Turbinaria (alga)

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Turbinaria
Turbinaria ornata.jpg
Turbinaria ornata
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Diaphoretickes
Clade: SAR
Clade: Stramenopiles
Phylum: Gyrista
Subphylum: Ochrophytina
Class: Phaeophyceae
Order: Fucales
Family: Sargassaceae
Genus: Turbinaria
J.V.Lamouroux, 1825

Turbinaria is a genus of brown algae (Phaeophyceae) found primarily in tropical marine waters. It generally grows on rocky substrates. [1] In tropical Turbinaria species that are often preferentially consumed by herbivorous fishes and echinoids, there is a relatively low level of phenolics and tannins. [2]

Contents

The genus has shown promise as a way of removing lead from aqueous solutions. [3]

Taxonomy and Nomenclature

Turbinaria J.V. Lamouroux is a genus under family Sargassaceae, order Fucales, of the class Phaeophyceae (brown algae). Taxonomic classification is based on morphological characteristics including the shape of the leaves, vesicles, and receptacles, as well as the development of the axes. [4] The genus has received comparatively lesser attention than other genera under Sargassaceae, and like many seaweeds, the large degree of phenotypic plasticity exhibited by different species has led to many taxonomic uncertainties. [5] [6] The use of molecular analyses has been useful in this regard.

Morphology

Turbinaria ornata (owner not stated, 2006) Turbinaria ornata.jpg
Turbinaria ornata (owner not stated, 2006)

Turbinaria is characterized by an upright thallus with radially branched axes bearing blades. It has a tough texture. [4] The blades come in various forms described as stipitate, turbinate, crowned, and obpyramidal. [7] Its appearance resembles that of a long pinecone. The thallus is kept upright by a holdfast consisting of spread out branches growing from the main axes. Mature thalli possess receptacles, their reproductive organs which branch out from the tips of the stalks on the blades. [4]

Distribution

Turbinaria is mainly distributed in tropical coral reefs but is also found in the subtropics and temperate regions. Southeast Asia as well as the Indian Ocean contain the highest diversity of the genus. Turbinaria ornata is the species with the widest distribution within the genus, ranging from the West Atlantic, to the Indo-Pacific, and East Africa. [4]

Ecology

The genus can survive in various habitats such as tide pools, rocky intertidal zones, and forereefs, as well as up to depths of 30 meters, [4] as well as in habitats will varying levels of exposure. They have adapted different forms to suit their environments. [8] Thalli in habitats with high wave action tend to be shorter, tougher, and not buoyant which helps them withstand the harsh conditions. [9] [10] On the other hand, thalli in more sheltered habitats are longer, with weaker tissue, and develop buoyancy with sexual maturity. [11]

Turbinaria is one of the principal genera of macroalgae that have been observed to take over degraded reefs following losses in hard coral cover. [12] One of the reasons for this is that it has a higher thermal tolerance than some coral species giving it a competitive advantage during periods of high temperatures. [13] Its thalli can also cause abrasions on corals which can lead to death. [14] [15]

Life History

Species like Turbinaria ornata are monoecious and reproduce both sexually and asexually. The life cycle begins with a diploid thallus which releases haploid gametes which develop in its receptacles which contain oogonia for eggs, and antheridia for antherozoids. Fertilization occurs at the tip of the receptacle which results in a diploid zygote. [16] Asexual reproduction occurs via fragmentation and dispersal. Dispersal occurs in two modes: short ( < 1 m) and long distance (kms). [4]

Harvesting/Cultivation

Harvesting of Turbinaria is largely done by collecting drifting thalli on the water surface or directly from the substratum. [4] The genus is commonly harvested in India, Indonesia, and the Philippines for alginate production. [17] [18] [19] It is abundant year-round in French Polynesia and India, [20] [19] and is harvested seasonally in Indonesia. [18]

Chemical Composition

Turbinaria contains fucoxanthin which is a carotenoid pigment found in all brown algae. Its functions lie in the harvesting of light and energy transfer. [4] The genus has high levels of iron (893.7 ± 210.5 g−1 µg dry weight), [20] and has an affinity for arsenic and nickel, depending on the concentrations in the environments in which they grow. [4] It also has good potential for alginate production since it can yield up to 40% of its dry weight in alginate. [21] Turbinaria also contains fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. [22] [23]

