Clintonia

Last updated

Clintonia
NLW DeerLake2 tango7174.jpg
Fruits of Clintonia borealis
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Liliales
Family: Liliaceae
Subfamily: Lilioideae
Tribe: Medeoleae
Genus: Clintonia
Raf.
Synonyms [1]
  • HylocharisRegel & Tiling
  • XeniatrumSalisb.

Clintonia is a genus of flowering plants in the lily family Liliaceae. Plants of the genus are distributed across the temperate regions of North America and eastern Asia, [1] [2] in the mesic understory of deciduous or coniferous forests. [3] The genus, first described by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1818, [4] was named for DeWitt Clinton (17691828), a naturalist and politician from the U.S. state of New York. [5] [6] For this reason, plants of the genus are commonly known as Clinton's lily. The common name bluebead (and by extension bluebead lily) refer to the distinctive fruit of members of the genus. [7] Since fruit color varies somewhat across species, the common name bead lily is used as well. [8]

Contents

Description

The genus Clintonia is morphologically diverse. [3] Species are herbaceous perennial plants growing from rhizomatous underground stems with thin, fibrous roots. They grow from 1.5 to 8 dm tall. They have 2 to 6 basal leaves arising from the rhizome crown, the basal leaves are sessile and sheathing, and the cauline leaves have a stalk. The blade of each leaf has a prominent central vein and entire margins, and the bottom ends are obovate to oblanceolate in shape. The leaf apex is acute to abruptly short-acuminate, often mucronate (ending abruptly in a short sharp point). The inflorescences are terminal, and the flowers are arranged into short racemes or umbel-like clusters, with 1 to 45 flowers. The flowers have 6 tepals with nectaries present. The stamens are inserted at the base of the perianth, and the anthers are oblong-obovate to oblong-linear shaped. The rounded to cylinder shaped ovary is superior with two chambers (sometime three). Each chamber produces 2 to 10 ovules. The smooth fruits are berry-like, round to egg-shaped, metallic blue to black in color. Four to thirty seeds are produced in each fruit and the seeds are shiny brown, round and the ends are angled with 2 or 3 faces. [9] [10] [3]

Identification Key [9] [10]
1Inflorescence single-flowered(5)
+Inflorescence 3–45-flowered(2)
2 (1)Inflorescence 3–12-flowered, in one or more short, terminal racemes(3)
+Inflorescence 10–45-flowered, in one or more umbel-like clusters(4)
3 (2)Inflorescence 3–8(–10)-flowered, in short, terminal racemes; tepals yellow to yellowish green, 12–16 mm long; filaments 12–17.5 mm long; anthers 2–3.5 mm long; berries ultramarine blue, 8–16-seeded; eastern North America Clintonia borealis
+Inflorescence 3–12-flowered, in short, terminal racemes; tepals white, sometimes bluish, 7–12 mm long; stamens 4–6(–8) mm long; berries blackish blue, many-seeded; eastern Asia Clintonia udensis
4 (2)Inflorescence 20–45-flowered, in a terminal umbel-like cluster, usually with one or more lateral clusters; tepals claret red, 10–18 mm long; filaments 7–10 mm long; anthers 1.8–2.8 mm long; berries blue to bluish black, 10–30-seeded; California, Oregon Clintonia andrewsiana
+Inflorescence 10–25(–30)-flowered, in terminal umbel-like cluster (no lateral clusters); tepals white, often spotted purplish brown or green distally, 5.5–8 mm long; filaments 5.5–7 mm long; anthers 3.5–5.5 mm long; berries black, 2–4-seeded; eastern United States Clintonia umbellulata
5 (1)Inflorescence single-flowered (occasionally 2–flowered); tepals creamy white, 18–25 mm long; filaments 11–18 mm long; anthers 3.5–5.5 mm long; berries deep lustrous blue, 10–18-seeded; western North America Clintonia uniflora

Taxonomy

As of August 2020, Plants of the World Online (POWO) accepts the following species in the genus ClintoniaRaf.: [1]

ImageScientific nameDistribution
Clintonia andrewsiana.jpg Clintonia andrewsiana Torr.West Coast of the United States in California and Oregon
Clintonia borealis 140615.jpg Clintonia borealis (Aiton) Raf.eastern North America
Clintonia udensis 2.JPG Clintonia udensis Trautv. & C.A.Mey.Russian Far East to southeast Asia
Clintonia umbellulata.jpg Lawrence County, PA 29 May 2018.jpg Clintonia umbellulata (Michx.) MorongAppalachian Mountains in the eastern United States
Clintonia uniflora Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest (WA) 25 June 2019.jpg Clintonia uniflora (Menzies ex Schult. & Schult.f.) Kunthwestern North America

