Uttu

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Uttu
Goddess of weaving
Major cult center Babylon, possibly Umma
Animalspossibly spiders
Personal information
Spouse Ninkurra

Uttu was a Mesopotamian goddess associated with weaving. It has been suggested that she was connected with spiders, though the evidence is limited to a single text which might reflect scribal speculation. She was worshiped in Babylon and possibly in Early Dynastic Umma. She appears in multiple myths, such as Enki and Ninhursag and Enki and the World Order.

Contents

Name and character

It has been argued that Uttu was envisioned as a spider spinning a web, but the evidence in favor of this view is limited. A classic circular form spider's web.jpg
It has been argued that Uttu was envisioned as a spider spinning a web, but the evidence in favor of this view is limited.

Uttu's name was written TAG×TÙG, with the sign TAG (usually pronounced as tuku) referring to the action of weaving cloth. [1] The word uttu could also denote a part of a loom. [1] It is also possible that the name dTAG.NUN should be read as Uttu, [1] though Joan Goodnick Westenholz rejected this interpretation and instead assumed that dTAG.NUN was one of the multiple writings of the name of Bizilla or a closely related goddess who like her came to be associated with Nanaya in later sources. [2]

Uttu was regarded as the goddess of weaving. [3] According to an esoteric explanatory text which links various materials with gods, she could be associated with colored wool. [4]

Uttu and spiders

Thorkild Jacobsen argued that Uttu was envisioned as a spider spinning a web. [5] However, the connection between Uttu and spiders, or more precisely between her name and the Akkadian word ettūtu ("spider"), is limited to a single text, and it might represent a "learned etymology" (scribal speculation), [3] a folk etymology [1] or simply rely on the terms being nearly homophonous. [6] Two copies of the text contain slightly different versions of the same passage, "the handiwork of a spider (ettūtu) will be steady in his house," or "the handiwork of Uttu will be steady in his house." [7] Ettūtu was only one of the words for spiders present in Akkadian texts, the other two being anzūzu (written ŠÈ.GUR4) and possibly lummû. [3] In Sumerian, spiders were known as aš, aš5, lùm or si14. [3] In Mesopotamian literature spiders are mostly attested in proverbs, with a particularly well attested one describing a spider (ŠÈ.GUR4) putting a ḫamitu insect in fetters and then cutting it into pieces after it acted as a witness in a lawsuit against a kuzāzu insect. [3] Most likely the meaning of it was that an evildoer should not act as a witness. [3] Another proverb mentions a spider (ettūtu) which prepared a net to catch a fly but ended up threatened itself by a lizard, possibly meaning that one responsible for evil deeds will be eventually defeated by a greater force. [3] Spiders also occur as an art motif on Early Dynastic seals associated with female weavers. [3]

Worship

Uttu was worshiped in the E-ešgar, "house of work assignment," which was a part of the Esagil temple complex in Babylon. [8]

dTAG.NUN, who might be the same deity as Uttu, had a temple in Umma in the Early Dynastic period, [1] built by king Il. [9] dTAG.NUN is also attested in a theophoric name, Ur-dTAG.NUN. [1]

Two bilingual Sumero-Akkadian incantations known from the neo-Assyrian period mention Uttu. [10] In both cases, she is described cooperating with Inanna on spinning yarn. [10]

Mythology

According to the myth Enki and Ninhursag, Uttu's parents were Enki and Ninkurra. [11] In a late tradition, Ninkurra was instead a male deity and Uttu's husband. [1] A variant of Enki and Ninhursag makes Ninkurra Uttu's grandmother and Ninimma her mother. [11] Enki is also addressed as Uttu's father in a Neo-Assyrian incantation. [1] However, another late text documents a tradition in which her father was Anu. [12] In the late god list An = Anu ša amēli, Uttu is equated with Enki, which reflects a theological phenomenon of reinterpreting originally distinct deities responsible for specific professions as aspects of him even if they were originally viewed as female. [13]

