Tulipeae

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Tulipa sylvestris subsp. australis with seedpod (right), 1804 717a.jpg
Tulipa sylvestris subsp. australis with seedpod (right), 1804

The Tulipeae (syn. Tulipoideae) Duby [1] is a tribe of monocotyledon perennial, herbaceous mainly bulbous flowering plants in the Liliaceae (lily) family. As originally conceived by Duby (1828), "Tulipaceae" was a tribe within Liliaceae, consisting of the genera Tulipa , Fritillaria and Lilium. [1]

Contents

Description

Herbaceous non-climbing bulbous plants. Bulbs consisting of a single scale. Anthers pseudo-basifixed. fruit consists of a loculicidal capsule, seeds not winged. Tetrasporic embryo-sac formation with 7–8 nuclei. Nucella having a short base. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) non-Clintonia type. Chromosomes large - 2–11 μm (1–6 μm in Gagea). Genome size (3)4–25(70) pg, x = (9)12. Polyploidy common. [2]

Taxonomy

Tulipeae remained a core group of the Liliaceae, containing the type genus, Lilium for most of its taxonomic history. For instance, Bentham and Hooker (1883), [3] placed Lilium together with Tulipa and five other genera in Liliaceae tribe Tulipeae.

In the modern era, Takhtadzhi︠an described the tribe as having four genera: [4]

Later only Tulipa and Erythronium were included, and Gagea was added. Tulipeae has been variously constructed, chiefly as either a tribe of the subfamily Lilioideae, [5] or a subfamily of Liliaceae itself (Tulipoideae). [6] However it has been proposed that Gagea should be in its own tribe, the Lloydieae. [7]

The evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships of Tulipeae within Liliaceae are shown in the following Cladogram.

Cladogram: Phylogeny and biogeography of the genera of the Liliaceae
Liliaceae
West NA

Tricyrtis

Streptopoideae

Streptopus

Prosartes

Scoliopus

West NA

Calochortus

Lilioideae* East NA EA
Medeoleae  East NA

Clintonia

Medeola

Lilieae  s.l. EA
Tulipeae East Asia

Tulipa

Amana

Erythronium

Gagea ( Lloydia )

Lilieae s.s. Himalayas

Notholirion

Cardiocrinum

Lilium ( Nomocharis )

Fritillaria

Phylogenetic tree reflecting relationships based on molecular phylogenetic evidence.
*=Liliaceae sensu Tamura; EA=Eurasia NA=North America

Here, Tulipeae is shown as a clade within the broader construction of Lileae (sensu lato), or as a separate biogeographical tribe if the narrow sense of Lileae (sensu stricto) is adopted, with Lileae and Tulipeae as sister groups. The continuing use of Tulipeae as a separate tribe is supported by several authors. [7] [2]

Genera

Genera (species) [2]

Gagea is sister to the other three genera.

Synonyms

Notes

  1. Holongia: A genus only recognised by Takhtadzhi︠an

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References

  1. 1 2 Duby 1828.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Peruzzi 2016.
  3. Bentham & Hooker 1862–1883.
  4. Takhtadzhi︠a︡n 2009.
  5. Brands 2017.
  6. Watson 1879.
  7. 1 2 Kim et al. 2013a.

Bibliography