POWO also accepts the infraspecies Clintonia udensis var. alpina(Kunth ex Baker) H.Hara but some authorities do not accept this name. [11]

Molecular phylogenetic studies demonstrate two major disjunct clades, in eastern Asia and in North America respectively, and with the latter in East and in West. Within the family Liliaceae, Clintonia is a sister group to Medeola . [3]

Distribution

There are five species of Clintonia, four in North America and one in Asia.

North America

Two species of Clintonia occur in western North America:

The remaining two species are found in eastern North America:

Canada

The species C. borealis is also known to occur on the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, [16] a French territory near the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador.

United States

Asia

The species C. udensis is found in eastern Asia, from the Russian Far East to southeast Asia, extending from the Kuril Islands in the Pacific Ocean to the Western Himalaya region. [17]

Ecology

Spring blooming. [3]

Cultivation

Clintonia species are cultivated as garden subjects in shade gardens, grown for the glossy foliage, small lily-like flowers, and blue fruits, and their ability to live in heavy shade. They grow best in cool, organic-rich, acid soils that retain moisture and when grown well form dense slowly spreading clumps. [18]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Trillium</i> Genus of flowering plants

Trillium is a genus of about fifty flowering plant species in the family Melanthiaceae. Trillium species are native to temperate regions of North America and Asia, with the greatest diversity of species found in the southern Appalachian Mountains in the southeastern United States.

<i>Erythronium</i> Genus of flowering plants

Erythronium, the fawn lily, trout lily, dog's-tooth violet or adder's tongue, is a genus of Eurasian and North American plants in the lily family, most closely related to tulips. The name Erythronium derives from Ancient Greek ἐρυθρός (eruthrós) "red" in Greek, referring to the red flowers of E. dens-canis. Of all the established species, most live in North America; only six species are found in Europe and Asia.

Goldenrod Index of plants with the same common name

Goldenrod is a common name for many species of flowering plants in the sunflower family, Asteraceae, commonly in reference to the genus Solidago.

<i>Ipheion</i> Genus of flowering plants

The flowering plant genus Ipheion belongs to Allioideae, a subfamily of the family Amaryllidaceae. The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families no longer recognize the genus, regarding it as a synonym of Tristagma, although The Plant List accepts two species.

Melanthieae Tribe of flowering plants

Melanthieae is a tribe of flowering plants within the family Melanthiaceae. Molecular phylogenetic studies in the 21st century have resulted in a large-scale reassignment of many of its species to different genera; in particular the genus Zigadenus (deathcamases) has been restricted to a single species, Zigadenus glaberrimus. Plants contain alkaloids, making them unpalatable to grazing animals; many are very poisonous to both animals and humans.

<i>Clintonia borealis</i> Species of flowering plant

Clintonia borealis is a species of flowering plant in the lily family Liliaceae. The specific epithet borealis means "of the north," which alludes to the fact that the species tends to thrive in the boreal forests of eastern Canada and northeastern United States.

<i>Calla</i> Monotypic genus of flowering plant in the arum family Araceae

Calla is a genus of flowering plant in the family Araceae, containing the single species Calla palustris.

<i>Calandrinia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Calandrinia are a large genus of flowering plants known as purslanes and redmaids. It includes over 100 species of annual and perennial herbs which bear colorful flowers in shades of red to purple and white. Plants of this genus are native to Australia, western South America, Central America, and western North America. Some species have been introduced to parts of New Zealand, southern Africa, Asia, and Europe.

<i>Uvularia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Uvularia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Colchicaceae, which is closely related to the lily family (Liliaceae). They are commonly called bellworts, bellflowers or merrybells. The genus name is derived from the Latin ūvula meaning "little grape," likely because of the way the flowers hang downward. For the same reason Uvularia may also refer to the similarly derived palatine uvula, which hangs down from the soft palate in the mouth. The plants are often found growing on wooded slopes or in ravines and they spread by stolons, or stoloniferous rhizomes. The plants are usually 45–60 cm (18–24 in) in height and bear one or two flowers per stem in April and May, that hang downward from the axils of the leaves.

