When the king goes out, troops lead the escort; then come flags, banners and music. Palace women, numbering from three to five hundred, wearing clothes decorated with flowers, with flowers in their hair, hold candles in their hands, and form a troupe. Even in broad daylight, the candles are lit. Then come other palace women, carrying lances and shields; then the king's private guards; then carts drawn by goats and horses, all in gold. Afterwards ministers and princes mounted on elephants, and in front of them one can see, even from afar, their numerous red umbrellas. Next the wives and concubines of the king appear in palanquins, carriages, on horseback and on elephants. They have more than one hundred parasols, speckled with gold. Finally the sovereign arrives, standing on an elephant, brandishing his sacred sword in his hand. His elephant's tusks are encased in gold.
Translations
Zhou's book was first translated into French by the sinologist Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat in 1819, [12] and again by Paul Pelliot in 1902. [13] The Pelliot translation, which was later revised, has been translated into English and German. [14] [15] [16] [17] In 2007, the linguist Peter Harris completed the first direct translation from Chinese to modern English. Harris also draws a series of parallels between the voyage of Zhou and the travels of Marco Polo. Marco Polo was Zhou's contemporary, however, according to Harris, Polo's travels contain a number of unusual omissions that have yet to be fully explained. [8] There is also a Thai translation of The Customs of Cambodia by Chaloem Yongbunkiat in 1967 which has been reprinted by Matichon Press in 2014 [18]
Other translation of Zhou's record on Cambodia are also available. A direct translation from an ancient Chinese text into English by a native Chinese (Mrs. Beling Uk) and a native Cambodian (Solang Uk) in 2010. A Cambodian version of the translation by the same authors was published in Phnom-Penh in 2011. [19]
See also
References
- ↑ Morris Rossabi (28 November 2014). From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia: The Writings of Morris Rossabi. BRILL. p. 670. ISBN 978-90-04-28529-3.
- ↑ Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 176, 213–217. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
- ↑ Maspero, G. (2002). The Champa Kingdom. Bangkok: White Lotus Co., Ltd. p. 90. ISBN 9747534991.
- ↑ Higham, C. (2001). The Civilization of Angkor. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 134–138. ISBN 9781842125847.
- ↑ Higham, C. (2014). Early Mainland Southeast Asia. Bangkok: River Books Co., Ltd. pp. 390–391. ISBN 9786167339443.
- ↑ Zhou Daguan (2007). A Record of Cambodia. Translated by Peter Harris. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-9749511244.
- ↑ Charles Higham (14 May 2014). Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations. Chelsea House Publishers. p. 414. ISBN 9781438109961.
- 1 2 Zhou Daguan (2007). A Record of Cambodia. Translated by Peter Harris. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-9749511244.
- ↑ BEING LGBT IN ASIA: CAMBODIA COUNTRY REPORT (PDF), p. 16
- ↑ Kem Vichet (14 October 2022). "Common misconceptions and the overlap between anti-gender and anti-gay rights sentiment in Cambodia".
- ↑ Hoefinger, H.; Srun, S. (2017). ""At-Risk" or "Socially Deviant"? Conflicting Narratives and Grassroots Organizing of Sex/Entertainment Workers and LGBT Communities in Cambodia". Social Sciences. 6 (3): 5. doi: 10.3390/socsci6030093 . S2CID 58920413.
According to an account written by a Chinese observer named Daguan who visited the Angkor Wat area of Cambodia in 1296–1297, the presence of young Khmer men dressed in women's clothing while seeking sexual exchanges date back over 700 years. He recounted, "in this country there are many catamites [pubescent boys in pederast relationships] who hang around everyday in the market, in groups of ten or more. They are always trying to lure Chinese men in return for sumptuous gifts" (Daguan 2007). In a recent interpretation of the Cbpab Srei written c. 1800, there is a reference in lines 184–186 of "malicious" women suffering punishment from the "four hells" as being reincarnated as kathoey
- ↑ Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat: Description du royaume de Cambodge par un voyageur chinois qui a visité cette contrée à la fin du XIII siècle, précédée d'une notice chronologique sur ce même pays, extraite des annales de la Chine, Imprimerie de J. Smith, 1819
- ↑ Paul Pelliot: Mémoires sur les coutumes du Cambodge de Tcheou Ta-Kouan
- ↑ Chou Ta-Kuan, The Customs of Cambodia, transl. by John Gilman d'Arcy Paul, Bangkok: Social Science Association Press, 1967.
- ↑ Zhou Daguan, The Customs of Cambodia, transl. by Michael Smithies, Bangkok: The Siam Society, 2001.
- ↑ Zhou Daguan, Sitten in Kambodscha. Leben und Alltag in Angkor im 13. Jahrhundert, Phnom Penh: Indochina Books, 6th edition 2010.
- ↑ Chou Ta-Kuan: Sitten in Kambodscha. Über das Leben in Angkor im 13. Jahrhundert. Keller und Yamada, Frankfurt: Angkor Verlag, 2nd edition 2006. ISBN 978-3-936018-42-4.
- ↑ โจวต้ากวาน (2014). บันทึกว่าด้วยขนบธรรมเนียมประเพณีของเจินละ (in Thai). Translated by เฉลิม ยงบุญเกิด. ISBN 978-974-02-1326-0. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
- ↑ Zhou Daguan, A Record of Cambodia's Land and Customs, transl. by Solang and Beling Uk, Sandy (Beds., England): Authors OnLine, 2010. ISBN 978-0-7552-1306-1
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