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The Republic of Ghana is named after the medieval West African Ghana Empire. The empire became known in Europe and Arabia as the Ghana Empire after the title of its Emperor, the Ghana. The empire appears to have broken up following the 1076 conquest by the Almoravid General Abu-Bakr Ibn-Umar. A reduced kingdom continued to exist after Almoravid rule ended, and the kingdom was later incorporated into subsequent Sahelian empires, such as the Mali Empire several centuries later. Geographically, the ancient Ghana Empire was approximately 500 miles (800 km) north and west of the modern state of Ghana, and controlled territories in the area of the Sénégal River and east towards the Niger rivers, in modern Senegal, Mauritania and Mali.
Lieutenant General Akwasi Amankwaa Afrifa was a Ghanaian soldier, farmer, traditional ruler and politician. He was the head of state of Ghana and leader of the military government in 1969 and then chairman of the Presidential Commission between 1969 and 1970. He continued as a farmer and political activist. He was elected a member of Parliament in 1979, but he was executed before he could take his seat. He was executed together with two other former heads of state, General Kutu Acheampong and General Fred Akuffo, and five other generals, in June 1979. He was also popularly referred to by his title Okatakyie Akwasi Amankwaa Afrifa and was in addition the abakomahene of Krobo in the Asante-Mampong Traditional Area of the Ashanti Region of Ghana.
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The National Liberation Movement was a Ghanaian political party formed in 1954. Set up by disaffected Ashanti members of the Convention People's Party, who were joined by Kofi Abrefa Busia, the NLM opposed the process of centralization whilst supporting a continuing role for traditional leaders. It was led by Baffour Akoto, linguist to the Asantehene. The party gained some support in the Gold Coast legislative election, 1956 and became the third largest party in the Assembly with 12 seats, behind the Convention People's Party and the Northern People's Party.
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The National Reconciliation Commission was established in January 2002 by the Parliament of Ghana. The goal of the commission was to establish an "accurate, complete and historical record of violations and abuses of human rights inflicted on persons by public institutions and holders of public office during periods of unconstitutional government." The Commission was formed after a new democratic party won the elections in 2000. The Commission covered human rights violations in Ghana from 1957 to 1993. It looked into government abuses and military coups staged by former president Jerry Rawlings. The members of the Commission worked until the end of 2004.
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The Danquah-Dombo-Busia tradition is the oldest surviving political tradition in Ghana that dates as far back as 1947, before Ghana attained independence. The main political figures this tradition stems from are Dr JB Danquah, Dr Kofi Abrefa Busia and Simon Diedong Dombo
The Political history of Ghana recounts the history of varying political systems that existed in Ghana during pre-colonial times, the colonial era and after independence. Pre-colonial Ghana was made up of several states and ethnic groups whose political system was categorized by 3 main administrative models; Centralized, Non-centralized and Theocratic states. In the colonial era, the British Empire employed different forms of government among its four territorial possessions in the Gold Coast. Indirect rule was implemented in the late 19th century after its success in Northern Nigeria. From the 1940s, native Ghanaians yearned for more autonomy. This resulted in the several constitutional reforms as well as the creation of the office of the Prime Minister in 1952.
The Federation of Youth Organization is a defunct political party which existed in the Gold Coast. It contested the 1956 Gold Coast general election, winning one of the one hundred and four seats in the National Assembly. This was the first and only seat ever won by the party. This was the one and only national election it contested. This election determined the members of the first Parliament of Ghana in March 1957. Following the attainment of Independence from British colonial rule, the Nkrumah government of Ghana passed an Act to proscribe sectional, regional, religious, and tribal parties. This led to most of the opposition parties merging to form the United Party. This Act was known as the Avoidance of Discrimination Act, 1957, and it took effect from 31 December 1957. This led to the existence of the smaller opposition parties such as (FYO), Northern People's Party, Muslim Association Party, National Liberation Movement (NLM), Anlo Youth Organization, Togoland Congress and the Ga Shifimokpee coming to an end.
References
- ↑ "Professional Bodies (Other than Legal) and Civil Society Groups" (PDF). National Reconciliation Commission Report Volume 4 Chapter 5. Ghana Home Page. pp. 259 & 260. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 28, 2005. Retrieved 2007-06-29.
- ↑ Richard Asante & E.Gyimah-Boadi (2004). "Ethnic Structure, Inequality and Governance of the Public Sector in Ghana" (PDF). Part of UNRISD Project on Ethnic Structure, Inequality and Governance of the Public Sector. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-06-29.
- ↑ Janda, Kenneth (June 1980). "GHANA: The Party System in 1951-1956 and 1957-1962". Political Parties: A Cross-National Survey. New York: The Free Press. pp. 908–909. ISBN 978-0-02-916120-3. OCLC 6378799 . Retrieved 2007-07-25.
- ↑ "Ghana - Political Parties". Encyclopaedia of the Nations. Advameg. Retrieved 2007-07-25.
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