<i>Linnaea</i> Genus of flowering plants in the honeysuckle family Caprifoliaceae

Linnaea is a plant genus in the honeysuckle family Caprifoliaceae. Until 2013, the genus included a single species, Linnaea borealis. In 2013, on the basis of molecular phylogenetic evidence, the genus was expanded to include species formerly placed in Abelia, Diabelia, Dipelta, Kolkwitzia and Vesalea. However, this is rejected by the majority of subsequent scientific literature and flora.

<i>Clintonia uniflora</i> Species of flowering plant

Clintonia uniflora, commonly known as bride's bonnet, queen's cup, or bead lily, is a species of flowering plant in the lily family Liliaceae. The specific epithet uniflora means "one-flowered", a characteristic that distinguishes this species from others in the genus Clintonia. For this reason, it is also known as the single-flowered clintonia.

<i>Clintonia andrewsiana</i> Species of flowering plant

Clintonia andrewsiana is a species of flowering plant in the lily family Liliaceae. The species was discovered by John Milton Bigelow in 1854 and described by John Torrey in 1856. The specific epithet andrewsiana honors Timothy Langdon Andrews (1819–1908), a "gentleman who assiduously examined the botany" of California during the mid-19th century. The species is commonly known as Andrews clintonia or red clintonia, where the latter refers to the color of the flowers. In California, it is also known as bluebead lily or western bluebead lily, not to be confused with C. borealis, which is likewise known as bluebead lily. The Pomo people of northern California considered the plant to be poisonous.

<i>Suaeda nigra</i> Species of flowering plant

Suaeda nigra, often still known by the former name Suaeda moquinii, is a species of flowering plant in the amaranth family, known by the vernacular names bush seepweed or Mojave sea-blite.

<i>Clintonia umbellulata</i> Species of Lily

Clintonia umbellulata, commonly known as white clintonia or speckled wood-lily, is a species of flowering plant in the lily family Liliaceae. The specific epithet umbellulata means "umbelled," which refers to the shape of the plant’s inflorescence.

<i>Medeola</i> Genus of flowering plants

Medeola virginiana, known as Indian cucumber or Indian cucumber-root, is an eastern North American plant species in the lily family, Liliaceae. It is the only currently recognized plant species in the genus Medeola. It grows in the understory of forests. The plant bears edible rhizomes that have a mild cucumber-like flavor.

<i>Clintonia udensis</i> Species of plant

Clintonia udensis is a species of flowering plant in the lily family Liliaceae. It is the only species of Clintonia native to Asia. It prefers sparsely forested habitat including the alpine forests of the Himalayas.

Bead lily is a common name for several flowering plant species in genus Clintonia, including:

The word bluebead is used in the common name for each of several species of flowering plants in the genus Clintonia, including:

<i>Ilex umbellulata</i> Species of holly

Ilex umbellulata is an evergreen tree species related to holly, generally four to fifteen metres in height. It is found in Southeast Asia. This tree is most often found growing in forests.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Clintonia Raf". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  2. "Clintonia". County-level distribution maps from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Hayashi et al 2001.
  4. Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (1818). "Flora Americae Septentrionalis, or a systematic arrangement and description of the plants of North America by Frederick Pursh". Amer. Monthly Mag. & Crit. Rev. 2 (3): 170–176.
  5. Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (1832). "Clintonia borealis". Atlantic Journal, and Friend of Knowledge. 1 (3): 120. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  6. Quattrocchi, Umberto (3 May 2012). CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press. p. 1023. ISBN   978-1-4200-8044-5.
  7. USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Clintonia". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  8. Meyer, Rachelle S. (2005). "Clintonia uniflora". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  9. 1 2 Utech, Frederick H. (2002). "Clintonia". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 26. New York and Oxford via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  10. 1 2 Chen, Xinqi; Tamura, Minoru N. "Clintonia". Flora of China. Vol. 24 via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  11. "Clintonia udensis var. alpina (Kunth ex Baker) H.Hara". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  12. "Clintonia andrewsiana Torr". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  13. "Clintonia uniflora (Menzies ex Schult. & Schult.f.) Kunth". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  14. "Clintonia borealis (Aiton) Raf". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  15. "Clintonia umbellulata (Michx.) Morong". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  16. Utech, Frederick H. (2002). "Clintonia borealis". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 26. New York and Oxford via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  17. "Clintonia udensis Trautv. & C.A.Mey". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  18. William Cullina (2000). The New England Wild Flower Society Guide to Growing and Propagating Wildflowers of the United States and Canada. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 78–. ISBN   0-395-96609-4.

Bibliography