United States Zouave Cadets

Last updated

United States Zouave Cadets
U.S. Zouave Cadets.png
Active1856–1861
CountryFlag of the United States.svg United States
AllegianceFlag of Illinois.svg Illinois
BranchMilitia
Type Zouave infantry
RoleFoot guards
Size61 soldiers, 15 musicians (1860) [1]
ArmoryGarrett Block (Chicago, Illinois) [2]
Nickname(s)Governor's Guard of Illinois [lower-alpha 1]
March"Zouave Cadets Quickstep" (A. J. Vaas) [4]
Commanders
Notable
commanders		 Elmer Ellsworth

The United States Zouave Cadets (also known as the Chicago Zouaves and Zouave Cadets of Chicago) was a short-lived zouave unit of the Illinois militia that has been credited as the force behind the surge in popularity of zouave infantry in the United States and Confederate States in the mid-19th century. The United States Zouave Cadets were formed by Elmer Ellsworth in 1859 from the National Guard Cadets of Chicago, established three years earlier. The unit's 1860 tour of the eastern United States popularized the distinctive zouave appearance and customs, directly and indirectly inspiring the formation of dozens of similar units on the eve of the American Civil War.

Contents

During the governorship of William Henry Bissell, the United States Zouave Cadets were granted the ceremonial designation of Governor's Guard of Illinois on 23 January 1860. [5] Its march was the "Zouave Cadets Quickstep".

History

Elmer Ellsworth was credited with transforming the moribund National Guard Cadets of Chicago into the United States Zouave Cadets. Chicago Zoauves.png
Elmer Ellsworth was credited with transforming the moribund National Guard Cadets of Chicago into the United States Zouave Cadets.

Background

In the years following the War of 1812, many northern states defunded and demobilized their militias. [6] [lower-alpha 2] In their place, units of volunteer militia organized themselves. [6] These units, often drawn from members of society, elected their own officers, adopted their own uniforms and customs, and generally financed themselves. [7] Well-drilled and commanded units could petition for recognition by their state government; if approved, their officers would be issued commissions by the Governor and their troops permitted access to the state's armories and munitions stores, all while maintaining their otherwise independent character. [7] [8] [9] Nevertheless, such volunteer militia companies of this period – despite forming a nucleus around which a state could build and expand its military forces in an emergency – were characterized by Phil Reyburn, an historian, as "more fraternal than martial". [10] A far greater emphasis was placed on drill and ceremony than on battlefield tactics. [10]

The National Guard Cadets of Chicago was formed as a volunteer militia company on March 19, 1856, under commanding officer Captain Joseph R. Scott. [11] After three years, however, its strength sat at just 15 men. [11]

Under command of Elmer Ellsworth

While commanding officer of the Rockford Greys militia company, Elmer Ellsworth introduced his men to drills inspired by those used by French zouave units. [11] Ellsworth, himself, had been introduced to zouave military customs by his fencing instructor, Charles A. De Villiers, a French physician, immigrant, and veteran of a zouave unit during the Crimean War. [11] In 1859, soldiers of the National Guard Cadets of Chicago saw the Rockford Greys performing zouave-inspired drills and offered Ellsworth command of their unit. Ellsworth accepted the offer, transforming the National Guard Cadets of Chicago into the United States Zouave Cadets. [12]

"The members of the corps, with one exception, are all young men of extraordinary muscular power, and there is not one member who is not a gentleman as well as a soldier. The drill is most arduous, but; notwithstanding, every movement, no matter how complex, is executed to perfection."

The New York Times reporting on the United States Zouave Cadets' exhibition in New York City in July 1860 [13]

An oil painting showing the Chicago Zouaves in Utica, New York during their 1860 national tour The Chicago Zouaves Cadet Drill Team at Utica.png
An oil painting showing the Chicago Zouaves in Utica, New York during their 1860 national tour
The trio section of the "Zouave Cadets Quickstep", performed on piano

On July 4, 1859, the United States Zouave Cadets – now 46 members strong – first publicly appeared in their new Zouave uniforms and executed the unique Franco-Algerian Zouave drill in front of Chicago's Tremont Hall. [11] With a training schedule of three evenings per week, [lower-alpha 3] the United States Zouave Cadets established a reputation for parade ground excellence, described by one observer as "unsurpassed this side of West Point". [11] The United States Zouave Cadets saw their biggest audience, estimated to be 70,000 in number, the following September during the seventh annual United States Agricultural Society Fair which was hosted by Chicago. [12]