In Enki and Ninhursag, Uttu is the final goddess Enki (aided by his sukkal Isimud [14] ) tries to seduce while engaging in a series of incestuous encounters with his descendants (Ninšar, Ninkurra, in a variant of the text Ninimma, and finally Uttu). [11] Unlike the other goddesses, Uttu receives advice from Ninhursag, [11] and probably attempts to trick Enki with a false promise of marriage under the condition that he will supply her with fresh produce. [15] While she is initially successful, Enki manages to obtain the requested cucumbers, apples and grapes from a farmer. [15] He approaches her for a second time disguised as a gardener and this time Uttu becomes pregnant. [16] Ninhursag intervenes and manages to remove Enki's seed from Uttu's body, which breaks the cycle of incestuous relationships. [10] The scene is more detailed that the previous encounters between Enki and his daughters in the same myth. [10] Curiously, the narrative makes no reference to Uttu's association with weaving. [10]

Uttu also appears in the myth Enki and the World Order, where she is the last of the deities awaiting the assignment of a domain. [10] She is called a "conscientious woman" and "the silent one". [10] It has been pointed out that both in Enki and Ninhursag and in Enki and the World Order, Uttu's appearance marks a shift in the narrative: after her encounter with Enki in the former myth, the cycle of Enki's attempts at seducing and taking advantage of the goddesses ends, while in the latter, after her destiny is declared, Inanna and her complaints about not receiving an appropriate share of the universe take the center stage. [10]

A reference to Uttu is also known from the debate poem The Debate between Grain and Sheep , which describes a distant time before she started to weave, symbolically representing the age before the advent of civilisation and technology. [10]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Enki</span> God in Sumerian mythology

Enki is the Sumerian god of water, knowledge (gestú), crafts (gašam), and creation (nudimmud), and one of the Anunnaki. He was later known as Ea or Ae in Akkadian (Assyrian-Babylonian) religion, and is identified by some scholars with Ia in Canaanite religion. The name was rendered Aos in Greek sources.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ninhursag</span> Sumerian goddess

Ninḫursaĝ sometimes transcribed Ninursag, Ninḫarsag, or Ninḫursaĝa, also known as Damgalnuna or Ninmah, was the ancient Sumerian mother goddess of the mountains, and one of the seven great deities of Sumer. She is known earliest as a nurturing or fertility goddess. Temple hymn sources identify her as the "true and great lady of heaven" and kings of Lagash were "nourished by Ninhursag's milk". She is the tutelary deity to several Sumerian leaders.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inanna</span> Ancient Mesopotamian goddess

Inanna is the ancient Mesopotamian goddess of love, war, and fertility. She is also associated with sensuality, procreation, divine law, and political power. Originally worshipped in Sumer, she was known by the Akkadian Empire, Babylonians, and Assyrians as Ishtar. Her primary title is "the Queen of Heaven".

Ninšar was a Mesopotamian goddess commonly associated with the preparation of meat. The reading of her name remains uncertain, and its possible etymology appears to be unrelated to her role in the Mesopotamian pantheon. She was chiefly worshiped in Nippur, though her original cult center was the settlement AB.NAGAR.

Ninkasi was the Mesopotamian goddess of beer and brewing. It is possible that in the first millennium BC she was known under the variant name Kurunnītu, derived from a term referring to a type of high quality beer. She was associated with both positive and negative consequences of the consumption of beer. In god lists, such as the An = Anum list and the Weidner god list, she usually appears among the courtiers of the god Enlil, alongside deities such as Ninimma and Ninmada. She could also be paired with Siraš, a goddess of similar character, who sometimes was regarded as her sister. A possible association between her and the underworld deities Nungal and Laṣ is also attested, possibly in reference to the possible negative effects of alcohol consumption.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Damgalnuna</span> Mesopotamian goddess

Damgalnuna, also known as Damkina, was a Mesopotamian goddess regarded as the wife of the god Enki. Her character is poorly defined in known sources, though it is known that like her husband she was associated with ritual purification and that she was believed to intercede with him on behalf of supplicants. Among the deities regarded as their children were Nanshe and Asalluhi. While the myth Enki and Ninhursag treats her as interchangeable with the goddess mentioned in its title, they were usually separate from each other. The cities of Eridu and Malgium were regarded as Damgalnuna's cult centers. She was also worshiped in other settlements, such as Nippur, Sippar and Kalhu, and possibly as early as in the third millennium BCE was incorporated into the Hurrian pantheon. She appears in a number of myths, including the Enūma Eliš, though only a single composition, Damkina's Bond, is focused on her.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nanshe</span> Mesopotamian goddess

