Voice warning system

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A voice warning system is a system designed to alert the crew of an aircraft to imminent safety hazards. It is often known as a Bitchin' Betty, a slang term used by some pilots and aircrew and submariners (mainly North American).

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The enunciating voice, in at least some aircraft systems, may be either male or female. In some cases, this may be selected according to pilot preference.[ citation needed ] If the voice is female, it may be referred to as Bitching Betty; if the voice is male, it may be referred to as Barking Bob. [1] A female voice is heard on military aircraft such as the F-16 Fighting Falcon, [2] the Eurofighter Typhoon and the Mikoyan MiG-29. A male voice is heard on Boeing commercial airliners and is also used in the BAE Hawk.

In the United Kingdom, the term Nagging Nora is sometimes used. [3] [4] In New Zealand, the term used for Boeing aircraft is Hank the Yank. The voice warning system used on London Underground trains, which also uses a female voice, is known to some staff as Sonya, as it "gets on ya nerves". [5]

Notable examples

There are two notable systems, which employ voice warnings, and which are found in most commercial and military aircraft: TCAS (traffic collision avoidance system) and TAWS/EGPWS (terrain avoidance warning system / enhanced ground proximity warning system). Both systems provide warnings and verbal instructions.

The auditory warnings produced by these systems usually include a separate attention-getting sound, followed by one or more verbal commands to the pilot/crew. Perhaps the most widely known example, encountered in many video games and movies, is the "Pull up! Pull up!" command. Other common spoken warnings are "Terrain, terrain", "Windshear! Windshear!", or "Traffic! Traffic!". These may be followed by short directions to the pilot, advising how the situation may be resolved. TCAS and TAWS/EGPWS are usually integrated to prevent conflicting advice, such as an instruction to "Descend! Descend!" to avoid another aircraft when the aircraft is already close to the ground.

Modern Boeing and Airbus airliners both feature a male voice, which calls out height above terrain on approach to landing, and other related warnings. Airbus aircraft feature a distinctive British RP accent (heard on recent builds of the A320 and all Airbus aircraft since the A330 and A340), or a French accent (heard on ECAM-equipped A300s, A310s and early A320s).

A female voice was incorporated into McDonnell Douglas DC-9, MD-80/90, McDonnell Douglas MD-11 and Boeing 717 (inherited from McDonnell Douglas after the merger with Boeing) series aircraft in their Central Aural Warning Systems (CAWS). These systems provided a voice for most warnings, including fire, altitude, cabin altitude, stall, overspeed, autopilot disconnect, and so on.

In more advanced cockpits, on newer aircraft, there may be many other voice warnings managed by an integrated indication and crew alerting system (ICAS) such as "Gear up, Gear up!" These may be warning words or phrases, or simply declarative statements that augment the pilot's situation awareness.

Voice gender

Early human factors research in aircraft and other domains indicated that female voices were more authoritative to male pilots and crew members and were more likely to get their attention.[ citation needed ] Much of this research was based on pilot experiences, particularly in combat situations, where the pilots were being guided by female air traffic controllers.[ citation needed ] They reported being able to most easily pick out the female voice from amid the flurry of radio chatter.[ citation needed ]

In October 1996, a report by UK's Defence Research Agency on the fast jet Collision Warning System Technical Demonstrator Programme (Reference DRAMS/A VS/CR96294/1) reported: "The primary alerting signal from the CWS to the crew was an audible warning passed over the aircraft intercom system. For the first flight these warnings were given in a male voice but, on the advice of the crew, this was changed to a female voice for the second flight onwards. They said that a female voice offered greater clarity." [6]

More recent research, however, carried out since more women have been employed as pilots and air traffic controllers, indicates that the original popular hypothesis may be unreliable. Edworthy and colleagues in 2003, based at the University of Plymouth in UK, for example, found that both acoustic and non-acoustic differences between male and female speakers were negligible. Therefore, they recommended the choice of speaker should depend on the overlap of noise and speech spectra. Female voices did appear to have an advantage because they could portray a greater range of urgencies due to their generally higher pitch and pitch range. They reported an experiment showing that knowledge about the sex of a speaker has no effect on judgments of perceived urgency, with acoustic variables accounting for such differences. [7]