In March 1860, the invalid and partially paralyzed Governor of Illinois, William Henry Bissell, succumbed to pneumonia. [15] [16] The Zouave Cadets formed part of the military escort during Bissell's state funeral, occupying a position in the cortège between the Quincy City Guards and a volunteer company of veterans of the Mexican–American War. [3] Having previously been named as the Governor's Guard of Illinois by Governor Bissell on January 23, 1860, [17] the Zouave Cadets were also given the task of firing three volleys during the interment. [3]

That May the unit was again in the public spotlight when it executed its exotic drill and maneuver for the 1860 Republican National Convention, held that year in Chicago. [2] : 32 

The 1860 tour

In July 1860, the unit undertook a tour of the eastern United States, appearing in parades and performing exhibition drills in Adrian, Michigan; Detroit, Michigan; Cleveland, Ohio; Buffalo, New York, Rochester, New York; Utica, New York; Troy, New York; Albany, New York; New York, New York; and Boston, Massachusetts. [12] A crowd of tens of thousands turned-out to watch the unit's parade through the streets of New York City. [18]

Their tour closed with exhibition drills for General Winfield Scott at West Point, for President of the United States James Buchanan at the White House, and in one final public appearance in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. [12]

Later history

The United States Zouave Cadets effectively ceased to exist with the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, most of its personnel scattering to other units. [12] In April 1861 – following the capitulation of Fort Sumter and in response to Abraham Lincoln's call for an initial mobilization of 75,000 volunteers – officers of the United States Zouave Cadets raised three separate zouave companies each comprising between 80 and 89 men, which were integrated into the 19th Illinois Infantry Regiment. [2] : 34–35 

Ellsworth, who had worked on Abraham Lincoln's campaign in the 1860 U.S. presidential election, took command of the 11th New York Infantry, New York's so-called "Fire Zouaves". [12] [19] [20] On May 24, 1861 — the day following the ratification of Virginia's Ordinance of Secession — federal forces, among them the Fire Zouaves, seized the city of Alexandria, Virginia. Ellsworth was shot and killed by innkeeper James Jackson while confiscating a Confederate States flag that had been flying from the roof of Jackson's establishment, thereby becoming the first fatality among Union officers in the war. [12] [19] Ellsworth's national reputation earned as the head of the Chicago Zouaves inspired a period of national mourning; according to Adam Goodheart, it was "Ellsworth’s death, even more than the attack on Sumter, that made Northerners ready not just to take up arms, but to kill". [21] Ellsworth's remains were placed in repose in the White House while a New York Times war correspondent reported that the entire city of Alexandria faced the possibility of being razed "from the uncontrollable fury of the troops" of Ellsworth's regiment. [22] Later efforts in New York, Ellsworth's home state, resulted in the raising of a regiment of zouaves to avenge his death; that unit, the 44th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, was known as "Ellsworth's Avengers". [23] [24] A.J. Vaas, composer of the Chicago Zouave's unit march, wrote a requiem that year titled the "Ellsworth Requiem" in commemoration of the officer's death. [19]

De Villiers, the French physician and veteran of the Crimean War who had originally inspired Ellsworth's interest in zouaves, was later employed as an informal inspector of the Camp Dennison recruiting post. [25] He was described in one account by a Camp Dennison soldier as "a dapper little gentleman of very dark complexion". [25] The 11th Ohio Infantry later elected De Villiers its commander and he was commissioned a colonel. [25]

Officer, Chicago Zouaves, Illinois Militia, from the Military Series (N224) issued by Kinney Tobacco Company to promote Sweet Caporal Cigarettes MET DPB872458.jpg
Private, Chicago Zouaves, Illinois MIlitia, from the Military Series (N224) issued by Kinney Tobacco Company to promote Sweet Caporal Cigarettes MET DPB872457.jpg
Lithographs from c. 1888 cigarette cards issued by the Kinney Tobacco Company shows officer and enlisted uniforms of the Chicago Zouaves

Uniforms

The Chicago Zouaves had uniforms that borrowed heavily from, without strictly copying, French Zouaves from which they drew inspiration. [26] Enlisted men in the Chicago Zouaves wore uniforms that consisted of red kepi, red chasseur trousers with white gaiters, and an open-fronted, beaded blue blouse worn with a yellow waist sash. [14] [27] Officer uniforms consisted of straight-legged trousers and blue blouses with choker collars. [27] The loose-fitting chasseur trousers worn by enlisted personnel allowed greater fluidity of movement than traditional, straight-legged trousers [26] allowing them to perform their drill movements.