Nanshe was a Mesopotamian goddess in various contexts associated with the sea, marshlands, the animals inhabiting these biomes, namely bird and fish, as well as divination, dream interpretation, justice, social welfare, and certain administrative tasks. She was regarded as a daughter of Enki and sister of Ningirsu, while her husband was Nindara, who is otherwise little known. Other deities who belonged to her circle included her daughter Nin-MAR.KI, as well as Hendursaga, Dumuzi-abzu and Shul-utula. In Ur she was incorporated into the circle of Ningal, while in incantations she appears alongside Ningirima or Nammu.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nisaba</span> Mesopotamian goddess of writing

Nisaba was the Mesopotamian goddess of writing and grain. She is one of the oldest Sumerian deities attested in writing, and remained prominent through many periods of Mesopotamian history. She was commonly worshiped by scribes, and numerous Sumerian texts end with the doxology "praise to Nisaba" as a result. She declined after the Old Babylonian period due to the rise of the new scribe god, Nabu, though she did not fully vanish from Mesopotamian religion and attestations from as late as the neo-Babylonian period are known.

Ninti was a Mesopotamian goddess worshiped in Lagash. She was regarded as the mother of Ninkasi. She also appears in the myth Enki and Ninhursag as one of the deities meant to soothe the eponymous god's pain. In this text, her name is reinterpreted first as "lady rib" and then as "lady of the month" through scribal word play.

Ninkurra or Ninkur was a name of multiple Mesopotamian deities, including a divine artisan, presumably a female sculptor. There is no agreement among researchers if this Ninkurra corresponds to the identically named goddess appearing in the myth Enki and Ninhursag. A different deity named Ninkur appears in enumerations of ancestors of Enlil in god lists. This theonym was also employed as a logogram to represent the name of a goddess worshipped in Mari and in Emar on the Euphrates, possibly to be identified as the wife of Dagan, Shalash.

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Ninimma was a Mesopotamian goddess best known as a courtier of Enlil. She is well attested as a deity associated with scribal arts, and is variously described as a divine scholar, scribe or librarian by modern Assyriologists. She could also serve as an assistant of the birth goddess Ninmah, and a hymn describes her partaking in cutting of umbilical cords and determination of fates. It has also been suggested that she was associated with vegetation. In the Middle Babylonian period she additionally came to be viewed as a healing deity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Barton Cylinder</span>

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Aruru was a Mesopotamian goddess. The origin of her name is presently uncertain. While initially considered an independent deity associated with vegetation and portrayed in hymns as violent, she eventually came to be viewed as analogous Ninhursag. Her name could also function as an epithet of goddesses such as Nisaba and Ezina-Kusu. She was often called the older sister of Enlil. Her cult centers most likely were the cities of Kesh, Adab and Irisaĝrig. She appears in a number of literary texts, some of which preserve information about her original character. She is also present in the Epic of Gilgamesh, which portrays her as the creator of Enkidu.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Fechner & Tanret 2014, p. 518.
  2. ↑ Westenholz 1997, p. 59.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Streck 2011, p. 646.
  4. ↑ Livingstone 1986, p. 182.
  5. ↑ Jacobsen 1987, p. 184.
  6. ↑ Livingstone 1986, p. 183.
  7. ↑ Livingstone 1986, pp. 182–183.
  8. ↑ George 1993, p. 83.
  9. ↑ George 1993, p. 170.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Fechner & Tanret 2014, p. 519.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Katz 2008, p. 320.
  12. ↑ Livingstone 1986, p. 179.
  13. ↑ Lambert & Winters 2023, p. 29.
  14. ↑ Katz 2008, p. 326.
  15. 1 2 Katz 2008, p. 327.
  16. ↑ Katz 2008, pp. 320–321.

Bibliography

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  • Katz, Dina (2008). "Enki and Ninhursaga, Part Two". Bibliotheca Orientalis. 65 (3). Peeters Publishers: 320–342. doi:10.2143/bior.65.3.2033365. ISSN   0006-1913.
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