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Battle of Chancellorsville by Kurz and Allison (depicting the wounding of Confederate Lt. Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson on May 2, 1863)

The following engagements took place in the year 1863 during the American Civil War. During the year, Union forces captured the Confederate cities of Vicksburg and Port Hudson, giving them complete control over the Mississippi River, while forcing Confederates out of the North following the Battle of Gettysburg.

History

In the Eastern theater, the Union Army of the Potomac, commanded by Major General Joseph Hooker, attacked the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia commanded by General Robert E. Lee in the Battle of Chancellorsville. Hooker planned to move most of his army around to the Confederates's rear before Lee could react and force Lee to retreat but the Union army was slowed and then stopped by a small Confederate force, which was reinforced by the rest of the Confederate army. Lee then sent a flanking column led by Thomas J. Jackson around Hooker's left, which attacked a few hours before sunset on May 2; this attack and further Confederate attacks the following day forced Hooker to retreat on May 6. During the battle, Jackson was wounded by friendly fire and died several days later. ^[1] Lee reorganized his army following the campaign and launched an invasion of Union territory in June, moving through the Shenandoah Valley into Pennsylvania; Hooker was relieved of command on June 29, due to continuous disputes with the government over the garrison of Harpers Ferry, and replaced by Major General George Meade. During the Battle of Gettysburg from July 1 to July 3, Meade successfully held off Lee's attacks while inflicting heavy casualties in return. Lee was forced to retreat back to Virginia; Meade followed in close pursuit but was unable to find an opportunity to completely crush the Confederate army. ^[2] In October, Lee attempted to isolate and destroy Meade during the Bristoe Campaign but failed in an attack on Union positions at the Battle of Bristoe Station on October 14. Pressed by Union authorities, Meade also tried to attack Lee's positions along the Mine Run; however, Lee was able to establish a fortified defensive line across the Union line of advance. Meade judged the Confederate position too strong to attack and retreated. ^[3]

Siege of Vicksburg, by Kurz and Allison.

In the Western Theater, simultaneous Union offensives from northern Mississippi and eastern Louisiana resulted in the sieges of Vicksburg and Port Hudson, both along the Mississippi River. Ulysses S. Grant started the Vicksburg campaign near the end of April when he crossed the Mississippi River near Bruinsburg Landing, south of Grand Gulf. He then marched inland and captured the Mississippi state capital of Jackson before turning east to Vicksburg; this isolated the Confederate garrison from Confederate supplies and reinforcements. After a six-week siege, the Confederate garrison surrendered on July 4, followed by the surrender of Port Hudson on July 9; this resulted in the complete Union control of the Mississippi River and made Grant a hero in the North. ^[4] In central Tennessee, the Union Army of the Cumberland commanded by Major General William S. Rosecrans maneuvered the Confederate Army of Tennessee, commanded by General Braxton Bragg, towards Chattanooga, Tennessee during the Tullahoma Campaign from late June to early July. In early September, Rosecrans launched another offensive which resulted in the capture of Chattanooga, an important Confederate rail center; however, a few weeks later Bragg, reinforced with James Longstreet's corps from the Army of Northern Virginia, attacked Rosecrans near the Chickamauga Creek and routed much of the Union army, forcing it to retreat back to Chattanooga. Stubborn resistance from the troops of George H. Thomas prevented the Confederates from launching an immediate pursuit. ^[5] Bragg settled his army into a siege of Chattanooga, almost completely cutting off all supplies to the Union army. Soon, dissension and arguments began to create tension in the Confederate army's high command; this resulted in Longstreet being sent to eastern Tennessee and a reorganization of the army in an attempt by Bragg to rid the army of his critics. Grant, promoted to command of the Military Division of the Mississippi, took command of the Union forces near the city, which was reinforced by the Army of the Tennessee and a detachment from the Army of the Potomac. During the three days from November 23 to the 26, Grant launched a series of attacks on the Confederate positions and was able to drive off Bragg's army. A rear guard action by Patrick Cleaburne at Ringgold Gap halted the Union pursuit long enough for Bragg to reach safety. A few weeks after the battle, Bragg was relieved of command by his own request. ^[6]