Unit march

The "Zouave Cadets Quickstep" by A.J. Vaas was registered for copyright on April 13, 1860; sheet music to the march was published by Root & Candy. [28] It became briefly popular, with the Chicago Daily Herald reporting that the publisher was – by August – receiving "daily orders in the hundreds" for it. [28] It was included in the Caxton Club's 2018 volume Chicago by the Book: 101 Publications That Shaped the City and Its Image. [28]

Legacy

The popularity of the public appearances undertaken by the United States Zouave Cadets during their 1860 national tour helped inspire the formation of additional zouave units in other states. [29] Writing in 1910 James Gross, a veteran of the Albany Zouave Cadets (Company A, 10th New York Infantry), recalled that the demonstration drill of the Chicago Zouaves in Albany "aroused such enthusiasm among my young friends and companions that we held a meeting on the upper floor of the Bank of Albany building, located on Broadway, and then and there decided to form a company to be known as the Albany Zouave Cadets, to drill and contest the honors with the Chicago Cadets, not dreaming of the great Rebellion which was soon to follow" [sic]. [30]

During the American Civil War, more than 50 zouave units existed in the Union Army alone, with additional zouave forces raised by the Confederate States. [31] : 66–67  However, units inspired by the Chicago Zouaves later found the zouave uniform impractical in combat conditions with the colorful chasseur trousers making easy targets of their wearers. [32] [33] During the American Civil War, zouave units soon switched to more conventional uniforms, though, in the post-war era zouave-style uniforms gradually reappeared among some militia. [32] [lower-alpha 4]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Illinois Governor William Henry Bissell named the Zouave Cadets the "Governor's Guard". His successor Governor Wood chose the Quincy City Guards as the executive escort. [3]
  2. ↑ Southern states, meanwhile, continued to maintain robust military forces due to the ever present fear of a slave uprising. [6]
  3. ↑ According to another source, drill occurred daily except Sunday. [14]
  4. ↑ Onc exception to the abandonment of zouave-style uniforms early in the war was the 3rd Brigade of V Corps, all of whose regiments were clothed in zouave-style uniforms in the later period of the conflict. The 3rd Brigade was the only zouave brigade in the federal army. [31] : 73 

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zouave</span> Class of light infantry regiments of the French Army

The Zouaves were a class of light infantry regiments of the French Army serving between 1830 and 1962 and linked to French North Africa; as well as some units of other countries modelled upon them. The zouaves were among the most decorated units of the French Army.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Camp Curtin</span>

Camp Curtin was a major Union Army training camp in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, during the American Civil War. It was located north of Pennsylvania's state capitol building on 80 acres of what had previously been land used by the Dauphin County Agricultural Fairgrounds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elmer E. Ellsworth</span> United States Army officer

Elmer Ephraim Ellsworth was a United States Army officer and law clerk who was the first conspicuous casualty and the first Union officer to die in the American Civil War. He was killed while removing a Confederate flag from the roof of the Marshall House inn in Alexandria, Virginia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Massachusetts National Guard</span> Armed Forces of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts

The Massachusetts National Guard is the National Guard component for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Founded as the Massachusetts Bay Colonial Militia on December 13, 1636, it contains the oldest units in the United States Army. What is today's Massachusetts National Guard evolved through many different forms. Originally founded as a defensive militia for Puritan colonists in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the militia evolved into a highly organized and armed fighting force. The Massachusetts militia served as a central organ of the New England revolutionary fighting force during the early American Revolution and a major component in the Continental Army under George Washington.