The Genus Turbinaria is still chemically and pharmacologically underexplored. These brown algae belong to the family Sargassaceae. Therapeutic potentials of pure compounds isolated from the Genus Turbinaria are extraordinarily promising as antiproliferative, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory immunostimulatory, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, antiviral, antimicrobial, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic. Those activities are represented by diverse classes of compounds including sterols, amino acids, fatty acids, alcohols, halocarbons, hydrocarbons, carbohydrates, esters and cyclic tetrapyrrole compounds. [24]

Utilization

Turbinaria is utilized for its alginate extracts, which are used as thickening, gelling, and stabilizing agents in food and drinks, as well as in cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. [25] The young thalli of Turbinaria ornata are consumed in Indonesia either fresh, salted, or with curry sauce. [26] Dried Turbinaria can be ground and used as seasoning. In Samoa, it is used as a stir-fry ingredient. [26] Brown algae are often used in animal feed as they can provide nutritional supplements and improve growth. [27] A study found that prawn feeds containing T. ornata supplements increased growth, survival, and digestion. [28] Turbinaria is also used as fertilizer [17] and pesticides [29] in many Asian countries.

Species

Turbinaria ornata Turbinaria ornata Reunion.jpg
Turbinaria ornata
Turbinaria triquetra Turbinaria triquetra near Safaga, Red Sea.jpg
Turbinaria triquetra
Turbinaria gracilis Alger, Turbinaria gracilis, Nordisk familjebok.png
Turbinaria gracilis

AlgaeBase lists 32 current species of Turbinaria.: [30]

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brown algae</span> Large group of multicellular algae, comprising the class Phaeophyceae