C.S. Bayou City captures the USS Harriet Lane during the Battle of Galveston

In the Trans-Mississippi Theater, only small battles and skirmishes took place. On January 1, Confederate forces led by Major General John B. Magruder recaptured the port city of Galveston, the only port city which the Confederates were able to recapture during the war. In order to cut off the Trans-Mississippi supply lines to Port Hudson, Major General Nathaniel P. Banks moved up the Bayou Teche in Louisiana during April. For the remainder of the summer, Confederate commander Major General Richard Taylor attempted to cut off Banks' supply lines to New Orleans but failed. In September, Union forces tried to invade eastern Texas to counteract the French invasion of Mexico but were defeated at Sabine Pass, losing two gunboats and 350 men while the Confederates suffered no casualties. ^[7]

Engagements

Date	Engagement	Military units	Losses
January 1	Galveston II, Texas	Confederate District of Texas, Union garrison	Confederate 50, Union 600 [8]
January 8	Springfield II, Missouri	Confederate cavalry from District of Arkansas, Union garrison	Confederate 240, Union 163 [9]
January 9–10	Arkansas Post, Arkansas	Confederate Army of the Lower Arkansas and White Rivers, Union Army of the Mississippi and Mississippi Squadron	Confederate 5,004, Union 1,092 [10]
January 9–11	Hartville, Missouri	Confederate cavalry, Union garrison	Confederate 329, Union 78 [11]
January 27 – March 3	Battle of Fort McAllister (1863), Georgia	Confederate garrison, Union squadron from South Atlantic Blockading Squadron	Confederate one, Union none [12]
January 29	Bear River, Idaho	Union infantry, Shoshoni tribe	Union 64, Shoshoni 250 [13]
February 3	Dover, Tennessee	Confederate cavalry from Army of Tennessee, Union garrison	Confederate 855, Union 110 [14]
March 4–5	Thompson's Station, Tennessee	Confederate cavalry, Union infantry	Confederate 357, Union 1,600 [15]
March 13–15	Fort Anderson, North Carolina	Confederate Department of North Carolina, Union garrison	7 total [16]
March 17	Kelly's Ford, Virginia	Cavalry from Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and Union Army of the Potomac	Confederate 80, Union 99 [17]
March 20	Vaught's Hill, Tennessee	Confederate and Union cavalry	Confederate 150, Union 38 [18]
March 25	Brentwood, Tennessee	Confederate cavalry division, Union garrison	Confederate 3, Union 529 [19]
March 30 – April 20	Washington, North Carolina	Confederate Department of North Carolina, Union garrison	100 total [20]
April 7	Charleston Harbor I, South Carolina	Confederate garrison of Fort Sumter, Union South Atlantic Blockading Squadron	Confederate 14, Union 22 [21]
April 10	Franklin I, Tennessee	Confederate and Union cavalry	Confederate 137, Union 100 [22]
April 12–13	Fort Bisland, Louisiana	Confederate District of West Louisiana, Union XIX Corps	Confederate 450, Union 224 [23]
April 13–15	Suffolk I, Virginia	Confederate First Corps, Army of Northern Virginia, Union Department of Virginia	unknown [24]
April 14	Irish Bend, Louisiana	Confederate District of West Louisiana, Union division from XIX Corps	Confederate unknown, Union 353 [25]
April 17	Vermilion Bayou, Louisiana	Confederate District of West Louisiana, Union XIX Corps	unknown [26]
April 19	Suffolk II, Virginia	Confederate First Corps, Army of Northern Virginia, Union Department of Virginia	unknown [27]
April 26	Cape Girardeau, Missouri	Confederate cavalry, Union garrison	Confederate 325, Union 12 [28]
April 29	Grand Gulf, Mississippi	Confederate batteries from Army of Vicksburg, Union Mississippi squadron	Confederate unknown, Union 80 [29]
April 29	Snyder's Bluff, Mississippi	Confederate artillery, Union Mississippi squadron	unknown [30]
April 30	Day's Gap, Alabama	Confederate and Union cavalry	Confederate 65, Union 23 [31]