The 19th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Three companies formerly with Col. Elmer Ellsworth's Zouave Cadets wore a zouave uniform consisting of a dark blue zouave jacket with red trimmings, red pants, leather gaiters, a sky blue shirt, red sash, and a red French styled kepi with a dark blue band. The jacket cuffs were trimmed in yellow-orange and red. Brass buttons went down both fronts of the jacket. They were organized into four separate companies on May 4, 1861, in Chicago. It was consolidated and mustered into Federal service as the 19th Illinois Volunteer Infantry on June 17, 1861. It was mustered out at Chicago on July 9, 1864.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">14th Regiment (New York State Militia)</span> Military unit

The 14th Regiment New York State Militia was a volunteer militia regiment from the City of Brooklyn, New York. It is primarily known for its service in the American Civil War from April 1861 to 6 May 1864, although it later served in the Spanish–American War and World War I.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">5th New York Veteran Infantry Regiment</span> Military unit

The 5th New York Veteran Infantry Regiment was an Infantry Regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was known as "Duryée‘s Zouaves." The regiment had two uniforms during its time. The first uniform consisted of a medium blue zouave jacket with red trimming, a grey shirt, a red sash with sky blue trimming, red chasseur trousers with yellow piping, a red fez with a yellow tassel, and a white turban. The second and official uniform consisted of a dark blue zouave jacket with red trimmings in the Hawkin Zouave design, a dark blue zouave vest with red trimming, baggy red trousers, a red sash with sky blue trimming,a red fez with a yellow tassel, and a white turban.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">11th New York Infantry Regiment</span> Infantry regiment of the Union Army

The 11th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the Union Army in the early years of the American Civil War. The regiment was organized in New York City in May 1861 as a Zouave regiment, known for its unusual dress and drill style, by Colonel Elmer E. Ellsworth, a personal friend of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln. Drawn from the ranks of the city's many volunteer fire companies, the unit was known alternately as the Ellsworth Zouaves, First Fire Zouaves, First Regiment New York Zouaves, and U.S. National Guards.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">44th New York Infantry Regiment</span> Military unit

The 44th New York Infantry Regiment was a regiment of the Union Army during the American Civil War which was formed up in mid-1861, and mustered in on August 30, 1861. The regiment wore an americanized zouave uniform which consisted of a dark blue zouave jacket with red piping on the cuffs, dark blue trousers with a red stripe, a red zouave shirt, a dark blue forage cap, and a pair of leather gaiters. The jacket had buttons down the front of it which was not part of the original French zouave uniform.

The uniforms of the United States Army distinguish soldiers from other service members. U.S. Army uniform designs have historically been influenced by British and French military traditions, as well as contemporary U.S. civilian fashion trends. The two primary uniforms of the modern U.S. Army are the Army Combat Uniform, used in operational environments, and the Army Green Service Uniform, worn during everyday professional wear and during formal and ceremonial occasions that do not warrant the wear of the more formal blue service uniform.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">73rd New York Infantry Regiment</span> Military unit

The 73rd New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of Union Army in the American Civil War. The regiment was organized in New York City in May 1861, originally under the designation the Fourth Excelsior Regiment, as a Zouave regiment, known for its unusual dress and drill style. The uniform worn by this regiment consisted of a dark blue chasseur jacket with light blue trim and light blue trefoils on each sleeve, sky blue chasseur trousers with two white stripes down each leg, brown leather gaiters, a light blue kepi with a dark blue band and dark blue piping, and a red Zouave fez with a blue tassel as a fatigue cap. Drawn from the ranks of the city's many volunteer fire companies, the unit was known alternately as the Second Fire Zouaves, after the 11th New York was known as the First Fire Zouaves, and they were also known as the Excelsior Zouaves. Some of the men wore the brass letters "E Z" on the bands of their kepis. Many artists have depicted this regiment also with red shirts with the collar sticking out over the jacket creating a "red collar."

The military uniforms of the Union Army in the American Civil War were widely varied and, due to limitations on supply of wool and other materials, based on availability and cost of materials. The ideal uniform was prescribed as a dark blue coat with lighter pants, with a black hat. Officer's ranks were denoted with increasing levels of golden decoration. Specific jobs, companies, and units had markedly different styles at times, often following European customs such as that of the Zouaves. Officers uniforms tended to be highly customized and would stray from Army standard. Ironically, several main pieces of gear had been created by order of the U.S. War Secretary Jefferson Davis before the war; he later became Confederate President.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arthur F. Devereux</span> United States Army general (1838–1906)