Arrabito in 2009, however, at Defence Research and Development Canada in Toronto, found that with simulated cockpit background radio traffic, a male voice rather than a female voice, in a monotone or urgent announcing style, resulted in the largest proportion of correct and fastest identification response times to verbal warnings, regardless of the gender of the listener. [8]

Voices

There have been several "Bitching Bettys", over the years, for various commercial and military aircraft:

Other applications

Voice warning systems included in cars of the late 1970s to early 1980s, such as the Datsun and Nissan "Z-Car" series, found in the 280ZX and 1984–1988 300ZX (optional in the base model and standard in the Turbo model), and the Datsun Maxima and Nissan Maxima of the early 1980s, were also known as Bitching Betty. The Datsun system issued commands such as "lights are on", or "left door is open". The system used a small box located under the vehicle's dashboard that implemented a small, white plastic record disc that used a magnetic cartridge to play spoken commands through the vehicle's audio system's speakers, similar to that of some Texas Instruments talking toys of the time period. Datsun's original name for the feature was "Talking Lady".[ citation needed ]

Some Acuras (Honda's luxury car marque in the United States, Canada, and China) of the mid 2000s would ask the driver to "please fasten your seatbelt" when the driver's seatbelt was not fastened, in addition to a chime warning.[ citation needed ]

The M1 Abrams tank features a female voice warning system to warn the crew of open hatches and critical faults when equipped with the System Enhancement Package.[ citation needed ]

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Rogoway, Tyler (12 March 2016). "The Distinct Voice Of The F/A-18 Hornet's 'Bitchin' Betty' Warning System Is Retiring". foxtrotalpha.jalopnik.com/. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
  2. 1 2 "Erica Lane Enterprises, Inc., a Woman-owned, SBA certified 8(a) HUBZone SDB". eleinc.com/. 2006-06-03. Archived from the original on 2006-06-03. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
  3. ↑ "The World's Top Fighter Pilots Fear This Woman's Voice". Bloomberg.com.
  4. ↑ "AUDIO: Sat Nag! Typhoon fighter pilots hear woman's voice in BAE jets".
  5. ↑ "Episode 1, The Tube – BBC Two". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  6. ↑ "Tornado CWS Trials - a Freedom of Information request to Ministry of Defence" (PDF). 21 January 2014.
  7. ↑ Edworthy, J; Hellier, E; Rivers, J (Oct–Dec 2003). "The use of male or female voices in warnings systems: a question of acoustics". Noise & Health. 6 (21): 39–50. PMID   14965452.
  8. ↑ Arrabito, G. Robert (2009). "Effects of Talker Sex and Voice Style of Verbal Cockpit Warnings on Performance". Human Factors . 51 (1): 3–20. doi:10.1177/0018720808333411. PMID   19634305. S2CID   10795582.
  9. ↑ "Kim Crow". Best-Voice-Actress.com. 2013. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
  10. ↑ "AIR-MINDED: BITCHIN' BETTY (UPDATED 4/25/19)". www.pwoodford.net/blog/. 25 April 2019. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
  11. ↑ "'Sexy Sally' and the History of Female Voices Used in the Military's Aircraft Warning Systems". 2 August 2021.
  12. ↑ ""Bitchin' Betty," Voice of the F/A-18, Retires". 8 March 2016.
  13. ↑ Jack Crosbie (2016-03-08). "Bitchin' Betty, The Voice of the F/A-18's Cockpit Warning System, Retires". inverse.com. Retrieved 2016-03-08.
  14. ↑ Schogol, Jeff (2017-08-07). "Woman behind the F/A-18's 'Bitchin' Betty' voice retires". Marine Corps Times . marinecorpstimes.com. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
  15. ↑ “Bitchin’ Betty” Says Farewell: Beloved Voice Behind Boeing’s F/A-18 Super Hornet Retires on YouTube. Boeing, 2016-03-07, Retrieved 2020-02-19.
  16. ↑ "Cockpit voice". youtube.com. May 2008. Retrieved 2020-06-27.
  17. ↑ Bill Wasserzieher (October 2004). "Why this anniversary is important to the 717". www.hdh.com.au. Retrieved 2020-06-27.

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