May 1	Port Gibson, Mississippi	Confederate Army of Vicksburg, Union Army of the Tennessee	Confederate 787, Union 875 [32]
May 1–2	Chalk Bluff, Arkansas	Confederate cavalry, Union infantry	fewer than 100 [28]
May 1–6	Chancellorsville, Virginia	Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, Union Army of the Potomac	Confederate 13,460, Union 17,304 [33]
May 3	Fredericksburg II, Virginia	Confederate division from Second Corps, Army of Northern Virginia, Union VI Corps and division from II Corps, Army of the Potomac	Confederate 475, Union 1,100 [34]
May 3–4	Salem Church, Virginia	Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, Union VI Corps and division from II Corps, Army of the Potomac	Confederate 674, Union 1,523 [35]
May 12	Raymond, Mississippi	Confederate Army of Vicksburg, Union Army of the Tennessee	Confederate 442, Union 514 [36]
May 14	Jackson, Mississippi	Confederate garrison, Union Army of the Tennessee	Confederate 850, Union 286 [37]
May 16	Champion Hill, Mississippi	Confederate Army of Vicksburg, Union Army of the Tennessee	Confederate 3,840, Union 2,441 [38]
May 17	Big Black River Bridge, Mississippi	Confederate Army of Vicksburg, Union Army of the Tennessee	Confederate 1,741, Union 276 [39]
May 18 – July 4	Vicksburg, Mississippi	Confederate Army of Vicksburg, Union Army of the Tennessee	Confederate 32,697 (29,495 surrendered), Union 4,835 [40]
May 21	Plains Store, Louisiana	Confederate Department of Mississippi, Union Department of the Gulf	Confederate 100, Union 150 [41]
May 22 – July 9	Port Hudson, Louisiana	Confederate garrison, Union Department of the Gulf	Confederate 7,500, Union 10,000 [42]
June 7	Milliken's Bend, Louisiana	Confederate division, Union garrison	Confederate 185, Union 652 [43]
June 9	Brandy Station, Virginia	Cavalry corps from Army of Northern Virginia, Union Army of the Potomac	Confederate 515, Union 866 [44]
June 13–15	Winchester II, Virginia	Confederate Second Corps, Army of Northern Virginia, Union garrison from Middle Department	Confederate 269, Union 4,443 [45]
June 17	Aldie, Virginia	Cavalry from Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and Union Army of the Potomac	Confederate 119, Union 300 [46]
June 19	Middleburg, Virginia	Cavalry from Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and Union Army of the Potomac	unknown [47]
June 19	Ashby's Gap, Virginia	Cavalry from Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and Union Army of the Potomac	unknown [48]
June 20–21	LaFourche Crossing, Louisiana	Confederate District of West Louisiana, Union garrison	Confederate 219, Union 49 [49]
June 21	Upperville, Virginia	Cavalry from Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and Union Army of the Potomac	unknown [50]
June 24–26	Hoover's Gap, Tennessee	Confederate Army of Tennessee, Union Army of the Cumberland	Confederate unknown, Union 583 [51]
June 28	Donaldsonville II, Louisiana	Confederate District of West Louisiana, Union garrison	Confederate 301, Union 23 [52]
June 28	Near Fort Rice, North Dakota	Party of Sioux Indians, Union Department of the Northwest	Sioux three, Union one [53]
June 29	Oyster's Point (Camp Hill), Pennsylvania	Confederate cavalry brigade, Army of Northern Virginia, Union Department of the Susquehanna	Confederate none, Union one wounded [54]
June 29–30	Goodrich's Landing, Louisiana	Confederate cavalry, Union garrison	Confederate 6, Union 150 [55]
June 30	Hanover, Pennsylvania	Cavalry from Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and Union Army of the Potomac	Confederate 150, Union 200 [56]
June 30	Sporting Hill, Pennsylvania	Confederate cavalry brigade, Army of Northern Virginia, Union Department of the Susquehanna	Confederate 35–45, Union unknown [57]
July 1–3	Gettysburg, Pennsylvania	Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, Union Army of the Potomac	Confederate 22,625, Union 22,813 [58]