Arthur Forrester Devereux was a captain in the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia prior to the Civil War and a colonel in the Union Army during the Civil War. He is notable for his expertise and proficiency in the instruction of military drill. During the Battle of Gettysburg, the 19th Massachusetts Infantry, under his command, played an important role in filling a breach in the Union lines during Pickett's Charge. After his active service had concluded, Devereux was awarded the honorary rank of brevet brigadier general, United States Volunteers, by appointment of President Andrew Johnson on February 21, 1866, to rank from March 13, 1865, and confirmation by the U.S. Senate on April 10, 1866.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">155th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment</span> Union Army infantry regiment

The 155th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment was a Federal infantry regiment that served in the American Civil War in the Army of the Potomac in the Eastern Theater of the conflict.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">74th New York Infantry Regiment</span> American Civil War Union Army regiment

The 74th New York Infantry Regiment was a Union regiment recruited in 1861, during the American Civil War. The regiment was part of Sickles' Excelsior Brigade and their first commander was sailor and engineer COL Charles K. Graham.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">First Corps of Cadets (Massachusetts)</span>

The First Corps of Cadets of Massachusetts formed in 1741. Its motto is Monstrat Viam - "It Points the Way." While it has served in several wars, the sub-unit's primary contribution to Massachusetts and to the United States was as an officer-producing institution for new regiments from the Revolutionary War through World War II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">8th Massachusetts Militia Regiment</span> Military unit

The 8th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Militia was a peacetime regiment of infantry that was activated for federal service in the Union Army for three separate tours during the American Civil War. The regiment consisted almost entirely of companies from Essex County, Massachusetts. The Cushing Guards, established 1775, were Company A based in Newburyport. The Lafayette Guards, created 1825, were Company B from Marblehead. Company C, the Sutton Light Infantry, organized in 1805 as the Marblehead Light Infantry, was also from Marblehead. The Lynn Light Infantry, chartered in 1852 was Company D. Company E was the Beverly Light Infantry, organized in 1814. The second Lynn company was Company F, the City Guards, organized in 1814. The Gloucester unit in the regiment was Company G, the American Guards, first organized in 1788. The third and last Marblehead company was H, the Glover Light Guards, created in 1852 and named in honor of John Glover of the Revolution. The Salem Light Infantry, Company J, had been created in 1805 and in 1859 had taken up Zouave drill and were thence known as the Salem Zouaves. The lone non-Essex company was Company K, the Allen Guards, created in 1806, that came to the regiment from Berkshire County's reorganized old Tenth Militia regiment, and based in Pittsfield.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">12th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment</span> Union Army infantry regiment

The 12th Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment of the Union Army in the American Civil War. Raised in Pittsburgh and its surrounding counties in April 1861 for three months of service, the regiment spent its first month in training, then guarded the Northern Central Railway in Maryland until it was mustered out. Many of its men went on to serve in subsequent Pennsylvania regiments during the war.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eugene Beauharnais Payne</span> American politician

Eugene Beauharnais Payne was a brevet brigadier general of the Union Army in the American Civil War and an Illinois State Representative.

