extends to the entire west of Tonle Sap Lake.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thiounn</span> Minister of the Palace under the French protectorate of Cambodia

Somdach Veang Thiounn was a Cambodian state official of the Khmer nobility during the French protectorate of Cambodia who had a lasting influence on Khmer historiography through the Cambodian Royal Chronicles. While he has been described as the shogun of the French protectorate and a "comprador feudalist", others have praised his long service to the Kingdom of Cambodia, as "the epitome of the colonial subject who quickly saw how to turn the new regime to an advantage":

Baksei Chamkrong is a legendary monarch of Cambodia, whose life and rule are known from the Cambodian Royal Chronicles. Despite a lack of historicity, the narrative of his epic has had a lasting influence on Cambodian culture and politics.

Bernard Col de Monteiro was a Khmer Catholic of Portuguese descent who served the Cambodian monarchy during the second half of the 19th century, and was "one of the major mandarins of King Norodom" and a "member of the new-old national élite à la française" at the beginning the French protectorate of Cambodia.

Louis Em was an important modernist Buddhist monk who encouraged the 1942 Umbrella Revolution against the French protectorate of Cambodia, translated many major documents from Pali to Khmer. During the better part of the 20th-century, he was considered "Phnom Penh's best educated monk," "very capable and extremely popular."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nil Teang</span> First Supreme Buddhist Patriarch of Cambodia

Samdech Preah Moha Sangkha Reach Nil Teang or Nil Tieng as it was written during the French protectorate of Cambodia, was the first Supreme Patriarch of Cambodia in the Mahanikaya. He held that position during the reign of three consecutive kings: King Preah Ang Duong, King Norodom, King Sisowath.

The Khmer nobility is a social class comprising titled officials in the service of the monarchy. They form part of a hierarchical social system which developed from the time of the Angkorian Empire. While all titles were abolished by Pol Pot under the Democratic Kampuchea, they were restored and have multiplied since the restoration of monarchy in 1990 by late King Father Norodom Sihanouk.

Thon Chey, Thmenh Chey, or Dhanañjaya is the protagonist of a Khmer narrative tradition. He is paired with his symmetrical opposite, A Chey. While insufficient research does not yet allow scholars to identify the oldest known extant publication about the folk hero, its background is set during the Cambodian Golden Age, or the Angkorian era, even though other scholars date it to the 16th- or 17th-century feudal society of Cambodia. The character may have been based on a historical person. According to Khmer scholar Khing Hoc Dy, Thon Chey is "the best-known of all Khmer tales and legends."

References

  1. 1 2 Phoeun, Mak (1995). Histoire du Cambodge: de la fin du XVIe siècle au début du XVIIIe (in French). Presses de l'Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient. p. 30. ISBN   978-2-85539-776-4.
  2. Anthony Stokvis (1888). "Kambodge * Listes et tableau généalogique n°34". Manuel d'histoire, de généalogie et de chronologie de tous les États du globe, depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à nos jours (in French). Vol. 1. éditions Brill Leyde. pp. 336–337. ASIN   B00VARGKYM.
  3. Mak, Phoeun (1984). Chroniques royales du Cambodge : Volume 1 (des origines légendaires jusqu'à Paramaraja) (in French). EFEO. pp. 117 sq. ISBN   2-85539-537-2. OCLC   469801653.
  4. Yveline Féray (Nov 2003). "Neay Trasak Phaaem, le chef aux concombres doux". Contes d'une grand-mère cambodgienne. Contes et légendes d’Asie. Éditions Philippe Picquier. pp. 21–42. ISBN   978-2-87730-674-4.
  5. Huber, Edouard (1905). "Etudes indochinoises". Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient. 5 (1): 178. doi:10.3406/befeo.1905.2635.
  6. Etudes Cambodgiennes (in French). 1965. p. 36.
  7. | Achille Dauphin-Meunier (1968). Histoire du Cambodge. 916 (in French). Presses universitaires de France. p. 128. ASIN   B0000DOWAF
  8. Jean Guillaume (Jan 2011). Ils ont domestiqué plantes et animaux (in French). Versailles: Quæ. p. 29. ISBN   978-2-7592-0892-0.
  9. Harris, Ian (2008-03-11). Cambodian Buddhism: History and Practice. University of Hawaii Press. p. 255. ISBN   978-0-8248-3298-8.
  10. Harris, Ian (2008-03-11). Cambodian Buddhism: History and Practice. University of Hawaii Press. p. 109. ISBN   978-0-8248-3298-8.
  11. Norén-Nilsson, Astrid (2013). "Performance as (re)incarnation: The Sdech Kân narrative". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 44 (1): 4–23. doi:10.1017/S0022463412000598. ISSN   0022-4634. JSTOR   23321688. S2CID   154774423.
  12. Sihanouk, Prince Norodom (1961). Rapport au peuple khmer au terme de mission en Amérique et aux Nations Unies (in French). Impr. du Ministère de l'Information. p. 33.
  13. Harris, Ian (2008-03-11). Cambodian Buddhism: History and Practice. University of Hawaii Press. p. 146. ISBN   978-0-8248-3298-8.
  14. "Trasak Paem (St: 63), Phnum Pénh, Cambodia". GeoView. Retrieved 2022-03-19.

Bibliography