July 1–2	Cabin Creek, Oklahoma	Confederate Cherokees and Texas cavalry, Union infantry	Confederate 59, Union 21 [59]
July 1	Hunterstown, Pennsylvania	Cavalry from Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and Union Army of the Potomac	unknown [60]
July 3	Fairfield, Pennsylvania	Confederate cavalry brigade, Army of Northern Virginia, Union 6th U.S. Cavalry Regiment	Confederate 44, Union 242 [61]
July 4	Helena, Arkansas	Confederate District of Arkansas, Union garrison	Confederate 1,636, Union 239 [62]
July 6	Williamsport, Maryland	Cavalry from Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and Union Army of the Potomac	Confederate 254, Union 400 [63]
July 7	Funkstown, Maryland	Cavalry from Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and Union Army of the Potomac	unknown [64]
July 8	Boonsboro, Maryland	Cavalry from Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and Union Army of the Potomac	100 total [65]
July 9	Corydon, Indiana	Confederate cavalry, Union militia	Confederate 51, Union 360 [66]
July 10	Funkstown, Maryland	Cavalry from Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and Union Army of the Potomac	479 total [67]
July 10–11	Fort Wagner I, South Carolina	Confederate garrison of Fort Wagner, Union Department of the South	Confederate 12, Union 339 [68]
July 12	Jackson, Mississippi	Confederate Department of the West, Union Army of the Tennessee	Confederate 50, Union 510 [69]
July 12–13	Kock's Plantation, Louisiana	Confederate District of West Louisiana, Union Department of the Gulf	Confederate 33, Union 465 [70]
July 14	Hoke's Run or Falling Waters, Maryland	Confederate division from Army of Northern Virginia, Union cavalry from Army of the Potomac	unknown [71]
July 16	Grimball's Landing, South Carolina	Confederate Department of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, Union Department of the South	Confederate 18, Union 46 [72]
July 17	Honey Springs, Oklahoma	Confederate division from Trans-Mississippi Department, Union Army of the Border	Confederate 134, Union 77 [73]
July 18	Fort Wagner II, South Carolina	Confederate garrison of Fort Wagner, Union Department of the South	Confederate 222, Union 1,515 [74]
July 19	Buffington Island, Ohio	Confederate cavalry, Union infantry and cavalry	Confederate 900, Union 25 [66]
July 23	Manassas Gap, Virginia	Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, Union Army of the Potomac	440 total [75]
July 24	Big Mound, North Dakota	Union Department of the Northwest, Dakotas (Sisseton and Wahpeton tribes)	Union 7, Dakotas 80 [76]
July 26	Salineville, Ohio	Confederate cavalry, Union cavalry	Confederate 364, Union none [77]
July 26	Dead Buffalo, North Dakota	Union Department of the Northwest, Dakota (Sisseton and Yanktonais tribes) and Teton Lakota (Hunkpapa and Blackfeet tribes)	Union 1, Dakotas and Lakotas 9 [76]
July 28	Stony Lake, North Dakota	Union Department of the Northwest, Dakotas and Lakotas tribes	Union none, Dakotas and Lakotas unknown [78]
August 17 – September 8	Fort Sumter II, South Carolina	Confederate garrison of Fort Sumter, Union Department of the South	unknown [79]
August 21	Lawrence, Kansas	Confederate guerrillas, Union civilians	Confederate none, Union 150 [80]
August 21	Chattanooga II, Tennessee	Confederate Army of Tennessee, Union Army of the Cumberland	unknown [81]
September 1	Devil's Backbone, Arkansas	Confederate and Union cavalry	Confederate 17, Union 14 [82]
September 3–4	Whitestone Hill, North Dakota	Union Department of North Dakota, Dakota tribes	Union 60, Dakotas 350 [83]
September 5–8	Charleston Harbor II, South Carolina	Confederate garrison of Fort Wagner, Union Department of the South	Confederate 100, Union 117 [84]
September 8	Sabine Pass II, Texas	Confederate company of 1st Texas Heavy Artillery, Union gunboats from West Gulf Blockading Squadron	Confederate none, Union 350 [85]
September 8	Telford's Station, Tennessee	Confederate Thomas' Legion, Union 100th Ohio Infantry	unknown [86]