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References

  1. ↑ Blomquist, H.L. (1945). "Development of reproductive structures in the brown alga Turbinaria turbinata". Botanical Gazette. 106 (3): 290–304. doi:10.1086/335299. S2CID   83568641.
  2. ↑ Steinberg, Peter D. (1986). "Chemical defenses and the susceptibility of tropical marine brown algae to herbivores". Oecologia. 69 (4): 628–630. Bibcode:1986Oecol..69..628S. doi:10.1007/BF00410374. PMID   28311627. S2CID   19551247.
  3. ↑ Senthilkumar, R.; Vijayaraghavan, K.; Thilakavathi, M.; Iyer, P.V.R.; Velan, M. (2007). "Application of seaweeds for the removal of lead from aqueous solution". Biochem. Eng. J. 33 (3): 211–6. doi:10.1016/j.bej.2006.10.020.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Zubia, M.; Stiger-Pouvreau, Valérie; Mattio, Lydiane; Payri, Claude E.; Stewart, Hannah L. (2020-07-07). "A comprehensive review of the brown macroalgal genus Turbinaria J.V. Lamouroux (Fucales, Sargassaceae)". Journal of Applied Phycology. 32 (5): 2743–2760. doi:10.1007/s10811-020-02188-z. ISSN   0921-8971. S2CID   220376357.
  5. ↑ Rohfritsch, Audrey; Payri, Claude; Stiger, Valérie; Bonhomme, François (2007). "Molecular and morphological relationships between two closely related species, Turbinaria ornata and T. conoides (Sargassaceae, Phaeophyceae)". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 35 (2): 91–98. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2006.09.002. ISSN   0305-1978.
  6. ↑ Le Lann, K.; Kervarec, N.; Payri, C.E.; Deslandes, E.; Stiger-Pouvreau, V. (2008-01-15). "Discrimination of allied species within the genus Turbinaria (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) using HRMAS NMR spectroscopy". Talanta. 74 (4): 1079–1083. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2007.08.021. ISSN   0039-9140. PMID   18371754.
  7. ↑ Blomquist, H. L. (1945). "Development of Reproductive Structures in the Brown Alga Turbinaria turbinata". Botanical Gazette. 106 (3): 290–304. doi:10.1086/335299. ISSN   0006-8071. S2CID   83568641.
  8. ↑ Stewart, Hannah L. (2006-02-25). "Morphological variation and phenotypic plasticity of buoyancy in the macroalga Turbinaria ornata across a barrier reef". Marine Biology. 149 (4): 721–730. doi:10.1007/s00227-005-0186-z. ISSN   0025-3162. S2CID   84812332.
  9. ↑ Stewart, Hannah L. (2004). "Hydrodynamic consequences of maintaining an upright posture by different magnitudes of stiffness and buoyancy in the tropical alga Turbinaria ornata". Journal of Marine Systems. 49 (1–4): 157–167. Bibcode:2004JMS....49..157S. doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2003.05.007. ISSN   0924-7963.
  10. ↑ Prathep, Anchana; Wichachucherd, Bongkot; Thongroy, Pimonrat (2007). "Spatial and temporal variation in density and thallus morphology of Turbinaria ornata in Thailand". Aquatic Botany. 86 (2): 132–138. doi:10.1016/j.aquabot.2006.09.011. ISSN   0304-3770.
  11. ↑ Stewart, Hannah Louise (2006). "Ontogenetic Changes in Buoyancy, Breaking Strength, Extensibility, and Reproductive Investment in a Drifting Macroalga Turbinaria Ornata (Phaeophyta)1". Journal of Phycology. 42 (1): 43–50. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00184.x. ISSN   0022-3646. S2CID   84580325.
  12. ↑ Schmitt, Russell J.; Holbrook, Sally J.; Davis, Samantha L.; Brooks, Andrew J.; Adam, Thomas C. (2019-02-11). "Experimental support for alternative attractors on coral reefs". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (10): 4372–4381. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.4372S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1812412116 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   6410839 .
  13. ↑ Anton, Andrea; Randle, Janna L.; Garcia, Francisca C.; Rossbach, Susann; Ellis, Joanne I.; Weinzierl, Michael; Duarte, Carlos M. (2020). "Differential thermal tolerance between algae and corals may trigger the proliferation of algae in coral reefs". Global Change Biology. 26 (8): 4316–4327. Bibcode:2020GCBio..26.4316A. doi:10.1111/gcb.15141. hdl: 10754/662766 . ISSN   1354-1013. PMID   32364636. S2CID   218490727.
  14. ↑ Tanner, Jason E. (1995). "Competition between scleractinian corals and macroalgae: An experimental investigation of coral growth, survival and reproduction". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 190 (2): 151–168. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(95)00027-o. ISSN   0022-0981.
  15. ↑ Stiger, Valérie; Payri, Claude E. (2005). "Natural settlement dynamics of a young population of Turbinaria ornata and phenological comparisons with older populations". Aquatic Botany. 81 (3): 225–243. doi:10.1016/j.aquabot.2004.12.005. ISSN   0304-3770.
