Sulfur-reducing bacteria are microorganisms able to reduce elemental sulfur (S0) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These microbes use inorganic sulfur compounds as electron acceptors to sustain several activities such as respiration, conserving energy and growth, in absence of oxygen. The final product of these processes, sulfide, has a considerable influence on the chemistry of the environment and, in addition, is used as electron donor for a large variety of microbial metabolisms. Several types of bacteria and many non-methanogenic archaea can reduce sulfur. Microbial sulfur reduction was already shown in early studies, which highlighted the first proof of S0 reduction in a vibrioid bacterium from mud, with sulfur as electron acceptor and H
2 as electron donor. The first pure cultured species of sulfur-reducing bacteria, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, was discovered in 1976 and described by Pfennig Norbert and Biebel Hanno as an anaerobic sulfur-reducing and acetate-oxidizing bacterium, not able to reduce sulfate. Only few taxa are true sulfur-reducing bacteria, using sulfur reduction as the only or main catabolic reaction. Normally, they couple this reaction with the oxidation of acetate, succinate or other organic compounds. In general, sulfate-reducing bacteria are able to use both sulfate and elemental sulfur as electron acceptors. Thanks to its abundancy and thermodynamic stability, sulfate is the most studied electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration that involves sulfur compounds. Elemental sulfur, however, is very abundant and important, especially in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, hot springs and other extreme environments, making its isolation more difficult. Some bacteria – such as Proteus, Campylobacter, Pseudomonas and Salmonella – have the ability to reduce sulfur, but can also use oxygen and other terminal electron acceptors.
Roseomonas oryzae is a species of Gram negative, strictly aerobic, coccobacilli-shaped, pale pink-colored bacterium. It was first isolated from rice paddy rhizosphere soil in Western Ghats, Kankumbi, India. The species name is derived from Latin oryzae.
Roseomonas riguiloci is a species of Gram negative, strictly aerobic, coccobacilli-shaped, pinkish-red-colored bacterium. It was first isolated from freshwater from the Woopo wetland in Gyeongnam Province, South Korea and the species was first proposed in 2012. The species name is derived from Latin riguus (well-watered) and locus.
Roseomonas stagni is a species of Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, coccobacilli-shaped, pink-colored bacterium. It was first isolated from sediment from pond water in Shizuoka, Japan, and the species was first proposed in 2008. The species name is derived from Latin stagni.
Roseomonas aquatica is a species of Gram negative, strictly aerobic, coccobacilli-shaped, pale pink-colored bacterium. It was first isolated from drinking water from Seville, Spain. The species name is derived from the Latin aquatica.
Alicyclobacillus aeris is a species of Gram positive/Gram variable, strictly aerobic, bacterium. The bacteria are acidophilic and produced endospores. It was first isolated from a copper mine in Inner Mongolia, China. The species was first described in 2009, and the name is derived from the Latin aeris.
Alicyclobacillus kakegawensis is a species of Gram positive, strictly aerobic, bacterium. The bacteria are acidophilic and produce endospores. It was first isolated from soil in Kakegawa, Japan. The species was first described in 2007, and the named after the city from which it was first isolated.
Alicyclobacillus shizuokensis is a species of Gram positive, strictly aerobic, bacterium. The bacteria are acidophilic and produce endospores. It was first isolated from soil in a crop field in Shizuoka, Japan. The species was first described in 2007, and the name refers to the city from which it was first isolated.
Alicyclobacillus disulfidooxidans a species of Gram positive, strictly aerobic, bacterium. The bacteria are acidophilic and produced endospores. It was first isolated from waterwater sludge in Blake Lake City, Quebec, Canada. The species was first identified in 1996, but was classified as Sulfobacillus disulfidooxidansis. It was reclassified as Alicyclobacillus in 2005. The name is derived from the Latin duplus (double), sulfur (sulfur), and oxido (oxidize), referring to the bacterium's ability to oxidize disulfide.
Tumebacillus permanentifrigorisis is a species of Gram positive, strictly aerobic, bacterium. The cells are rod-shaped and form spores. It was first isolated from a 9-meter-deep permafrost sample from the Canadian high Arctic. The species was first described in 2008, and the name refers to its original isolation from permafrost. T. permanentifrigoris was the first species in the new genus, Tumebacillus, and is the type species for the genus. The isolate may have survived 5000–7000 years in ice before being discovered.
Tumebacillus algifaecis is a species of Gram positive, facultatively anaerobic, bacterium. The cells are rod-shaped and form spores. It was first isolated from an algal bloom in Taihu Lake, China. The species was first described in 2015, and the name is derived from Latin alga (algae) and faex and refers to its original isolation from the algal bloom.
Tumebacillus avium is a species of Gram positive, facultatively aerobic, bacterium. The cells are rod-shaped, motile, and form spores. It was first isolated from faecal sample of a cinereous vulture from the Seoul Grand Park Zoo, Seoul, South Korea. The species was first described in 2018, and the name is derived from Latin avium.
Tumebacillus flagellatus is a species of Gram positive, aerobic, bacterium. The cells are rod-shaped, motile, and form spores. It was first isolated from wastewater from a cassava processing plant in Guangxi, China. The species was first described in 2013, and the name refers to the flagella found in the cells. T. flagellatus was the third species of Tumebacillus to be discovered, but was the first found to be motile. T. flagellatus was found during a survey for bacteria that were able to hydrolyze pullulan or starch.
Tumebacillus ginsengisoli is a species of Gram positive, aerobic, bacterium. The cells are rod-shaped, non-motile, and form spores. It was first isolated from soil in a ginseng field in Pocheon, South Korea, and the species name is derived from the ginseng soil isolation location. T. ginsengisoli was the second species added to the genus Tumebacillus.
Tumebacillus luteolus is a species of Gram positive, aerobic, bacterium. The cells are rod-shaped, non-motile, and form spores. It was first isolated from soil in Ukraine. The species was first described in 2015, and the name is derived from Latin luteolus (yellowish), referring to the colony color on R2A agar.
Tumebacillus soli is a species of Gram positive, aerobic, bacterium. The cells are rod-shaped, motile, and form spores. It was first isolated from soil in Danghangpo, South Korea. The species was first described in 2015, and the name refers to its initial isolation from soil.
Effusibacillus pohliae is a species of Gram positive, aerobic, thermophilic bacterium. The cells are rod-shaped and form spores. It was first isolated from Mount Melbourne, Antarctica. The species is named after the genus of Pohlia nutans, a species of moss that was colonizing the area where the type strain was isolated. E. pohliae has also been isolated from a geothermal heat pump in South Korea.
Alicyclobacillus fodiniaquatilis is a species of Gram positive, strictly aerobic, bacterium. The bacteria are acidophilic and produced endospores. It was first isolated from acid mine water from a copper mine in Fujian Province, Republic of China. The species was first described in 2015, and the name is derived from Latin fodina (mine) and aqua water, referring to the original isolation location.
Brachybacterium zhongshanense is a species of Gram positive, facultatively anaerobic, halotolerant, cream-pigmented bacterium. The cells are coccoid during the stationary phase, and irregular rods during the exponential phase. It was first isolated from sediment along the Qijiang River, Zhongshan, China. The species was first proposed in 2011, and the name refers to the city from which it was first isolated.
Thermocrinis jamiesonii is a Gram-negative bacterium that is thermophilic, growing at temperatures ranging from 70 to 85°C. It grows as a chemolithoautotroph or chemolithoheterotroph, using thiosulfate as its sole electron donor, and is obligately microaerophilic. The strain GBS1T was isolated from Great Boiling Spring, Nevada, USA.