September 10	Bayou Fourche, Arkansas	Confederate Marmaduke and Walker's cavalry divisions, Union Department of the Missouri Cavalry Division	Confederate 64, Union 72 [87]
September 10–11	Davis' Cross Roads, Georgia	Confederate Army of Tennessee, Union Army of the Cumberland	unknown [88]
September 19–20	Chickamauga, Georgia	Confederate Army of Tennessee, Union Army of the Cumberland	Confederate 18,454, Union 16,179 [89]
September 22	Blountville, Tennessee	Confederate cavalry, Union Army of the Ohio	Confederate 165, Union 27 [90]
September 29	Stirling's Plantation, Louisiana	Confederate District of West Louisiana, Union Department of the Gulf	Confederate 121, Union 515 [91]
October 6	Baxter Springs, Kansas	Confederate guerrillas, Union Department of Kansas	Confederate 3, Union 70 [92]
October 10	Blue Springs, Tennessee	Confederate cavalry, Union Army of the Ohio	Confederate 216, Union 100 [93]
October 11	Henderson's Mill, Tennessee	Confederate cavalry detachment from Department of Southwestern Virginia, Union 5th Indiana Cavalry	unknown [94]
October 13	Auburn I, Virginia	Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, Union Army of the Potomac	50 total [95]
October 14	Auburn II, Virginia	Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, Union Army of the Potomac	115 total [96]
October 14	Bristoe Station, Virginia	Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, Union Army of the Potomac	Confederate 1,380, Union 540 [97]
October 16–18	Fort Brooke, Florida	Confederate garrison, Union East Gulf Blockading Squadron	Confederate unknown, Union 16 [98]
October 19	Buckland Mills, Virginia	Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, Union Army of the Potomac	230 total [99]
October 24	Washington, Louisiana	Confederate District of West Louisiana, Union detachment from Army of the Gulf	unknown [100]
October 25	Pine Bluff, Arkansas	Marmaduke's Division (Confederate), Post of Pine Bluff (Union)	Confederate 40, Union 56 [87]
October 28– 29	Wauhatchie, Tennessee	Confederate Army of Tennessee, Union Army of the Cumberland	Confederate 356, Union 216 [101]
November 2– 6	Brownsville, Texas	Confederate District of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, Union detachment from XIII Corps	unknown [102]
November 3	Collierville, Tennessee	Confederate and Union cavalry	Confederate 95, Union 60 [103]
November 3	Bayou Bourbeau, Louisiana	Confederate cavalry from District of West Louisiana, Union XIII Corps	Confederate 125, Union 154 [104]
November 6	Droop Mountain, West Virginia	Confederate Department of Southwest Virginia, Union Department of West Virginia	Confederate 275, Union 140 [105]
November 7	Rappahannock Station, Virginia	Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, Union Army of the Potomac	Confederate 2,041, Union 461 [106]
November 16	Campbell's Station, Tennessee	Confederate First Corps, Army of Northern Virginia, Union Army of the Ohio	Confederate 570, Union 400 [107]
November 23– 25	Chattanooga III, Tennessee	Confederate Army of Tennessee, Union Military Division of the Mississippi	Confederate 6,667, Union 5,815 [108]
November 26– December 2	Mine Run, Virginia	Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, Union Army of the Potomac	Confederate 795, Union 1,633 [109]
November 27	Ringgold Gap, Georgia	Confederate Army of Tennessee, Union Military Division of the Mississippi	Confederate 221, Union 507 [110]
November 29	Fort Sanders, Tennessee	Confederate Army of Tennessee, Union Army of the Ohio	Confederate 800, Union 15 [111]
December 14	Bean's Station, Tennessee	Confederate First Corps, Army of Northern Virginia, Union Army of the Ohio	Confederate 222, Union 115 [112]
December 29	Mossy Creek, Tennessee	Confederate First Corps, Army of Northern Virginia, Union Army of the Ohio	Confederate unknown, Union 151 [113]