  16. ↑ Stiger V (1997) Contribution à l'étude de la biologie des populations de deux grandes algues brunes Turbinaria ornata (Turner) J. Agardh et Sargassum mangaravense (Grunow) Setchell, proliférant sur les récifs de la Polynésie française. Dissertation. Université Française du Pacifique Tahiti
  17. 1 2 Lindsey Zemke-White, W.; Ohno, Masao (1999). "World seaweed utilisation: an end-of-century summary". Journal of Applied Phycology. 11 (4): 369–376. doi:10.1023/a:1008197610793. ISSN   0921-8971. S2CID   33399681.
  18. 1 2 Setyawidati, Nur Azmi R.; Puspita, Maya; Kaimuddin, Awaludin H.; Widowati, Ita; Deslandes, Eric; Bourgougnon, Nathalie; Stiger-Pouvreau, Valérie (2018). "Seasonal biomass and alginate stock assessment of three abundant genera of brown macroalgae using multispectral high resolution satellite remote sensing: A case study at Ekas Bay (Lombok, Indonesia)". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 131 (Pt B): 40–48. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.11.068. ISSN   0025-326X. PMID   29422305. S2CID   46837987.
  19. 1 2 Ganesan, Meenakshisundaram; Trivedi, Nitin; Gupta, Vishal; Madhav, S. Venu; Radhakrishna Reddy, Chennur; Levine, Ira A. (2019-06-13). "Seaweed resources in India – current status of diversity and cultivation: prospects and challenges". Botanica Marina. 62 (5): 463–482. doi: 10.1515/bot-2018-0056 . ISSN   1437-4323. S2CID   196686866.
  20. 1 2 Zubia, M.; Payri, C. E.; Deslandes, E.; Guezennec, J. (2003-01-18). "Chemical Composition of Attached and Drift Specimens of Sargassum mangarevense and Turbinaria ornata (Phaeophyta: Fucales) from Tahiti, French Polynesia". Botanica Marina. 46 (6). doi:10.1515/bot.2003.059. ISSN   0006-8055. S2CID   84995604.
  21. ↑ Zubia, Mayalen; Payri, Claude; Deslandes, Eric (2008-01-19). "Alginate, mannitol, phenolic compounds and biological activities of two range-extending brown algae, Sargassum mangarevense and Turbinaria ornata (Phaeophyta: Fucales), from Tahiti (French Polynesia)". Journal of Applied Phycology. 20 (6): 1033–1043. doi:10.1007/s10811-007-9303-3. ISSN   0921-8971. S2CID   24701339.
  22. ↑ Sanjeewa, K.K. Asanka; Lee, Jung-Suck; Kim, Won-Suck; Jeon, You-Jin (2017). "The potential of brown-algae polysaccharides for the development of anticancer agents: An update on anticancer effects reported for fucoidan and laminaran". Carbohydrate Polymers. 177: 451–459. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.09.005. ISSN   0144-8617. PMID   28962791.
  23. ↑ Fitton; Stringer; Park; Karpiniec (2019-10-09). "Therapies from Fucoidan: New Developments". Marine Drugs. 17 (10): 571. doi: 10.3390/md17100571 . ISSN   1660-3397. PMC   6836154 . PMID   31601041.
  24. ↑ Rushdi, Mohammed I.; Abdel-Rahman, Iman A. M.; Saber, Hani; Attia, Eman Zekry; Abdelraheem, Wedad M.; Madkour, Hashem A.; Abdelmohsen, Usama Ramadan (2021-11-17). "The genus Turbinaria : chemical and pharmacological diversity". Natural Product Research. 35 (22): 4560–4578. doi:10.1080/14786419.2020.1731741. ISSN   1478-6419. PMID   32091241. S2CID   211261066.
  25. ↑ Milani, Jafar; Maleki, Gisoo (2012-02-22), "Hydrocolloids in Food Industry", Food Industrial Processes - Methods and Equipment, InTech, doi: 10.5772/32358 , ISBN   978-953-307-905-9
  26. 1 2 Novaczek I (2001) A guide to the common edible and medicinal sea plants of the Pacific Islands. University of the South Pacific, Suva
  27. ↑ Holdt, Susan Løvstad; Kraan, Stefan (2011-02-09). "Bioactive compounds in seaweed: functional food applications and legislation". Journal of Applied Phycology. 23 (3): 543–597. doi:10.1007/s10811-010-9632-5. ISSN   0921-8971. S2CID   24875387.
  28. ↑ Rajkumar G, Bhavan PS, Srinivasan V, Udayasuriyan R, Karthik M, Satgurunathan T (2017) Partial replacement of fishmeal with marine algae Turbinaria ornata and Gracilaria corticata for sustainable culture of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Int J Res Stud Zool 3:32–44
  29. ↑ Begum M., Ameer Junaithal; Selvaraju, P.; Vijayakumar, A. (2016-03-01). "Evaluation of antifungal activity of seaweed extract (Turbinaria conoides) against Fusarium oxysporum". Journal of Applied and Natural Science. 8 (1): 60–62. doi: 10.31018/jans.v8i1.747 . ISSN   2231-5209.
  30. ↑ M.D. Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. June 21, 2014. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. https://www.algaebase.org  ; searched on January 23, 2022.
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