References

  1. ↑ Griffith, Paddy (1989). Battle Tactics of the Civil War. Yale University Press. p. 102. ISBN   0-300-04247-7.
  2. 1 2 3 Bradley, George; Dahlen, Richard (2006). From Conciliation to Conquest: The Sack of Athens and the Court-Martial of Colonel John B. Turchin. University of Alabama Press. pp. 32, 34–35. ISBN   0-8173-1526-8.
  3. 1 2 3 "Military Honor". Chicago Tribune. newspapers.com. March 23, 1860. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  4. ↑ "Zouave Cadets Quickstep". Chicago Tribune. newspapers.com. August 20, 1860. Retrieved December 11, 2018.(subscription required)
  5. ↑ p. 18 Caxton Club Chicago by the Book: 101 Publications That Shaped the City and Its Image University of Chicago Press, 20 Nov 2018
  6. 1 2 3 Foos, Paul (2003). A Short, Offhand, Killing Affair: Soldiers and Social Conflict during the Mexican-American War. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 38–40. ISBN   0-8078-6200-2.
  7. 1 2 Hummel, Jeffrey (2013). Emancipating Slaves, Enslaving Free Men: A History of the American Civil War. Open Court. pp. 148–150. ISBN   978-0-8126-9844-2.
  8. ↑ Hummel, Jeffrey (Fall 2001). "The American Militia and the Origin of Conscription" (PDF). Journal of Libertarian Studies . 15 (4): 61–63.
  9. ↑ Smith, Trevor Augustine (2003). Pioneers, Patriots, and Politicians: The Tennessee Militia System, 1772–1857 (Doctoral thesis). University of Tennessee . Retrieved June 29, 2019.
  10. 1 2 Reyburn, Phil (24 November 2013). "The military life of Gen. John Tillson". hsqac.org. Historical Society of Quincy & Adams County. Retrieved June 29, 2019.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Swain, Martha (August 1956). "It Was Fun Soldier". American Heritage . Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Damman, Doug (5 October 2010). "Elmer Ellsworth and His Zouaves". historynet.com. HistoryNet . Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  13. ↑ "The Chicago Zouaves". The New York Times . July 9, 1860. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  14. 1 2 Sawyers, June (2012). Chicago Portraits: New Edition. Northwestern University Press. p. 106. ISBN   978-0-8101-2649-7.
  15. ↑ Hiller, Mary Jane (Autumn 1964). "Under Gov. Wm. H. Bissell, 1857–1860". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 57 (3): 293. JSTOR   40190118.
  16. ↑ "Governor William Henry Bissell". nga.org. National Governors Association . Retrieved June 29, 2019.
  17. ↑ p. 18 Hinderliter, Alison The Zouave Cadets Quickstep in Chicago by the Book: 101 Publications That Shaped the City and Its Image Caxton Club University of Chicago Press
  18. ↑ Bernstein, Annie (2003). The Hoofs and Guns of the Storm: Chicago's Civil War Connections. Lake Claremont Press. p. 112. ISBN   1-893121-06-2.
  19. 1 2 3 Cornelius, Steven (2004). Music of the Civil War Era. Greenwood. p. 44. ISBN   0-313-32081-0.
  20. ↑ Schano, Ned (April 26, 2012). "Let's Learn From the Past: Col. Elmer Ellsworth". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved July 6, 2019.
  21. ↑ Goodheardt, Adam (March 2011). "How Col. Ellsworth's Death Shocked the Union". Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved July 6, 2019.
  22. ↑ "Views of Current Events". New York Times . May 27, 1861. Retrieved July 6, 2019– via newspapers.com.
  23. ↑ Edwards, Owen (April 2011). "The Death of Colonel Ellsworth". Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved July 6, 2019.
  24. ↑ George, Emily. "Elmer E. Ellsworth". armyhistory.org. National Museum of the United States Army . Retrieved July 6, 2019.
  25. 1 2 3 Horton, J.H. (1866). A History of the Eleventh Regiment (Ohio Volunteer Infantry). Dayton, Ohio: W.J. Shuey. pp.  22–23. OCLC   1046494500.
  26. 1 2 Lord, Francis (2013). "In her hour of sore distress and peril": The Civil War Diaries of John P. Reynolds, Eighth Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. Dover. p. 262. ISBN   978-0-7864-7599-5.
  27. 1 2 "Zouaves from the Dan Miller Collection". Military Images. Autumn 2016. JSTOR   24865769.
  28. 1 2 3 Hinderliter, Alison (2018). "Zouave Cadets Quickstep Dedicated to the U.S. Zouave Cadets Governors Guard of Illinois". Chicago by the Book: 101 Publications That Shaped the City and Its Image. University of Chicago Press. p. 18. ISBN   978-0-226-46864-8.
  29. ↑ Dretske, Diana (2011). "Col. Elmer Ellsworth (1837–1861)". Lake County History. Dunn Museum. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  30. ↑ Manning, James (1910). Albany Zouave Cadets: Fifty Years Young. Albany, New York: Weed-Parsons Printing Company. p. 208. OCLC   7565722.
  31. 1 2 Wise, Arthur M. (2007). Uniforms of the Civil War. Courier. pp. 66–67, 73. ISBN   978-0-486-45420-7.
  32. 1 2 Phelan, Ben (May 18, 2015). "Who Were the Zouaves?". Antiques Roadshow . Public Broadcasting System . Retrieved July 6, 2019.
  33. ↑ Troiani, Don (2005). Don Troiani's Civil War: Zouaves, Chasseurs, Special Branches and Officers. Stackpole Books. p. iii. ISBN   0-8117-3320-3.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.