See also

• American Civil War portal

• Mississippi River campaigns in the American Civil War

References

1. Kennedy, pp. 197–199.
2. Kennedy, pp. 202–213.
3. Kennedy, pp. 251–259.
4. Kennedy, pp. 157–173, 181–184.
5. Kennedy, pp. 225–231.
6. Kennedy, pp. 241–248.
7. Kennedy, pp. 139, 179–180, 232.
8. Kennedy, p. 139.
9. Kennedy, p. 177.
10. Kennedy, p. 157.
11. Kennedy, pp. 177–178.
12. Kennedy, p. 190.
13. Josephy, p. 259.
14. Hurst, pp. 113–114.
15. Kennedy, p. 189.
16. Kennedy, pp. 194–195.
17. Kennedy, p. 196.
18. Kennedy, pp. 189–190.
19. Hurst, p. 115.
20. Kennedy, p. 195.
21. Kennedy, pp. 191–192.
22. Hurst, pp. 115–116.
23. Parrish, pp. 271–272.
24. Wert, p. 235.
25. Parrish, p. 274.
26. Kennedy, p. 179.
27. Kennedy, pp. 195–196.
28. Kennedy, p. 178.
29. Kennedy, pp. 157–158.
30. Kennedy, p. 158.
31. Kennedy, pp. 176–177.
32. Kennedy, pp. 158–164.
33. Sears (1996), p. 492, 501.
34. Sears (1996), p. 357.
35. Sears (1996), p. 385.
36. Kennedy, pp. 164–167.
37. Kennedy, p. 167.
38. Kennedy, pp. 167–170.
39. Kennedy, pp. 170–171.
40. Kennedy, pp. 171–173.
41. Kennedy, pp. 181–182.
42. Kennedy, pp. 182–184.
43. Kennedy, pp. 173–175.
44. Longacre, p. 87.
45. Sears (2003), p. 81.
46. Longacre, p. 109.
47. Kennedy, pp. 205–206.
48. Longacre, pp. 124–125.
49. Kennedy, p. 180.
50. Kennedy, p. 206.
51. Kennedy, pp. 225–226.
52. Parrish, pp. 301–302.
53. Josephy, p. 148.
54. Ney, p. 340
55. Kennedy, p. 175.
56. Longacre, p. 178.
57. Nye, p. 355.
58. Sears (2003), p. 496, 498.
59. Kennedy, pp. 218–219.
60. Longacre, p. 201.
61. Longacre, p. 236.
62. Kennedy, pp. 175–176.
63. Kennedy, pp. 212–213.
64. Wittenberg et al., pp. 167–169.
65. Wittenberg et al., pp. 173–183.
66. Kennedy, p. 216.
67. Wittenberg et al., pp. 207–225
68. Chaitin, p. 124.
69. Sheppard, p. 131.
70. Parrish, p. 304.
71. Wittenberg et al., pp. 282–299.
72. Kennedy, p. 192.
73. Kennedy, pp. 219–221.
74. Kennedy, pp. 192–193.
75. Kennedy, pp. 213–214.
76. Kennedy, p. 222.
77. Kennedy, pp. 216–217.
78. Kennedy, pp. 222–223.
79. Kennedy, pp. 193–194.
80. Josephy, p. 373
81. Kennedy, p. 226.
82. Kennedy, p. 221.
83. Josephy, p. 145.
84. Kennedy, p. 193.
85. Josephy, p. 184.
86. Crew, p. 42.
87. Kennedy, p. 233.
88. Kennedy, p. 227.
89. Cozzens, p. 534.
90. Kennedy, pp. 236–238.
91. Kennedy, pp. 180–181.
92. Castel, p. 160.
93. Kennedy, pp. 239–240.
94. Crew, p. 43.
95. Kennedy, pp. 251–252.
96. Kennedy, p. 252.
97. Kennedy, pp. 252–254.
98. Kennedy, p. 263.
99. Kennedy, pp. 254–255.
100. Parrish, p. 311.
101. Kennedy, pp. 241–242.
102. "BROWNSVILLE, TX". History. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
103. Kennedy, p. 241.
104. Parrish, pp. 312–313.
105. Kennedy, p. 240.
106. Kennedy, p. 255.
107. Kennedy, pp. 248–249.
108. Kennedy, pp. 243–246.
109. Kennedy, pp. 255–259.
110. Kennedy, pp. 246–248.
111. Kennedy, p. 249.
112. Wert, pp. 355–356.
113. Kennedy, p. 250.

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