United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe

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United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe
Usstaf-emblem.jpg
United States Strategic Air Forces emblem
Active22 February 1944 – 7 August 1945
Country United States of America
Branch United States Army Air Forces (1944–1945)
RoleCommand and Control
Garrison/HQBushy Park, England
February 1942 – September 1944
St Germain-en-Laye, France
September 1944 – August 1945
Engagements World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg    European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign ribbon.svg
World War II Victory Medal
European Campaign (1944–1945)
Commanders
Notable
commanders
General Carl Spaatz
Area of operations, United States Strategic and Tactical Air Forces 1944-1945 Usstaf-area-map.jpg
Area of operations, United States Strategic and Tactical Air Forces 1944–1945

The United States Strategic Air Forces (USSTAF) was a formation of the United States Army Air Forces. It became the overall command and control authority of the United States Army Air Forces in Europe during World War II.

Contents

USSTAF had started as the Eighth Air Force, a complementary command to that of the smaller Ninth Air Force, Twelfth Air Force, and Fifteenth Air Forces. As the oldest command, which had begun the earliest American operations in Europe as VIII Bomber Command, the Eighth had provided British liaison and strategic tasking guidance to each of those younger organizations throughout the war.

With the in-depth Allied contacts and overall responsibility directly affecting the strategic bombing of industrial regions of Germany the Eighth's planning and intelligence staffs were the natural best choice to assert overall coordinated control with the D-Day Operation Overlord needs of the Allies, under General Dwight D. Eisenhower as Supreme Allied Commander. Subsequently, the strategic bombing effort's intelligence, targeting and planning, co-ordination, including mission designation command and control were separated—not without controversy and opposition—from actual operations commands in direct control of air forces on 23 February 1944. The new command was organized on the large nucleus of Eighth Air Force planning staff members, thereby creating the USSTAF—at which time the USSTAF was also given mission planning control over other US Air Forces opposing Germany and Italy, and shrinking the man-power assigned to the Eighth Air Force.

The USSTAF was established with the redesignation of the former VIII Bomber Command as the Eighth Air Force on 22 February 1944. The strategic planning command staff of what had formerly been the Eighth Air Force became a higher echelon command coordinating with the British in the target prioritization of the strategic bombing of the Axis. In this expanded role, USSTAF exercised operational control of the reorganized Eighth Air Force, administrative control of the Ninth Air Force in the European Theater of Operations and, to an extent, the operations of Twelfth and Fifteenth Air Forces in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations—all of which had theretofore carried out their own strategic planning. VIII Fighter Command was brought under the command of the newly redesignated Eighth Air Force, while VIII Bomber Command was inactivated.

Beginning in March 1944, Air Service Command, USSTAF progressively took over all base service functions. IX Air Force Service Command did away with its base air depot area and on 17 May transferred its most important installations (Philipps House in Dinton, Wiltshire, near Baverstock [1] and Filton) to the Air Service Command, USSTAF, which continued to use them to provide base services for the Ninth. [2]

There is some difference of opinion about the USSTAF insignia/emblem. Most sources state the letters stand for United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe. However, there is evidence indicating – at least initially – it was United States Strategic & Tactical Air Forces. [3]

Formation of USAFE

Usafe-patch-1946.jpg

Shortly after VE-Day, the United States Army Air Forces in Europe began to demobilize. In May 1945, USSTAF consisted of about 17,000 aircraft and about 500,000 personnel. In Europe the aim was to maintain a small USAAF organization, exclusively for communication and transport purposes. On 7 August 1945, the United States Strategic Air Forces (USSTAF) was redesignated as the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE). Headquarters USAFE was relocated to Wiesbaden, Germany, on 28 September 1945. By the end of 1946, the American Air Force in Europe was reduced drastically, to around 75,000 personnel and less than 2,000 aircraft.

Lineage

Activated on 28 January 1942.
Redesignated: Eighth Air Force on 18 September 1942
Redesignated: United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe on 22 February 1944

Assignments (not complete)

Attached to 1st Air Force for training

Stations

Components (not exhaustive)

Commands

Task Forces

Divisions, Depots

See also

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References

  1. "Baverstock | American Air Museum in Britain".
  2. HyperWar, Chapter 5: The Ninth Air Force, accessed February 2021.
  3. Flight article. UK, April 1944; Armed Forces Insignia/Freedom’s War. Graphic on card, US Army photo. USA, 1944; Il Bombardemento Strategico. E. Bonaiti. Italy, circ.2006; Air Support in the Invasion. Air intelligence summary, w/e 18 June 1944. (Quoted in Trident Scholar report. US Naval Academy, Annapolis, 1994.)
  4. See Frederick A. Johnsen, Captured Eagles: Secrets of the Luftwaffe, 71.